SOLID WASTES

Solid Wastes
Waste not transported by water, that has been rejected for further use.

Classification of Solid Wastes

Point of Origin Residential Institutional Commercial Industrial Agricultural Street Demolition Construction

Classification of Solid Wastes

Nature of material
Organic Inorganic Combustible Non-combustible Putrescible Non-putrescible

Classification of Solid Wastes

Putrescible wastes
Animal and vegetable wastes resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking and serving of food. Decompose rapidly, particularly in warm weather and may quickly produce undesirable odor.

Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Residential Food wastes Paper Cardboard Plastics Textiles Leather Yard wastes Wood Glass Metals Ashes Special wastes Bulky items Consumer electronics Batteries Oil Tires Household hazardous wastes

Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Municipal Services Street sweepings Landscape and tree trimmings General wastes from parks, beaches and other recreational areas Sludge

Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Commercial and Institutional Paper Cardboard Plastics Wood Food wastes Glass Metals Special wastes Hazardous wastes.

Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Industrial Housekeeping wastes Packaging Construction Demolition materials Hazardous wastes Ashes

Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Process (manufacturing, etc.) Industrial process wastes Expired raw materials Scrap materials Off-specification products Tailings

Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Agriculture Spoiled food wastes Agricultural wastes Hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides)

Sources and Types of Solid Wastes

Construction and Demolition Wood Steel Concrete Dirt

Factors Affecting Composition

Climate Frequency of collection Prevalence of home garbage grinders Social customs Per capita income Acceptability of packaged and convenience foods Degree of urbanization and industrialization of the area

Moisture Content
Component Moisture, %w Range Typical

Paper and cardboard Food wastes Yard wastes Metal Glass Plastic Ashes, dirt Other rubbish Municipal

4 10 50 80 30 80 26 14 14 6 12 5 30 15 40

7 70 60 3 2 2 8 20 20

Typical Energy Content

Material Municipal Solid Waste Per unit weight of refuse Per unit weight of combustibles 10,500 23,200 Typical Energy Content, kJ/kg

Per unit weight of paper

Per unit weight of organics Per unit weight of plastics Primary Sewage Sludge

16,300
5,800 32,800

Per unit weight of dry solids

Digested Sewage Sludge Per unit weight of dry solids Fuels

17,700
9,100

Per unit weight of fuel oil

Per unit weight of anthracite Per unit weight of methane

46,500
28,000 49,000

Solid Waste Generation

A Filipino generates between 0.3 and 0.7 kilograms of garbage daily depending upon income levels Current annual generation =10 million tons Expected to increase by 40 percent at the end of the decade. National Capital Region: 23% of countrys generation Southern Tagalog Region: 13% of the countrys generation

National Waste Generation, 2000-2010

Population, Waste Generation and Diversion Rates for Metro Manila

How Long will Litter last?

Aluminum cans and tabs Glass bottles Plastic bags Plastic coated paper Plastic film containers Nylon fabric Rubber boot sole 80 - 100 years 1,000,000 years 10 - 20 years 5 years 20 - 30 years 30 - 40 years 50 - 80 years

Leather Wool sox

Orange and banana peels

up to 50 years 1 - 5 years
2 - 5 weeks

Cigarette butts

1 - 5 years

Considerations in Solid Waste Management

Protection of public health and environment Use of tightly closed containers for organic wastes Compaction of waste to at least 600kg/m3 to reduce insect breeding Processing within 2 days Shredding of waste to promote aerobic decomposition

Considerations in Solid Waste Management

Source reduction Adoption of industry standards for product manufacturing and packaging using less material Passing of laws that minimize the use of virgin materials Adoption by communities of rates for waste management services that penalize generators for increasing waste quantities

Waste Management Hierarchy

Waste Prevention
Reduce
If you are choosing between two products, buy the one with the least amount of packaging or the least toxic content.

Waste Prevention
Reuse
Do not buy things that can only be used once. If you won't use it again you probably know someone who can. Buy used products when possible.

Waste Prevention
Recycle
Some products are not reusable, but you can recycle them. Recycling takes less time than you might think. Whenever possible buy products made from recycled materials rather than products made from virgin materials

Waste Prevention
Renew
Give new life to your discards. You can do this by donating to a charity, selling at a garage sale, or giving to a neighbor. You can also close the loop by buying recycled products.

Recovery of recyclable materials Household level During collection time

Open dumpsites.

Common Recyclables
Aluminum Cans Beverage cans and aluminum pet food containers
need to be emptied and rinsed.

Common Recyclables
Plastics
Recycled Products: Fiber tote bags Clothing Film and sheet Food and beverage containers Carpet Strapping Fleece wear Luggage Bottles.

Polyethylene Terephthalate

Common Recyclables
Plastics Recycled Products:
Bottle for liquid laundry detergent, shampoo, conditioner and motor oil Pipe Buckets Crates Flower pots Garden edging Film and sheet Recycling bins Benches Dog houses Plastic lumber Floor tiles Picnic tables Fencing.

High Density Polyethylene

Common Recyclables
Recycled Products:

Plastics

Vinyl (Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC)

Packaging Loose-leaf binders Paneling Gutters Mud flaps Film and sheet Floor tiles and mats Resilient flooring Cassette trays Electrical boxes Cables Traffic cones Garden hose Mobile home skirting.

Common Recyclables
Plastics

Recycled Products:
Shipping envelopes Garbage can liners Floor tile Furniture Film and sheet Compost bins Paneling Trash cans Landscape timber

Low Density Polyethylene

Common Recyclables
Recycled Products:

Plastics

Polypropylene

Automobile battery cases Signal lights Battery cables Brooms Brushes Ice scrapers Oil funnels Bicycle racks Rakes Bins Pallets Sheeting Trays.

Common Recyclables
Recycled Products: Plastics
Thermometers Light switch plates Thermal insulation Egg cartons Vents Desk trays Rulers License plate frames Foam packing Foam plates Cups Utensils

Polystyrene

Common Recyclables
Plastics
Recycled Products:
Bottles Plastic lumber applications

Others

Common Recyclables
Corrugated Cardboard (cardboard with the wavy center) Cereal boxes Box board

Common Recyclables
Newspapers including the comics and glossy colored inserts Magazines and catalogs Tin and Steel Cans Glass Bottles and Jars

Common Recyclables
Paper White ledger (white copy paper, white laser printer paper, etc.)

Other office paper

Computer paper

Uncommon Recyclables
Used Motor Oil
Needs to be in sealed containers of not more than five gallons.

Used Oil Filters

Need to be drained 24 hours.

Car batteries
Antifreeze (ethylene glycol)

Latex Paint

Uncommon Recyclables
Autos & Metals Large metal appliances like washers, dryers, and refrigerators

Household Batteries Nickel-cadmium and watch batteries

Did You Know?

Recycling one pound of steel saves enough energy to run a 60watt light bulb for 26 hours. 60% of the world's lead supply comes from recycled batteries. Recycling one pound of paper saves approximately 2 pounds of virgin wood, one pint of fuel oil and seven gallons of water.

Conversion of MSW
Incineration Fueled by wastes Composting

Disposal of MSW
Sanitary Landfills Design criteria Problems with landfilling
Aesthetic considerations Economic loss Environmental effects

Leachate generation, control, and treatment