Are you as interested as I am in knowing how, when, and where human life arose, what the first human

societies and languages were like, why cultures have evolved along diverse but often remarkably convergent pathways, why distinctions of rank came into being, and how small bands and villages gave way to chiefdoms and chiefdoms to mighty states and empires? --Marvin Harris, Our Kind
What is Anthropology? What is Cultural Anthropology? What is Culture?

What is Anthropology?
The ________________ study of all of humankind around the world and through time
From our evolutionary origins To current worldwide diversity (biological and cultural) All human groups All aspects of humanitythe entire human experience Comparisons with nonhuman primates

Anthropos Logia Aim to:

What is the Goal of Anthropology?

The purpose of anthropology is to make the world safe for human differences ---Ruth Benedict Advance understanding of ________________
How have groups/individuals have adapted to their environments and given meaning to their lives

Through a ________________ approach

Human culture and society Human biology Human vs. non-human primate

Focus on similarities and differences)

_________________________________________

Cultural Anthropology
Study of living and recent human societies and cultures Societyan

Culture
How humans adapt to environment, give meaning to life Firsthand accounts (through fieldwork) of life ways
Comparisons of diverse cultural expressions Understand various dimensions of human life Analyze the causes & consequences of cultural change

Linguistic Anthropology

Of the relationship of language to

Phonemes Phonology Syntax Semantics

_________linguisticslanguages change over time _______________ linguisticslanguage and social phenomena interact in and across cultures

Archaeology
Study of
Relies on evidence (material culture) to reconstruct past What people made, how they lived, how they interacted Artifactsany object made or modified by human beings (tools, clothing, food remains) Featureshard to move artifacts (burials, ruins, hearths)

_____________written records __________ancient cultures that predate writing

Biological
Study of
Human origins
Paleoanthropologystudy of the fossil record to understand the process and products of human evolution

_______________interconnections between human biological variation and physiology, anatomy, disease, and demography Biology and ecologys influence on culture Non-human primate species

A Fifth Subfield______ Anthropology

Applies techniques, knowledge, theory from traditional 4 subfields for _____________________
___________________biological techniques, knowledge in legal or disaster conditions __________________________ archaeological techniques, knowledge to preserve/protect
Medicalfocus on health and disease Bioculturalculture and evolution Nutritionalfood, culture, biology, disease

settings

May seek to bridge cultural & biological anthro

Important Features
_______________________
Fuller understanding of sociocultural realities Understanding of ramifications of policy change

______________________
See human problems in historical, economic, cultural contexts Short and long term issues

Regional expertise that many policy makers lack ________________________ _______________________ ______________________
Cross cultural knowledge on and experience

What do Applied Anthropologists do?

Serve as ___________________________
Involving cultural issues Disaster or homicide (e.g. forensic anthropologist)

Develop ________________________________
Agricultural development programs Medical services such as vaccination, safe water (e.g. medical or nutritional anthropologist)

Develop or improve goods, services

Bringing suitable educational, technological products to developing country settings (e.g. industrial anthropologist) _________________helping businesses understand local cultural norms, behaviors

Anthropological Approach
_____________Approachlooking at all aspects of humanity to understand any part
Considers culture, history, language, biology essential to complete understanding of human society Drawing on all subdisciplines to answer questions

_________________Approachcompare features across cultures/individuals/households (unit of analysis) to find similarities and differences _______________tendency to think that ones own ways (culture, norms, behaviors) are normal and natural and that others are inferior
Judging others from the perspective of ones own culture Imposing ones own cultural, moral standards on people outside ones culture

But What do Anthropologists DO?

Anthropologists are careful observers of humans and their behavior
Maintain an intense curiosity about human behavior and ask Qs that are relevant to understanding behavior, in light of current, past, and environmental pressures.

Anthropology lends itself flexibly as a tool to refine whatever other interests one brings to the higher-educational process. Anthropological study provides training particularly well suited to the 21st century.
The economy are increasingly international Workforces and markets are increasingly diverse Participatory management and decision making are increasingly important Excellent communication skills are required.

Anthropology is the only contemporary discipline that approaches human questions from historical, biological, linguistic, and cultural perspectives. (from www.aaanet.org)

 Most professional anthropologists in have traditionally worked in higher education (i.e. teaching and researching PhD required) Since 1985, over half of all new PhDs in anthropology have taken nonacademic positions Currently 30% of PhDs in Anthropology work outside an academic setting
Government organizations Non-profits Private sector (e.g. Microsoft, Intel, research) Museums

NGOs (e.g. international health organizations, development banks) program design & implementation Governmentplanning, research, managerial Corporationsmarket research (e.g. focus groups), usability studies, cultural expert, program design

What Sectors Employ Anthropologists?

So How Might You Apply your Anthropological Training?

Career U. : Making College Relevant
Consider the change captured in the annual survey by the University of California, Los Angeles, of more than 400,000 incoming freshmen. In 1971, 37 percent responded that it was essential or very important to be very well-off financially, while 73 percent said the same about developing a meaningful philosophy of life. In 2009, the values were nearly reversed: 78 percent identified wealth as a goal, while 48 percent were after a meaningful philosophy.

89 percent said they wanted more emphasis on the ability to effectively communicate orally and in writing, 81 percent asked for better critical thinking and analytical reasoning skills and 70 percent were looking for the ability to innovate and be creative.

But are there Jobs?

R&D 2.0: Fewer Engineers, More Anthropologists
Recently GE made a big splash by announcing a $3 billion R&D investment over the next six years to develop low-cost healthcare equipment targeted at underserved populations who primarily live in emerging markets like India, Brazil, and South Africa. to effectively identify and address the explicit and unmet needs of the broader consumer base in emerging markets, I believe MNCs must adopt a new global innovation model. Let's call it global R&D 2.0. http://blogs.harvardbusiness.org/radjou/2009/06/rd-20fewer-engineers-more-ant.html

Ethnographic Research: A Key to Strategy

http://hbr.org/2009/03/ethnographic-research-a-key-to-strategy/ar/1

Corporate ethnography isnt just for innovation anymore. Its central to gaining a full understanding of your customers and the business itself. The ethnographic work at my company, Intel, and other firms now informs functions such as strategy and long-range planning.

MIRROR, MIRROR; The Anthropologist Of Dressing Rooms

http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/style/mirror-mirror-the-anthropologist-ofdressing-rooms.html?scp=1&sq=disney%20anthropologist&st=cse&emc=eta1

Nobody feels a shopper's pain more acutely than Mr. Underhill, the 47-year-old founder of Envirosell, a market research company that studies shopping habits*that+ applies the field-study methods of a behavioral scientist. Researchers, known as trackers, follow shoppers around stores, recording their every twist and sidle, their every pat and fondle of the merchandise.

Breakthrough market discoveries often hide out in latent form

http://www.examiner.com/business-commentary-in-washington-dc/breakthroughmarket-discoveries-often-hide-out-latent-form

Ethnographic MR is relatively new to marketers, yet is based on the science of anthropology. Using the anthropologist's tool kit of methods and theories, ethnographers are giving corporations an inside look at the cultural trends, attitudes, and lifestyle factors that influence consumer decisions about everything Ethnographic research was.somewhat mysterious andhad an uphill battle at first. But during the last few years.ethnography has been steadily gaining traction as a commercial MR tool. Today, corporations (IBM, Microsoft, Intel, Pitney Bowes, P&G) have in-house ethnographers Advertising agencies use ethnographic techniques in developing brand strategies for Home Depot and Talbots.