TURBULENCE MODELING

A Discussion on Different Techniques used in Turbulence Modeling

-Reni Raju


2
Topics Covered

Concept
Definition
Methods of Solving Turbulent Equations
Navier Stokes Equation
Models

3
Turbulence
Examples:
Wake of a water near the columnn of a
bridge.
Dispersion of Smoke in the atmosphere.
4
Definition
A Fluid motion in which velocity,pressure, and other flow quantities
fluctuate irregularly in time and space.

Turbulent Fluid motion is an irregular condition of flow in which
the various quantities show a random variation with time and space
coordinates, so that statistically distinct average values can be
obsevered.
- Hinze

Turbulence is due to the formation of point or line vortice on which
some component of the velocity becomes infinite.:
-Jean Leray
5
Methods for Solving
Turbulent Equations
DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION
(DNS)
LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION
(LES)
REYNOLDS AVERAGED NAVIER-STOKES
(RANS)
6
Navier Stokes Equation
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
w
y
v
x
u
For a Steady, Incompressible Fluid the
Continuity and x-momentum equations
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
z
u
y
u
x
u
dx
dp
x
u
w
x
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

7
For turbulent flow,
) ( ' ) ( t u u t u + =
The time averages,
| | 0 ) ( '
1
) (
1
' = = =
} }
+ +
dt t u
T
dt u t u
T
u
T t
t
T t
t
8
Time averaged Navier Stokes Equation
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
w u
y
v u
x
u
z
u
y
u
x
u
v
dx
dp
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
' ' ' ' 1
2 '
2
2
2
2
2
2

For all the Three Momentum Equation

(
(
(
(

=
) ' ( ) ' ' ( ) ' ' (
) ' ' ( ) ' ( ) ' ' (
) ' ' ( ) ' ' ( ) ' (
2
2
2
w v w w u
w v v u v
w u v u u
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
ij
t t t
t t t
t t t
t
9
Turbulence Models
Integral Method

Eddy-Viscosity Models
Zero-Equation Models
One-Equation Models
Two- Equation Models

Reynolds Stress Models

10
1.Integral Method
Advantages
-Computational Simplicity and Ease.
-Useful for same kind of flow.
-Easy to interpolate with experimental bench marks.

Disadvantages
-Lack of Flexibility.
11
2.Eddy Viscosity models
For 2-D incompressible boundary layer
equation
Momentum Equation,
y
u
v y
v
dx
dp
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c c

1
1
y
u
v u
c
c
= c ' '
y
u
v u
c
c

=
' '
c
or
12
(a) ZERO-EQUATION MODELS
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
y
u
l l
i
. c
}
=
o
c
0
0
) ( 0168 . 0 dy u u
e
13
(a) ZERO-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Simplest of Models satisfying the requirements.

Disadvantages
-Some ad hoc assumptions have to be made regarding boundary layer and
velocity.

14
(b) ONE-EQUATION MODELS
| | | |
2
2 2 2 2
2
) ( 1
2
) ( 1
2 2
l
q
r Cv
x
u
S v
y
q
r
y
v
y
q
v
x
q
u
i
i
ij
c c c +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
=
+ +
=
i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
S
w v u q
where
2
1
,
2
' ' '
2
2 2 2 2
v
c
c
Turbulence Kinetic Energy
Dimensionless Turbulent Viscosity
Mean Strain Rate
15
(b) ONE-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Additional assumptions can be avoided.
-Break from the equilibrium concepts in a practical consderation.
Disadvantages
-The length scale is still a algebraic quantity.
-Computationally more difficult.

16
(c) TWO-EQUATION MODELS
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
2
2 / 1
2
j j k
T
j j
i
ij
j
j
x
k
x
k
x x
u
x
k
u c
o

t
2
2
2
2 2
2 1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
x
u
k
C
x x x
u
k
C
x
u
T
j
T
j j
i
ij
j
j

c c
o

t
c c

c
Turbulence K.E.
Dissipation Rate
17
(c) TWO-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Overcomes the short comings of zero and one equation model.

Disadvantages
-Not appropriate to use in a viscous sublayer.
-Still need to make assumptions.

18
3.Reynolds Stress Models
Advantages
-More General than Eddy-Viscosity Models.
-Better Prediction for flow with sudden changes.
-Possible Ultimate turbulence models.

Disadvantages
-None of the equations can be solved exactly.
-Computational difficulty because of more no. of PDE.
19
Causes of Turbulent Motion .
Steady State.
Mass Weighted averaging.