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7
For turbulent flow,
) ( ' ) ( t u u t u + =
The time averages,
| | 0 ) ( '
1
) (
1
' = = =
} }
+ +
dt t u
T
dt u t u
T
u
T t
t
T t
t
8
Time averaged Navier Stokes Equation
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
w u
y
v u
x
u
z
u
y
u
x
u
v
dx
dp
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
' ' ' ' 1
2 '
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
) ' ( ) ' ' ( ) ' ' (
) ' ' ( ) ' ( ) ' ' (
) ' ' ( ) ' ' ( ) ' (
2
2
2
w v w w u
w v v u v
w u v u u
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
ij
t t t
t t t
t t t
t
9
Turbulence Models
Integral Method
Eddy-Viscosity Models
Zero-Equation Models
One-Equation Models
Two- Equation Models
Reynolds Stress Models
10
1.Integral Method
Advantages
-Computational Simplicity and Ease.
-Useful for same kind of flow.
-Easy to interpolate with experimental bench marks.
Disadvantages
-Lack of Flexibility.
11
2.Eddy Viscosity models
For 2-D incompressible boundary layer
equation
Momentum Equation,
y
u
v y
v
dx
dp
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c c
1
1
y
u
v u
c
c
= c ' '
y
u
v u
c
c
=
' '
c
or
12
(a) ZERO-EQUATION MODELS
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
y
u
l l
i
. c
}
=
o
c
0
0
) ( 0168 . 0 dy u u
e
13
(a) ZERO-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Simplest of Models satisfying the requirements.
Disadvantages
-Some ad hoc assumptions have to be made regarding boundary layer and
velocity.
14
(b) ONE-EQUATION MODELS
| | | |
2
2 2 2 2
2
) ( 1
2
) ( 1
2 2
l
q
r Cv
x
u
S v
y
q
r
y
v
y
q
v
x
q
u
i
i
ij
c c c +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
=
+ +
=
i
j
j
i
ij
x
u
x
u
S
w v u q
where
2
1
,
2
' ' '
2
2 2 2 2
v
c
c
Turbulence Kinetic Energy
Dimensionless Turbulent Viscosity
Mean Strain Rate
15
(b) ONE-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Additional assumptions can be avoided.
-Break from the equilibrium concepts in a practical consderation.
Disadvantages
-The length scale is still a algebraic quantity.
-Computationally more difficult.
16
(c) TWO-EQUATION MODELS
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
(
(
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
2
2 / 1
2
j j k
T
j j
i
ij
j
j
x
k
x
k
x x
u
x
k
u c
o
t
2
2
2
2 2
2 1
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
(
(
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
x
u
k
C
x x x
u
k
C
x
u
T
j
T
j j
i
ij
j
j
c c
o
t
c c
c
Turbulence K.E.
Dissipation Rate
17
(c) TWO-EQUATION MODELS
Advantages
-Overcomes the short comings of zero and one equation model.
Disadvantages
-Not appropriate to use in a viscous sublayer.
-Still need to make assumptions.
18
3.Reynolds Stress Models
Advantages
-More General than Eddy-Viscosity Models.
-Better Prediction for flow with sudden changes.
-Possible Ultimate turbulence models.
Disadvantages
-None of the equations can be solved exactly.
-Computational difficulty because of more no. of PDE.
19
Causes of Turbulent Motion .
Steady State.
Mass Weighted averaging.