SEISMIC LOAD DESIGN FOR BUILDING STRUCTURES

TEAM MEMBERS:
N.SRINIVASAN <45009103046>

P.KARMEGANATHAN <45009103021> R.VINAYAGAM J.MURUGAN <45009103051> <45009103031>

Final Review

PROJECT GUIDE: Prof. Dr.N.INDRASENAN Ph.D.(IITM)

ABSTRACT

The concept of bulk buildings to resist the lateral forces emanated from wind, dynamic loads such as earthquake or combination of both is fast vanishing. This is due to the fact that such buildings where the floor limitation one or

maximum two. Due to horizontal space limitation the civil engineers are often
confronted with this limitation.

Our design study concerns first an exploratory design for seismic loading under a setup of a four storey building. After getting a feel of the result of this design, we have gone in for seismic design of a 25 storey tall structure proposed to be located in Thoothukudi. We have selected these too far distanced locations one in Chennai and other in Thoothukudi coming in

respectively, zone III and zone IV.

AIM OF THE PROJECT

The primary aim of the project is to study the effect

of seismic attacks on the tall structures and their

distribution over the structures through a proper design based on seismic forces.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

As many conventional buildings were being constructed in a more traditional way, the objective of our study is to bring out the essentials of incorporating the possible dynamic conditions of tall

structures in the overall design.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The physical aspects of the seismic loading on the

building structures especially during an earthquake

or an explosion studied herein.

REAL WORLD STRUCTURES

Twin Building in Mumbai

Tall and Medium Annexures in Mumbai

IS CODE ADOPTED

IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Criteria For Earthquake

Resistant Design Of Structures.

IS 13920: 1993, Ductile Detailing Of Rc Structures Subjected To Seismic Forces

STRUCTURAL DESIGN BASIC REQUIREMENTS

The building structure shall include complete lateral and vertical force-resisting systems capable of providing adequate strength,

stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity to withstand the design

ground motions within the prescribed limits of deformation and strength demand. The design seismic forces, and their distribution over the height of the building structure, shall be established in accordance with one of the applicable procedures indicated in IS 1893:2002

DESIGN APPROACH

The design approach adopted in this standard is to ensure that structures possess at least a minimum strength to withstand minor earthquakes, which occur frequently, without damage; resist moderate earthquakes without significant structural damage though some non-structural damage may occur; and aims that structures withstand a major earthquake without collapse.

ASSUMPTIONS

Earthquake causes impulsive ground motions, which are complex and irregular in character, changing in period and amplitude each lasting for a small duration. Therefore, resonance of the type as visualized under steady-state sinusoidal excitations will not occur as it would need time to build up such amplitudes.

Earthquake is likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum

load or maximum sea waves.

The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever required, maybe taken as for static analysis unless a more definite value is available for use in such condition (see IS 456, IS 1343 and IS 800)

LOAD COMBINATIONS

In the limit state design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, the following load combinations shall be accounted for:

1) 1.5 (DL + LL). 2) 1.2 (DL + LL EL).

3) l.5 (DL EL).

4) 0.9 (DL 1.5EL).

DESIGN SPECTRUM

Ah=( Z I / 2 R ) x (Sa/g)

Where, Z = Zone factor I = Importance factor R = Response reduction factor Sa /g = Average response acceleration coefficient.

ZONE FACTOR, Z

It is a factor to obtain the design spectrum depending on the perceive maximum seismic risk characterized by Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE ) in the zone in which the structure is located. The basic zone factors included in this standard are reasonable estimate of effective peak ground acceleration.

The Value Zone Factor ,Z can be obtained from Table 2 of IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 .

SEISMIC ZONE AND ZONE FACTOR,Z

SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA

IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I

It is a factor used to obtain the design seismic force depending on the functional use of the structure, characterized by hazardous consequences of its failure, its post-earthquake functional need, historic value, or economic importance.

The value of Importance factor, I can be obtained from Table 6 of IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002

IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I

RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR

It is the factor by which the actual base shear force, that would be generated if the structure were to remain elastic during its response to the Design Basis Earthquake (DBE ) shaking, shall be reduced to obtain the design lateral force.

The value of Response Reduction Factor, R can be obtained from Table 7 of IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002

RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR, R

RESPONSE SPECTRUM

The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree freedom systems having certain period and damping, during earthquake ground motion. The maximum response is plotted against the undamped natural period and for various damping values, and can be expressed in terms of maximum absolute acceleration, maximum relative velocity, or maximum relative displacement.

The Spectral Acceleration Coefficient Sa/ g value can be evaluated from Fig.2 of IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 .

RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR 5% DAMPING

FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL PERIOD

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration ( Ta ), in seconds, of a moment-resisting frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by the empirical expression: Ta = 0.075 h0.75 for RC frame building = 0.085 h0.75 for steel frame building where

h = Height of building, in m. This excludes the basement storey's, where

basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But it includes the basement storey's, when they are not so connected.

Ta FOR MOMENT RESISTING FRAME BUILDINGS WITH BRICK INFILL

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration ( Ta ), in seconds, of all other buildings, including moment-resisting frame buildings with brick infill panels, may be estimated by the empirical expression:

Where, h=Height of building, in m as defined in 7.6.l. IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 D=Base dimension of the building at the plinth level, in m, along the considered direction of the lateral force.

DESIGN SEISMIC BASE SHEAR

VB = Ah W Where, Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum W = Seismic weight of the building

SEISMIC WEIGHT

The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load plus appropriate amount of imposed load, as specified in clause 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 of IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 . While computing the seismic weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey.

The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors.

DISTRIBUTION OF DESIGN FORCE

Wihi2 Wihi2

Qi = VB Where,

Q = Design lateral force at floor i,

W = Seismic weight of floor i,

h = Height of floor/measured from base.

DESIGN OF FOUR STOREY BUILDING

DESCRIPTION

The four storey building is proposed to be located in Anna Nagar Chennai which comes under (Zone-III) .The data details are furnished below: The total width of the building The total height of the building Storey height Zone factor (region III) Response reduction factor Soil type Location Type of building : : : : : : : : 54 m 17 m 04 m 0.16 5.0 Stiff clay Anna Nagar Standard Office Building

PLAN VIEW OF FOUR STOREY BUILDING

All Dimensions are in metre

FLOOR LEVEL ARRANGEMENT

Parapet wall of 1m height

ROOF

FLOOR 3

FLOOR 2

FLOOR 1

All Dimensions are in metre

DESIGN LOADS UNDER SEISMIC ANALYSIS

Mass Calculation In this section we calculate and the mass calculations the lumped mass at the concentrated at center of each floor at the top 1. Dead Load Floor Slab (including steel deck) = 2541 N/m2 Ceiling / Flooring = 148 N/m2 Mechanical/ Electrical = 344 N/m2 Partitions = 481 N/m2 Steel Framing (assumption) = 628 N/m2 Roofing = 344 N/m2 Penthouse (addition to roof load) = 1923 N/m2 For typical floor = 2541+148+344+481+628 = 4142 N/m2 For roof (excluding penthouse) = 2541+148+344+344+481 = 3858 N/m2 For penthouse =2541+148+344+1923+628 = 5584 N/m2

2. Dead load due to Exterior Wall Unit weight: Perimeter: = 1198 N/m2 = 2 x (56+38) = 188m

Weight of the exterior wall between two stories is divided into two. First Half goes to upper Storey and the remaining half goes to lower story. Roof = 1198 x (4/2) x 188 = 450448 N Floor 3 =1198 x (4/2+4/2) x 188

=900896 N
Floor 2 =1198 x (4/2+4/2) x 188 =900896 N Floor 1 =1198 x (4/2+4/2) x 188 =900896 N Penthouse exterior wall =1198 x 3.5 x 2(19+10) = 243194 N

3. Dead load due to Parapet on Roof

= 1198 x (1) x 188 = 225224 N

FLOOR SEISMIC DEAD WEIGHTS Roof = ((3858 x 55 x 37) + (5584 x 19 x 10) + 225224+450448+243194) x 10-3 = 9831 kN Floor 3 = ((3858 x 55 x 37) + 900896) x 10-3= 8752 kN Floor 2 = ((3858 x 55 x 37) + 900896) x 10-3 = 8752 kN Floor 1 = ((3858 x 55 x 37) + 900896) x 10-3 = 8752 kN

SEISMIC FORCE ANALYSIS

Two steel frames on the perimeter are moment-resistance frame. So the weights on each floor will be divided into two to calculate the lateral forces on each moment-resisting frame.

Seismic mass of each moment-resisting frame: Roof = 9831/2/9.81 =501 kN-s2/m

Floor 3= 8752/2/9.81 =446 kN-s2/m Floor 2= 8752/2/9.81 =446 kN-s2/m Floor 1= 8752/2/9.81 =446 kN-s2/m

EARTHQUAKE LOAD CALCULATION

BASE SHEAR METHOD

Mass of each Storey of One Moment Resisting Frame

Storey
Mass

1-3 Floor (kN-s2/m)

1338

Roof (KN-s2/m)
501

Total (KN-s2/m)
1839

BASE SHEAR, VB
From IS 1893:2002 section 7.6.1 Fundamental natural period, Ta = 0.712 sec From IS 1893:2002 fig.2 Sa/g is Sa/g = 1.911 Design horizontal seismic co-efficient, Ah= Z IR/ 2 X Sa/g = (0.16 x 1.0 x 1.911)/(2 x 5.0) = 0.0306 VB = 0.0306*1839 = 56 kN

BASE SHEAR CALCULATION

LEVEL STOREY HEIGHT HEIGHT WEIGHT (KN) WIHIK QI FORCE (KN) STORY SHEAR (KN)

R 4 3

4 4 4

16 12 08

501 446 446

128256 64224 28544

0.56 0.28 0.13

40 20 10

0 40 60

2
1 TOTAL

4
0 16

04
00

446

7136

0.03
00

03
00 73

70
73 243

1839

228160

1.0

BASE SHEAR DISTRIBUTION

% OF SHEAR LEVEL FORCE (kN) STOREY SHEAR DISTRIBUTED AT STOREY % DIFFERENCE In Distribution

(kN)
R 4 3 2 1 TOTAL 32 16 8 02 00 58 0 32 48 56 58 194

LEVEL
00 16.49 24.74 28.86 29.89 100 16.49 8.25 4.12 1.03

BASE SHEAR DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM

Fig.3.3 Storey Mass Concentration

Fig.3.4 Base Shear Distribution

DESIGN OF 25 STOREY TALL STRUCTURE

DESCRIPTION

Live load

: 4.0 kN/m2 at typical floor : 1.5 kN/m2 on terrace

Floor finish Terrace finish Location Wind load Earthquake load Type of soil Floors

: 1.0 kN/m2 : 1.0 kN/m2 : Tuticorin city : As per IS: 875-Not designed for wind load : As per IS-1893 (Part 1) 2002 : Type II, Medium as per IS:1893 : G.F. + 25 upper floors.

Typical Floor Plan

UNIT LOAD CALCULATION

Assumed sizes of beam and column sections are: Columns: 500 x 500 at all typical floors, Area, A = 0.25 m2, I = 0.0052 m4 Columns: 600 x 600 below ground level, Area, A = 0.36 m2, I = 0.0108 m4 Main beams: 300 x 600 at all floors,

Area, A = 0.18 m2, I = 0.0054 m4

Ground beams: 300 x 600, Area, A = 0.18 m2, I= 0.0054 m4

Secondary beams: 200 x 500, Area, A = 0.1m2, I = 0.0021 m4

MEMBER SELF- WEIGHT CALCULATION

Columns (500 x 500) Columns (600 x 600) Ground beam (300 x 600) = 0.50 x 0.50 x 25 = 6.3 kN/m = 0.60 x 0.60 x 25 = 9.0 kN/m = 0.30 x 0.60 x 25 = 4.5 kN/m

Secondary beams rib (200 x 500)

Main beams (300 x 600) Slab (100 mm thick) Brick wall (230 mm thick)

= 0.20 x 0.50 x 25 = 2.5 kN/m

= 0.30 x 0.60 x 25 = 4.5 kN/m = 0.1 x 25 = 2.5 kN/m2 = 0.23 x 19 (wall) +2 x 0.012 x 20 (plaster)

= 4.9 kN/m2
Floor wall (height 4.4 m) Ground floor wall (height 3.5 m) Ground floor wall (height 0.7 m) = 4.4 x 4.9 = 21.6 kN/m = 3.5 x 4.9 = 17.2 kN/m = 0.7 x 4.9 = 3.5 kN/m

Terrace parapet (height 1.0 m)

= 1.0x 4.9 = 4.9 kN/m

Slab load calculations

Component Self (100 mm thick) Water proofing Floor finish Terrace (DL + LL) 2.5 + 0.0 2.0 + 0.0 1.0 + 0.0 Typical (DL + LL) 2.5 + 0.0 0.0 + 0.0 1.0 + 0.0

Live load Total

0.0 + 1.5 5.5 + 1.5 kN/m2

0.0 + 4.0 3.5 + 4.0 kN/ m2

Beam and frame load calculations: (1) Terrace level: Floor beams: From slab 2.5 x (5.5 + 1.5) = Self weight = Total = Reaction on main beam 0.5 x 7.5 x (16.3 + 3.8) =

13.8 + 3.8 kN/m 2.5 + 0 kN/m 16.3 + 3.8 kN/m

61.1 + 14.3 kN.

Main beams B1-B2-B3 and B10-B11-B12 Component From Slab 0.5 x 2.5 (5.5 +1.5) Parapet Total B1-B3 6.9 + 1.9 4.9 + 0 11.8 + 1.9 kN/m B2 0+0 4.9 + 0 4.9 + 0 kN/ m

Two point loads on one-third span points for beams B2 and B11 of (61.1 + 14.3) kN from the secondary beams. Main beams B4-B5-B6, B7-B8-B9, B16-B17- B18 and B19-B20-B21 From slab 0.5 x 2.5 x (5.5 + 1.5) = 6.9 + 1.9 kN/m Total = 6.9 + 1.9 kN/m Two point loads on one-third span points for all the main beams (61.1 + 14.3) kN from the secondary beams.

Main beams B4-B5-B6, B7-B8-B9, B16-B17-B18 and B19-B20-B21 From slab 0.5 x 2.5 (3.5 + 4.0) Total kN from the secondary beams. Main beams B13-B14-B15 and B22-B23-B24
B13 - B15 Component From Slab 0.5 x 2.5 (3.5 + 4.0) Wall ---16.6 + 0 4.4 + 5.0 16.6 + 0 B22 - B24 B14 B23

= 4.4 + 5.0 kN/m = 4.4 + 5.0 kN/m

Two point loads on one-third span points for all the main beams (42.2 + 37.5)

Total

16.6+0 kN/m

21.0 + 5.0 kN/m

Two point loads on one-third span points for beams B13, B15, B22 and B24 of (42.2 +7.5) kN from the secondary beams.

(3) Ground level: Outer beams: B1-B2-B3; B10-B11-B12; B13-B14-B15 and B22-B23-B24

Walls: 3.4 m high = 16.6 + 0 kN/m

Inner beams: B4-B5-B6; B7-B8-B9; B16-B17-B18 and B19-B20B21 Walls: 0.7 m high = 3.5 + 0 kN/m

Seismic Weight Calculations The seismic weights are calculated in a manner similar to gravity loads. The weight of columns and walls in any storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey. Following reduced live loads are used for analysis: Zero on terrace, and 50% on other floors [IS: 1893 (Part1): 2002, Clause 7.4] (1) Storey 26 (Terrace):
component From slab Parapet Walls Secondary beams Main beams Columns Total Load 22.5 x 22.5 (5.5+0) 04 x 22.5 (4.9 + 0) 0.5 x 4 x 22.5 x(21.6 + 0) 18 x 7.5 x (2.5 + 0) 8 x 22.5 x (4.5 + 0) 0.5 x 5 x 16 x(6.3 + 0) DL + LL 2 784 + 0 441 + 0 972 + 0 338 + 0 810 + 0 252 + 0 5597 kN

(2) Storey 25-3

Component From slab

Load 22.5 x 22.5 x(3.5 + 0.5 x 4) 4 x 22.5 x(21.6 + 0)

DL + LL 1 772 + 1013

Walls

1500+ 0

Secondary beams

18 x 7.5 x(2.5 + 0)

338 + 0

Main beams Columns Total

8 x 22.5 x(4.5 + 0) 16 x 5 x(6.3 + 0)

810 + 0 504+0 5937 kN

(3) Storey 2:
Component From slab Walls Walls Secondary beams Main beams Columns Total Load 22.5 x 22.5 x(3.5 + 0.5 x 4) 0.5 x 4 x 22.5 x(21.6 + 0) 0.5 x 4 x 22.5 x(17.2 + 0) 18 x 7.5 x(2.5 + 0) 8 x 22.5 x(4.5 + 0) 16 x 0.5 x (5 +4.1) x (6.3 + 0) DL + LL 1 772 + 1 013 750 + 0 750 + 0 338 + 0 810 + 0 459 + 0 = 5892 kN

4) Storey 1 (plinth): Component Walls Walls Load 0.5 x 4 x 22.5 x (17.2 + 0) 0.5 x 4 x 22.5 x(3.5 + 0) DL + LL 750 + 0 158 + 0

Main beams
Columns

8 x 22.5 x(4.5 + 0)
16 x 0.5 x 4.1 x(6.3 + 0) 16 x 0.5 x 1.1 x(9.0 + 0)

810 + 0
207 + 0 80 + 0 2005 + 0 =2005 kN

Total

SEISMIC WEIGHT OF THE ENTIRE BUILDING

The seismic weight of the floor is the lumped weight, which acts at the respective floor level at the centre of mass of the floor.
Storey Mass 1st Floor (kN)
2005

2nd Floor 3-25 Floor (kN) (kN)

5892 5937

Roof (KN)
5597

Total (KN) 150045

DESIGN FORCE CALCULATION

The design part of the seismic loading has been carried out in the excel design sheet for main design.

The image of the excel design sheet is shown in the next slide.

COMPARISON TABLE
Building Type RC Frame Building with RC Frame Building with RC Frame Building with

infill
Height of the Building 30 m

infill
30 m

infill
30 m

Base Dimension of the

Building Zone Factor Importance Factor Response Reduction Factor Time Period, T Sa/g Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient, Ah Design Base Shear

5m

7.5 m

10 m

0.16 1.0 5.0 1.207 s 1.126 0.0180

0.16 1.0 5.0 0.986 s 1.379 0.0221

0.16 1.0 5.0 0.854 s 1.593 0.0255

347 kN

425 kN

491 kN

DISCUSSION
As per the comparison table for the same height of the building, the base dimension of the building changes first 5m then 1.5 times of 5m, next 2 times of 5m. For all the 3 cases the seismic design was carried out and time period T is in descending order as shown in the comparison table, and the respective Sa/g, Design Horizontal seismic coefficient, Design Base Shear are all increased. This is a good and acceptable trend in our design.

COMPARISON FIGURE
3.5

2.5 Time Period T sec

BASE DIMENSION 10 m

1.5

BASE DIMENSION 7.5 m

BASE DIMENSION 5 m

0.5

0 0 5 10 15 Height (m) 20 25 30

CONCLUSION
Civil engineers have the responsibility to embed seismic response in every design of tall structures. Due to the demand in places, we have plan irregularity which cannot be avoided in the construction.

Base isolation offers flexibility at the connection of superstructure and the

foundation, for this base shear design offers significance. Based on the history of earthquake, the new buildings have to be designed to minimize the effect of earthquake damage. No more we can ignore seismic philosophy in the overall design. Structural and Non Structural measure have to incorporate in the design.

FURTHER SCOPE
The design can be extended to tall industrial structure having steel frame.

The design could be accomplished to shear walls with solid

masonry but preference to be given in the case of RC vertical walls. Detailed design is possible for incorporating non structural design for both building and Non building , Bridges, Dams, Elevator, Transport access, Flyover and similar other Non buildings

REFERENCES
IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Criteria For Earthquake Resistant Design Of Structures. IS 13920: 1993, Ductile Detailing Of Rc Structures Subjected To Seismic Forces. Earthquake Load Calculations by Hemant Vadalkar, IIT Kanpur. Earthquake Building Codes by Dr.Sudhir K Jain, IIT Kanpur.