GENERAL CHARACTERS

1-ECTODERMAL TISSUE COVERING THE ANATOMICAL CROWN. 2-HIGHLY MINERALIZED, RISIST MASTICATORY FORCES. 3-ACELLULAR, INERT, NONVITAL AND INSENSITIVE. 4-CANNOT REPALCED OR REGENERATED. 5-PERMEABLE TO IONIC STRUCTURE.

1-COLOUR

2-THICKNESS

5-PERMEABILITY

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

3-HARDNESS

4-BRITTLNESS

1 - COLOUR
YELLOWIH WHITE TO GRAYISH WHITE DEPENDS ON : 1- DEGREE OF CALCIFICATION 2- HOMOGENISITY OF THE ENAMEL SO: YELLOWISH TEETH. TRANSLUCENT E. GRAYISH TEETH OPAQUE E.

2 - THICKNESS
- 2 2.5 mm. at the cusps of the molars and premolars. - Thinning down to Almost knife edge at the cervical margin of the tooth

3 HARDNESS
ENAMEL IT IS THE HARDEST MICROHARDNESS - ENAMEL OF AT IN CALCIFIED TISSUE 1IS GREATEST THE THE PERMANENT THE BODY SURFACE AND TEETH DUE TO: E. IS DECREASED TOWARD THAN OF 1-HARDER HIGH CONTENT DEJ. THAT OF THE MINERAL SALTS 2 - IT IS GREATER AT THE 2-DECIDUOUS ITS AND CRYSTALLINE CUSPS INCISAL ONES ARRANGEMENT. RIDGE AND DECREASES TOWARD THE CERVICAL LINE.
+
+

+
-

4 - BRITTLNESS
ITS STRUCTURE AND HARDNESS RENDER IT BRITTLE, SPECILY WHEN IT LOOSES ITS ELASTIC FOUNDATION OF HEALTHY DENTIN

ASG

5- PERMEABILITY
-ENAMEL HAS A CERTAIN DEGREE OF PERMEABILTY DEMONSTRATED BY DYES AND RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES. - IT ACTS AS A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE FOR CERTAIN IONS AND DYES OF SMALL MOLECULAR SIZE THROUGH PORES BETWEEN THE CRYSTALS.

Enamel
Specific Gravity of enamel is around 2.8 It shows birefringence It is an optical property. It shows two colors when viewed with polarized light

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
INORGANIC ORGANIC

BY WEIGHT

96%

4 % INORGANIC

ORGANIC BY EQUAL VOLUME

EQUAL

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

INORGANIC MATERIAL 96 %
CRYSTALLINE CALISUM PHOSPHATE

( HYDROXY APATITE)

3 Ca3 (PO4)2 . Ca (OH)2

THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THESE CRYSTALS TO DISSOLUTION BY ACIDS PROVIDES THE CHEMICAL BASIS FOR THE CARIOUS LESION
THE PROBABILITY OF THE REPLACEMENT OF THE HYDROXYL RAICAL WITH VARIOUS IONS (STRONIUM, MAGNESIUM, CARBONATE AND FLOURIDE ) DURING ENAMEL DEVELOPMENT OR IN THE INVIRONMENT OF THE FULLY FORMED ENAMEL GIVES THE BASIS FOR NATIONAL FLUORINATION OF DRINKING WATER OR TOPICAL FLUORIDE APPLICATION TRANSFORMING HYDROXY APATITE CRYSTALS TO FLUOROAPATITE ONES .

ASG (PO ) . Ca (F) 3 Ca 3 4 2 2

FOR MORE CARIES RISISTANCE

ORGANIC MATERIAL 4%
(1-2% ORGANIC MATERIAL AND 2-3% WATER)
- IT FORMS A FINE NETWORK BETWEEN THE CRYSTALS, OR COMPRESSSED FORMING AN ENVELOP SURROUNDING EACH CRYSTAL - ITS CHEMICAL NATURE HAS NOT YET COMPLETELY DETERMINED. - NO SPECIFIC PROTEINS HAVE BEEN IDNTIFIED. - AMINO ACIDS PRESENT ARE COLLECTIVELY CALLED ENAMEL PROTEIN 1 Amelogenins.: These are present during the enamel formation. These are lost during calcification of enamel

2 ENAMEL PORTIEN OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALLED ENAMELIN :It is present in the enamel matrix and persist in the mature enamel tightly bound to the hydroxy apatite crystals .

ASG

ENAMEL PROTEIN ( AMINO ACIDS)

DEVELOPING ENAMEL MATRIX PROLINE +++++ GLUTAMINE + + + + LEUCINE +++ GLYCINE ++ HISTIDINE + MATURE ENAMEL MATRIX GLYCINE +++++ GLUTAMINE + + + + PROLINE +++ LEUCINE ++ HISTIDINE +

NOTE: THE SELECTIVE REABSORPTION OF THE AMINO ACIDS IS ASG THE FUNCTION OF THE AMELOBLASTS

HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
1-ENAMEL PRISM

2-PRISM SHEATH

ENAMEL PRISM

ENAMEL DENTIN

ENAMEL PRISM

3INTERPRISMATIC SUBSTANCE

STRUCTURE

HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
HEXAGONAL OVAL ROUND FISH SCALES KEY HOLE

ENAMEL PRISM
LOWER CENTRAL INCISOR

1 - NUMBER

5
12

MILLIONS

UPPER FIRST MOLAR MILLIONS

2 - DIRECTION

ENAMEL PRISM
3 - COURSE
GNARLED ENAMEL
STRUCTURELESS ENAMEL

DENTINO-ENAMEL MEMBRANE

ASG

ENAMEL PRISM
2

4 - DIAMETER

:
1

3-4 um / 8 um

PRISM ENAMEL PRISM PRISM SHEATH

BY LIGHT MICROSCOPE INTERPRISMATIC

SUBSTANCE

CROSS STRIATION

ASG

CRYSTALS

ENAMEL PRISM
HEAD

PRISM

BY THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

CRYSTALS PRISM SHEATH

TAIL
INTERPRISMATIC SUBSTANCE
PRISM INTERPRISMATIC SUB. WITH HIGHER REFRACTIVE INDEX

PRISM SHEATH

INTERPRISMATIC Prism sheath REGION

HUNTER SCHREGERS BANDS

Oblique reflected light

Transmitted light

LONG INCREMENTAL LINES

INCREMENTAL LINES CROSS STRIATIONS

PERIKYMATA

SHORT INCREMENS

1 SHORT INCREMENTAL LINES

( CROSS STRIATION )

BETWEEN SEGMENT OF 4 u LENGTH, DAILY RATE OF SECRETORY ACTIVITY OF AMELOBLASTS

2 LONG INCREMENTAL LINE

( INCREMENTAL LINE OF RETZIUS ) BROWN STRIA OF RETZIUS

4 DAYS ARE NEEDED FOR THE FORMATION OF THE ASG ENAMEL MATRIX BETWEEN TWO BANDS

3 NEONATAL LINE

PRENATAL ENAMEL

POSTNATAL ENAMEL

POSTNATAL ENAMEL

PRENATAL ENAMEL

PRIMARY ENAMEL CUTICLE (Nasmyths membrane)

- 0.2 um thick.
- Its structure is similar to the basal lamina of the epithelium. - It is the last product of the ameloblasts.

ASG

THE AMELODENTINAL JUNCTION

ENAMEL

DENTIN

ENAMEL LAMELLAE

TYPE C

TYPE A

TYPE B

ENAMEL TUFT

ENAMEL SPINDLES
ENAMEL

DENTINAL TUBULES

DENTIN

SURFACE STRUCTURES
1 OUTER STRUCTURELESS ENAMEL
REMEMBER: THAT THERE IS AN INNER STRUCTURELESS ENAMEL

30 um thick

2 - PERIKYMATA
PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER AND TO C.E.J.

CONTINUOUS AROUND THE TOOTH.

30/ mm AT THE REGION OF C.E.J.

10/ mm NEAR TO THE OCCLUSAL OR INCISAL EDGES

3 - ROD ENDS

SHALLOWER CERVICALLY
DEEPER OCCLUSALLY

4 - CRACKS

ENAMEL LAMELLA

ASG

5 - AFIBRILLAR CEMENTUM
ENAMEL

DENTIN

CEMENTUM

LIFE HISTORY OF THE AMELOBLASTS

7 STAGES
1 - MORPHOGENIC 2 - ORGANIZING 3 FORMATIVE 6 PROTECTIVE 4 TRANSITIONALREDUCED7 ENAMEL EPITHELIUM - DESMOLYTIC 5 - MATURATIVE

DEAL WITH INNER DENTAL EPITHELIUM

FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENTIATED AMELOBLASTS

FUNCTIONS OF THE REDUCED ENAMEL EPITHELIUM

A MORPHOGENIC STAGE
Before ameloblasts differentiation

INNER DENTAL EPITHELIUM BASEMENT MEMBRA CELL FREE ZONE DENTAL PAPILLA

ASG

A MORPHOGENIC STAGE
Before ameloblasts Golgi apparatus differentiation
Oval nucleus Centriol Short columner

PROXIMAL END

Mitochondria ASG DISTAL END BASEMENT MEMBRANE

A MORPHOGENIC STAGE
GOLGI APP.

PROXIMAL END PROXIMAL TERMINAL BARS

During ameloblasts differentiation

CENTRIOL

NUCLEUS

MITOCHONDRIA DISTAL END ASG BASEMENT MEMBRANE

B ORGANIZING STAGE
INNER INNERDENTAL DENTAL EPITHELIUM EPITHELIUM

Cell free zone disappears

ODONTOBLASTS ODONTOBLASTS ASG

B ORGANIZING STAGE
SO DURING THIS STAGE THE FOLLOWIONG OCCURE:
Centrioles Golgi apparatus 1 - REVERSAL OF THE FUNCTIONAL POLARITY OF THE I.D.E... 2 HISTODIFFERENTIATION OF THE ODONTOBLASTS ( INDUCTION).

Mitochondria ASG

C FORMATIVE STAGE
PROXIMAL TERMINAL BARS
AMELOBLASTS DENTIN

M G.A.

R.E.R.

DISTAL TERMINAL BARS ASG TOMES PROCESS

D TRANSITIONAL STAGE
1 REDUCTION IN THE HIGHT. 2 DECREASE IN IN ITS VOLUM AND ORGANELLE CONTENT 3 WITHDRAWAL OF TOMES ROCESS.

ASG

PRISMLESS ENAMEL

E MATURATIVE STAGE
M

CYTOPLASMIC VACUOLES

AUTOPHAGIC VACUOLES

SMOOTH ENDED AMELOBLAST

RUFFLED ENDED AMELOBLAST

F PROTECTIVE AND DESMOLYTIC STAGES

REDUCED ENAMEL EPITHELIUM 1 PROTECTIVE. 2 - DESMOLYTIC

Ameloblast without
Tomes process Late organizing stage

SUMMARY Tomes Tomes

process Formative stage

Ameloblast with

Ameloblast without
process Transitional stage

Dentin
Aprismatic enamel Prismatic enamel Aprismatic enamel

ASG

AMELOGENESIS

1 - FORMATION OF ENAMEL MATRIX

2 - MATURATION OF ENAMEL

THE BEGINNING OF MINERALIZATION OF THE ENAMEL MATRIX DOES NOT AWAIT THE COMPLETION OF ITS FORMATION.

STRATUM FORMATION OF ENAMEL INTERMEDIUM MATRIX

AMELOBLASTS
ENAMEL MATRIX (DENTINOENAMEL MEMBRANE ) MANTLE DENTIN

D . J .C. NO CLEAR CUT BAND OF ORGANIC MATRIX 25 30 % OF THE TOTAL MINERAL CONTENT STIPPLED MATERIAL/O R ENAMEL

Ameloblast without
Tomes process Late organizing stage

Ameloblast with
Tomes process Formative stage

Ameloblast without
Tomes process Transitional stage

Dentin
Aprismatic enamel Prismatic Enamel Aprismatic enamel

MORE DETAILS ABOUT THE MODE OF FORMATION AND LOCATION OF THE PRISM, INTERPRISMATIC SUBSTANCE, PRISM SHEATH AND CROSS STRIATION Tomes process

Prism

Cross
Interprismatic substance Prism sheath straiation

MORE DETAILS ABOUT THE PROCESS OF SECRETION OF BOTH THE PROTEINS AND THE CRYSTALLITES FROM THE TOMES PROCESS

Tomes process

Tail / or Interprismatic

Head / or Prism

substance
Next ASG

Tomes process

Head Tail

Next ASG

Tomes process

Head
Tail

Next ASG

Tomes process

Head

ASG Tail

Head

Tail

1 - Quantitative And Qualitative Changes In The Organic Component. 2 - 90 % Of Protein And Water Reabsorbed. 3 Maturation Is Gradually Completed Up To 96% Of The Total Weight Of Enamel (Primary ONCE THE FULL THICHNESS OF Maturation) ENAMEL MATRIX IS FORMED

2 - MATURATION OF ENAMEL

MATURATION BEGINS 4 Rapid Influx Of Calcium And Phosphate Ions Already Secreted With The Enamel Matrix. 5 DURING Increase MATURATION In Size Of The THE Crystals FOLLOWING By Fusion Of Crystallites ( 1240 Crystal / Um Before And CHANGES OCCURE 560 Crystal / Um After Maturation ). 5 Directions Of Maturation (next slide )
ASG

6 - Secondary Maturation..

DIRECTIONS OF MATURATION
ENAMEL

DENTIN PREDENTIN

ENAMEL DENTIN

PREDENTIN

ASG

ASG

SECONDARY MATURATION
MATURATION CONTINUES AFTER ERUPTION OF THE TEETH THROUGH DEPOSITION OF IONS FROM THE SALIVA.

AGE CHANGES 1 - ATTRITION

ATTRITION
DEFINITION. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN D.T. AND P.T. CLINICALY: OCCLUSAL AND PROXIMAL. SEX DIFFERENCE. TYPE OF DIET. OCCUPATIONAL HABITS. SEVERE ATTRITION. MICROSCOPICALLY.

2 - PERMEABILITY

Recently
Erupted teeth
ASG

Main path

Old enamel

2 - PERMEABILITY
IONIC EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE ENAMEL AND THE SURROUNDING SALIVA. SECONDARY MATURATION. INCREASE NITROGEN AND FLUORIDE. RESISTANCE TO DECAY IS INCREASED. TOOTH MAY BECOME DARKER IN COLOUR (THE EFFECT OF THE DAYSTUFFS STAINS)

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