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Wireless Local Loop Training for E.S.s PTCL

Compiled By Mian Khalid Jamil (Instructor) Telecom Staff College HARIPUR

What is Local Loop

The portion of the network connecting the customer to the Telephone Exchange. Presently PTCL has a network consisting of Copper cables, that consists of: Primary Cable- Exchange to Cabinet Secondary Cable- Cabinet to Distribution point Drop wire- Distribution point to customer premises

Copper Wired Local Loop

DP Copper Wire

Cabinet

PSTN
Central Office

Exchange

What is Wireless Local Loop?

Alternative to traditional wired phone The final connection between the existing telecom infrastructure and a subscriber's home/business by wireless technologies rather than cable Advantages compared to landline/wired network Cheaper: for cable land rent, transmission cable Quicker: faster deployment as no physical cable needed Feature rich: cellular offers greater range of features viz. SMS, high speed data, limited mobility, etc

Wireless Local Loop

||
PSTN

WLL
Central Office

Exchange

BTS

Advantages of WLL
1. Cost of installation and maintenance of WLL is lower than cable network 2. Installation time is less in case of WLL 3. Selective installation: Installation for those who require connection at a certain time 4. Quality of wireless technologies have improved to nearly equal the contemporary wired options which do face problems like longer distances in xDSL and lack of infrastructure, so WLL offers tough competition 5. Cellular systems are too expensive with lesser signal quality than fixed broadband wireless which uses directional antennas

PTCL WLL project

PTCL got the License for Wireless Local Loop from PTA. PTCL decided to install 0.28 Million new WLL lines by the end of 2004. It has been decided by the management to deploy 2.0 Million WLL lines by the end of year 2005. PTA has awarded the WLL licenses to many other private Companies. So PTCL does not as monopoly in this business.

PTCL WLL project

The technology selected by PTCL is CDMA 2000 1X at 450 MHz frequency band. PTCL WLL project consists of one Network Management Center (NMC) at Islamabad, and five MSCs (Mobile Switching Centers) with BSCs (Base Station Controllers). 158 BTS (Base Transceiver Stations) will be Installed in different parts of the Country.

WLL Network in Pakistan

Islamabad: Peshawar Lahore Quetta Hyderabad Multan Centralized control MSC MSC MSC MSC MSC

MSC: Mobile Switching Center

Wireless Technologies used in Pakistan

AMPS D-AMPS GSM Analog Mobile Phone System (Initially used by Paktel) Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (Initially used by InstaPhone) Global System Mobile Communication (Initially used by U-Phone & Mobilink) Code Division Multiple Access (Used by PTCL in WLL System)

CDMA

Development of Mobile Communications

1st Generation 190s (analog) 2nd Generation 1990s (digital)
GSM AMPS TACS CDMA IS95 TDMA IS136 PDC

3rd Generation current (digital)

UMTS WCDMA CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA

Analog to Digital
NMT OTHERS

Voice to Broadband

3G provides:
Complete integrated service solutions High bandwidth Unified air interface Best spectral efficiency and a step towards PCS

What is CDMA
Its Stands for Code Division Multiple Access PTCL used CDMA 2000 1X Technology at the frequency rate of 450 MHz for Rural Areas and 1900 MHz for Urban Areas. Main Features of CDMA. 1. Better Performance 2. Broader Coverage 3. Higher Capacity 4. Higher Data Capability 5. Better Security

Frequency Spectrum
Rural Areas
450 MHz band i.e.
452.5 - 457.475 MHz :Uplink 462.5 - 467.475 MHz :Downlink
1-3 RF carriers 1.25 MHz each

Urban Areas
1900 MHz band i.e.
1890 -1895 MHz : Uplink 1970 - 1975 MHz: Downlink
1-4 RF carriers 1.25 MHz each

WLL CDMA Coverage

Development of CDMA
CDMA2000 3X

CDMA2000 307.2kbps

IS95A 9.6kbps IS95A 115.2kbps

Heavier voice service capacity ; CDMA2000 1X EV 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV

Longer period of standby time

1995

1998

2000 Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity Higher packet data rate and more diversified services Smooth transit to 3G

2003

CDMA2000---Data Services
.
Data rate in Kbps 2,000 Video Streaming Still Imaging Remote Medical High-quality videoconference Service Sports, news and weather report on demand

384
Audio Streaming 144 Text Messaging 128 Voice 64 Voice Mail Fax 9.6 Telephone (Voice) 0 Data Electronic newspaper

Low-quality videoconference Mobile TV

Image
Video Surveillance, Video Mail, Travel E-commerce

32

JPEG Electronic book Singing room Still Photos E-Mail Mobile Radio

Weather, transportation, news, sports and securities

CDMA TECHNOLOGY
Multiple Access

The concept behind multiple access is to permit a number of users to share a common channel. The two traditional ways of multiple access are Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

FDMA
In frequency Division Multiple Access, the frequency band is divided in slots. Each user gets one frequency slot assigned. Thus FDMA demands good filtering.
Frequency 4 3 2 1 Time

TDMA
In Time Division Multiple Access, Users are allowed to use a predefined Time slot. Thus TDMA demands Synchronization among the Users.
Frequency

-----------

Time

CDMA
CDMA is different than FDMA and TDMA. It does not allocate frequency or Time Slot to the Use but both may be used by all the users simultaneously. For this purpose it uses a Technique called Spread Spectrum. Each user is assigned a Code which spreads the bandwidth of its signal. At receive end same code can recover the original signal.

Spread Spectrum
It is a technique of Transmission, Where Transmitted Signal occupies a larger Bandwidth as compared to Original Signal Before transmission of a Data signal a unique Code is used to spread the signal and on received side same Code is demodulated. In the following figure x(t) is a Data signal, c(t) is a Code signal used to spread the Data signal. The resultant signal m(t) is transmitted on the line.

Spread Spectrum
X(t) m(t)

Fig No. 1
c(t)

X(t) C(t) M(t)

Data Signal Spreading Signal Message Signal

Spread Spectrum

-Tb -Tc

Data Bit Chip

BPSK
BPSK stands for Binary Phase Shift Keying. In this type of modulation the binary signal is varied between two phases, representing 1 and 0 in response to the incoming signal.

QPSK
QPSK stands for Quadrature phase shift keying. It is a modulation technique to send digital data over analog networks. In this technique the carrier phase can have one of four possible values of 0, 90, 180, 270 degrees on the equivalent of 90 degree rotation. There are even more advanced concepts based upon 8 phases (45 degree rotation) , 16 phase (22.5 degree rotation).

QPSK Encoding
QPSK has 4 possible states, so able to encode two bits per symbol.

Phase 0 degree
90 degree 180 degree 270 degree

Data Binary 00
Binary 01 Binary 10 Binary 11

Basic Structure of WLL System A1/A2

MSC BSC

M T

BTS
Um F W T

PSTN

BTS

MSC - Mobile Switching Center BSC - Base Station Controller BTS - Base Transceiver Station MT - Mobile Terminal FWT - Fixed Wireless Terminal

Interfaces
There are several Interfaces being used between Subsystems of WLL. These are almost same as being used in GSM or other Cellular Systems. Following are some main Interfaces. A Interfaces : A1 Interfaces: These Interfaces are used between MSC and BSCs and bears Signaling related to Call Control. A2 Interfaces: These Interfaces are also used between MSC and BSCs and bears 64 Kbits/s PCM voice services.

Interfaces
Abis Interfaces: These Interfaces bears Signaling and Traffic between BSC and BTSs. Um Interfaces: These are also called Air Interfaces and are thoroughly specified to achieve a full compatibility between User Stations (MT/FWT) of various manufacturers and network of different operators.

What is Up/Down Links

Up Link : It is a Radio link in the direction from (MT/FWT) toward the BTS Down Link : It is a Radio link in the direction from BTS to (MT/FMT).

Channels
A channel is a path where some informations are transmitted. The type of Channels are determined by the function of the information transmitted over. The types of Channels available in WLL and Mobile Communication System are given in the following Figure.

Channels
Full Rate Traffic Channels Half Rate
Broadcast Channels Down Link

TCH/F

TCH/H
BCCH FCCH SCH CBCH PCH

Channels

Signaling Channels

Common Control Channels

Down Link AGCH RACH

UP Link

Dedicated Control Channels

Cell Management
Cell : It is a Geographical area of Radio
Coverage served by a Base Station. There are two type of Cells being used by WLL and other type of Cellular Systems.

CELL

Cell Management
- Omnidirectional Cell : This type of Cell is served by Omnidirectional Antenna.

Cell Management
- Sector Cell : This Type of Cell is Served by a Sectoral Antenna covering an area of 120 degree.

Cell Management
Cluster : A group of Cells using all of the available frequencies.
B A G A D C

Area Management

PLMN SA LA CA

MSC MSC

Area Management
Cell Area (CA) : An area covered by an Antenna of BTS is called a Cell Area. Location Area (LA) : A number of Cells can be grouped together to form a Location Area. The BTS in a Location Area are controlled by one or more BSCs. Service Area (SA) : A number of Location Areas, controlled by an MSC, can be grouped together to form a Service Area. Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) : It is a Geographical area in which Land Mobile Communication Services are provided to the public by a particular PLMN Operator.

Roaming and Handoff

Roaming : The operation of a Mobile Station out side its Service Area (SA) is called Roaming.

Handoff : Switching a Call in progress from one Cell Area to other Cell Area or from one Service Area (SA) to other Service Area is called Handoff or Handover.

Sub Systems of Mobile Network

OMC VLR Other MSCs

MSC A

HLR

AUC

Other MSCs BSC

Other Networks

EIR EIR

Abis Um BTS MS

Functions of Subsystems in a Mobile Network.

Mobile Switching Center (MSC) : It performs the switching functions for all MT/FWTs located in the geographic area covered by its assigned BSCs. It has the following main functions : - Call handling - Management of radio link channels during call.

Functions of Subsystems in a Mobile Network.

- Management of MSC and BSC signaling protocol. - Handling of Location Registration. - Control of Hand over. - Exchange of signaling informations with other Systems. - Call Charging.

Functions of Subsystems in a Mobile Network.

Home Location Register ( HLR) : It contains the identities of the registered subscribers, named as IMSI ( International Mobile subscriber identity). HLR contain the following informations. - Identity of Subscriber - Directory number of Subscriber - Service restriction (if any) - Location information for call routing.

Functions of Subsystems in a Mobile Network.

Visitor Location Register (VLR) : It contains the parameters and location informations of all visiting Subscribers, in its Area, named as TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity). Equipment Identity Register (EIR) : It contains the International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI).

Following informations are available in EIR. - List of Valid Mobile Station equipment identities. - List of Mobiles under observation. - List of mobiles for which service is barred.

Functions of Subsystems in a Mobile Network.

Authentication Center (AUC) : It contains Subscriber Authentication Keys and generates security related parameters needed to authorize service using these Keys.

Base Station Controller ( BSC) : BSC controls call setup and operation of BTSs.
. Base Transceiver Station (BTS) : BTS handles the actual radio transmission to and from the MT/FWT.

Functions of Subsystem in a Mobile Network.

Mobile Terminal (MT) : It is a subscriber equipment used to establish a call within a cell. It is similar to Mobile Set but works in its prescribed cell area in WLL System. Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) : It is a subscriber equipment used to establish a call at a fix location within cell area.

Mobile Terminal
Model similar to mobile phones viz. Huawei ETS388

Fixed Wireless Terminal ETS 2000

OMC
Operation and Maintenance System (OMC) : In WLL System Operation Maintenance System is named as NMC (Network Management Center). One centralized NMC is located at Islamabad which controls the all MSCs of WLL Network. Normally OMC performs the following functions. - Alarm Management - Fault Management - Performance Management - Configuration Management - Security Management.

Call Establishment
Sub-A BTS BSC MSC BSC BTS Sub-B

Call Request
Select Voice Channel Voice Channel Acknowledgement Request ID Send ID Call Request Call Acknowledgement

Select Voice Channel Voice Channel Acknowledgement Request ID Send ID Ringing Order Sub-Answer

Conversation

THANKS