NANOTECHNOLOGY

THE FUTURE IS COMING SOONER

THAN YOU THINK

BY ROHIT SHARMA
NENOTECHNOLOGY

“Nano” – From the Greek word for “dwarf” and means 10-9, or one
billionth.
In this case it refers to 10-9 meters, or 1 nanometer (nm).
1 nanometer is about 3 atoms long.
The width of our average hair is 100000nm,human blood cells are 2000
to 5000nm and a stand of DNA diameter of 2.5 nm.
“Nanotechnology” – Manufacturing materials, devices and machines at
the nanometer, or atomic/molecular, scale.
 NANOTECHNOLOGY
There are many different definitions of “nanotechnology and there
is a degree of hype regarding it.

Whatever the exact definition, key features in this field are:

• combining different sciences and technologies
• enhanced or new properties
• new applications
• all at very small dimensions.
• And we now have sophisticated tools to build, characterize and
utilize structures at the nanoscale, across a breadth of disciplines.
FEYMAN’S Plenty of Room at the bottom

“The principles of physics as far as I can

see, do not speak against the possibility
of maneuvering things atom by atom. It
is to an attempt to violate any laws; it is
something, in principle, that can be
done; but in practice ,it has not been
done because we are too big”.
Richard Feynman,1959
 Drexler’s Paper PNAS,1981

Molecular Engineering:An approach to development of General capabilities

for Molecular Manipulation.

“By one path or another, we will eventually

Develop tools that enable us to assemble
Complex structures to atomic specification.
These assemblers, if supplied with materials and
Energy, will be able to build almost anything—
Including more assemblers and more systems
For providing them with material and energy.”
Eric Drexler,1985
How do you build something so
small?
“Top-down” – building something by starting with a
larger
component and carving away material (like a
sculpture).
In nanotechnology: patterning (using
photolithography) and
etching away material, as in building integrated
circuits

“Bottom-up” – building something by assembling

smaller
components (like building a car engine).
In nanotechnology: self-assembly of atoms and
molecules, as in chemical and biological systems
Top down fabrication
Bottom-up fabrication
Self-assembly” of atoms and molecules (since top-down is verydifficult for
“
manufacturing at nanoscale level).
Use of chemical and biological processes.
Current day examples: Growth of nanowires from vapor, using gold nano-dot
catalysts; Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) from solution.

More extreme example: Self-replicating robots.

NENOWIRES AND CARBON NANOTUBES

NANOWIRES are wires a very small diameter of 1nm or small.

Hope to use them to build tiny transistors
For computer chips.

CARBON NANOTUBES is a tubular form

Carbon with diameters of 1nm and lengths over
microns.
Other “Fullerenes”

“Nanotube” discovered in 1991

A nano scale carbon sheet that folds in upon
itself
Nanowire In Front of a Human Hair
CNT has overshadowed nanowires

CNT’s exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties

Tensile strength approximately 200Gpa

CNT can change it properties according to its

alignment of atom.

It can be a good semiconductors.

scientist are still working on making CNT to use in

making transistor and other electronics.
PRODUCT WITH
NANOTECHNOLOYGY
Sunscreem- contain nanopraticles of zinc oxide.
Self cleaning glass-To make the glass photo
catalytic and hydrophilic
Clothing
Scratch resistant coatings- used aluminum silicate
nano particles which uses from car to sunglass
Antimicrobial bandages
Swimming pool cleaner and disinfectants
Why Nanomaterials?
Unique Chemical, Physical and
Electrical Properties:
For Example: Nanotubes are stronger
than steel, but lighter than aluminum
Can act as conductive wires or
semiconductors
Can transport heat or electricity with little
resistance
Can be made to emit light
Can be woven into fabrics
MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY:A Visionary

Molecular manufacturing is a term given to the concept of nano machine

operating on nano scale.

What are nano machines?

Extremely small devices in nanometers.
Built from individual atoms.

Ultimate goal of this technology is to develop “Assembler”

It is itself a nano machine, designed to manipulate matter at the atomic

level.
will be made up of small ‘pincers’ which move atom from existing
molecule to new structure.
Means a shovel dirt can be converted into an apple,computer etc. by using
several assembler.
Another goal of nanotechnology is to design nanomachines that can
make copies of themselves.

Develop a nano machines that can regenerate themselve according

to the needs.

Medical nano machines programmed to recognize and disassemble

cancerous cells could be injected into the bloodstream of cancer
suffers, thus providing a quick and effective treatment for all types of
cancer.
 PROPOSED NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION

Supercomputer in your palm, perhaps made from silicon

nanowires, carbon nanotubes, or organic material such as
DNA

Very tiny motors, pumps gyroscopes accelerometer;

helicopters the size of flies or smaller

Tiny bio and chemical sensors;

nano particles that track and destroy cancer cells
Artificial body parts and implantable drug delivery systems.

Nano-composite material which are more than 100 times

stronger and 1/10 times less in weight compare to steel.
SOME NANO MACHINE

a nanoscale planetary gear a parallel shaft designed by mark sins.

designed by K. Eric Drexler
NEUN PUMP,MODELED BY STAIND AND SHELL BEARING
NANO ENGINEERING
UNIVERSAL JOINT
IT IS JOINT IN A RIGID ROD WHICH ALLOW ROD TO BEND IN ANY DIRECTION
PROGRESS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Molecular
Manufacturing

What we can
investigate
theoretically

What we can make today
(not to scale)
Some Potential Dangers of Technology being
discussed in the “Nano-community”

Increased Inflammatory Response in the Body and

the Environment due to Small Size
What Regulations would be effective? What Agency
should be in charge of Regulations?
Economic disruption due to new range of products
and manufacturing technology
Potential terrorist use
Social disruption from new products/lifestyles
New Arms Race
Environmental Damage from Unregulated products
“Grey Goo” Scenario (Free range self-replicators)
NANOMATERIAL ECONOMY

Estimated to be worth $1 Trillion to the

U.S. economy by 2015
More that 2 Million jobs expected to
support nanotech industries
Over 1,700 organizations worldwide are
actively engaged in “nano-research”
(nanovip.com)

Expected proliferation into virtually every

aspect of commerce
Products containing nanomaterials
predicted to be worth $292 Billion by end of
this decade
Nanotech Companies

Many of the usual suspects from

among the Fortune 500:
Nanotech Companies

Many nano-industry specialists you

probably don’t know:
NANOMATERIAL AAPLICATION

Many already on the market:

Cosmetics, sunscreen, sporting goods, stain-resistant clothing,
electronics, sensors, anti-microbial agents, paints, food
supplements, …
Coming Soon:
Pharmaceuticals – drug delivery
Tumor targeting cancer treatments
Artificial Bone composites
Catalytic materials (I.E. chemical spill clean-up), Industrial films,
Building materials/Insulation, many more
Foreseeable Future:
Fuel Cells, Solar Cells, Batteries, nano-scale devices and
machinery
THANK YOU