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FORM 4 CHAPTER 2
~THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM~
MATTER
ATOMS
ELEMENTS
MATTER
-Occupies space and has mass -Includes all living and non living things
-Exp: Copper(Cu)
IONS
-Exp: Salt (NaCl)
COMPOUNDS
CHARACTERISTICS
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES
-Particles are arranged closely, packed orderly and in a fixed position -There are little empty spaces between the particles -Particles are not free to move and only vibrate at a fixed position Very strong
-Particles are not arranged in order -There are empty spaces between the particles -Most particles are still in contact with one another -Particles move randomly and slowly ,colliding with each other Moderate
-Particles are not arranged in order but separated from each other
MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES
-Particles move randomly and rapidly in all directions. -The particles often collide against each other Very weak
ENERGY CONTENT
Very low
Moderate
Very high
SHAPE
Fixed
VOLUME
Fixed
Fixed
Not fixed
ABILITY TO COMPRESS
No
Difficult
Yes
PROCESS MELTING
STATE OF MATTER
EXPLANATION
-When heated, heat energy is absorbed by the particles of the solid. -Particles obtain more energy and vibrate at a faster rate -At the melting point, particles obtain enough energy to overcome the force of attraction between particles -Particles can now move freely, solid melts into liquid
BOILING
-when heated ,heat energy absorbed by the liquid will cause the particles to move faster -At the boiling point, the energy obtained will allow the liquid to overcome the force of attraction between the particles -The liquid particles move freely to form a gas
PROCESS
SUBLIMATION
EXPLANATION
-when heated the heat energy that is absorbed by the liquid -The solid particles separate from the lattice and are released to the air -the solid particles directly changes to gas -When a liquid is cooled, the particles loose energy ,and are pulled closer by the strong forces between the particles. -This reduces the ability of the liquid to move freely -The liquid solidifies to form a solid
FREEZING
PROCESS
CONDENSATION
EXPLANATION
-When a gas has cooled, the gas particles will lose their energy and move slower -The attractive forces between the particles will pull the particles closer to each other -the distance between gas particles will be closer and this changes the gas to liquid -when a gas has cooled, the gas particles lose their energy and move at slower speeds -The gas particles are then pulled together by the strong attractive forces between the particles. Thus the gas will turn into solid
SUBLIMATION (2)
ATOMIC THEORIES
Scientist & approximate Date Name of Model, Sketch and main idea of theory Importance and Improvement on previous model Shortcomings Problems or why was it changed Does not give a scientific view of the atom only a conceptual definition Does not talk about subatomic particles (Electrons, Protons, Neutrons)
Democritus c.300 BC
Talks about the atom as the smallest particle of matter. Atom the indivisible Defines the atom as particle an indivisible particle Atomos (in ancient Explains certain Greek) means "that natural occurrences which cannot be such as the existence further broken down of elements into smaller pieces".
Dalton c.1800
Explains a lot of chemical properties such as how atoms combine to form molecules Explains chemical change better than the Particle Theory Confirms the basic Laws of Chemistry: Conservation of Mass & definite Proportions
Does not include the existence of the nucleus Does not explain the existence of ions or isotopes Does not talk about subatomic particles (Electrons, Protons, Neutrons)
The raisin bun Model or the chocolate chip cookie model : Atoms are solid spheres made-up of a solid positive mass (or core) with tiny negative particles embedded in the positive core.
Infers on the existence of electrons and protons Introduces the concept of the nucleus Infers on the relative nuclear density and atom mass of different atoms
Does not explain the existence of electrons outside the nucleus does not explain the role of electrons in bonding Does not talk about neutrons therefore can't explain radioactivity and the existence of isotopes
The Planetary Model Famous Gold Leaf Experiment proves that the nucleus is positive and the electrons are outside the nucleus.
Does not place electrons in definite energy levels around the nucleus Doesn't include neutrons in the nucleus Does Not relate the valence electrons atomic charge First real modern view of the atom Explains why the electron spins around the nucleus (Bohr's Contribution) Proposes that the atom is really mostly empty space
Rutherford c. 1905
Electrons in Definite energy Levels around the nucleus Used atomic spectra to prove that electrons are placed in definite orbitals (called shells) around the nucleus.
(Neils Bohr) Bohr- Rutherford c. 1920
Explains the role of valence electrons in bonding Relegates the number of valence electrons to the Periods of a periodic table Fully explains ionic and covalent bonding Places electrons in definite energy levels 2 e- in the first 8 e- in the second 8 e- in the third
It does not explain the shapes of molecules or other abnormalities that result form unevenly shared pairs of electrons (such as the abnormal behaviour of water, the difference in CarbonCarbon Bonds between diamond and graphite )
Quantum Mechanical Model or Electron Cloud Model The analogy here is that of a Modern Theory "beehive" where Many Scientists the bees are the Contributed. Some electrons moving of the more around the nucleus famous are: in a "cloud" of Schroedinger energy levels. Einstein Luis De Broglie Max Planck Frank Hertz Maxwell Fermi
Advanced theories explain about the behaviour of atoms and their chemical and physical properties in forming new compounds.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS
EXAMPLES OF ISOTOPES: