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CHEMISTRY

FORM 4 CHAPTER 2
~THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM~

MATTER
ATOMS

ELEMENTS
MATTER
-Occupies space and has mass -Includes all living and non living things

-Exp: Copper(Cu)

MOLECULESExp: Oxygen gas(O2)

IONS
-Exp: Salt (NaCl)

COMPOUNDS

MOLECULESExp: water (H2O),Carbon dioxide gas(CO2)

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER


Explains the state of matter in solid, liquid and gaseous states based on the following assumptions: a)Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles b)Particles are always vibrating or moving and colliding with each other. c)Particles often move randomly d)There are attractive forces between the particles, these attraction will increase as the distance between the particles become closer e) The higher the temperature, the higher the kinetic energy of the particles f)This theory can be proven by the diffusion of particles (a process whereby particles of different matters mix slowly due to random movement of the particles

CHARACTERISTICS

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES

-Particles are arranged closely, packed orderly and in a fixed position -There are little empty spaces between the particles -Particles are not free to move and only vibrate at a fixed position Very strong

-Particles are not arranged in order -There are empty spaces between the particles -Most particles are still in contact with one another -Particles move randomly and slowly ,colliding with each other Moderate

-Particles are not arranged in order but separated from each other

MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES

-Particles move randomly and rapidly in all directions. -The particles often collide against each other Very weak

FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE PARTICELS

ENERGY CONTENT

Very low

Moderate

Very high

SHAPE

Fixed

Follows the container

Fills the whole container

VOLUME

Fixed

Fixed

Not fixed

ABILITY TO COMPRESS

No

Difficult

Yes

CHANGES IN STATE OF MATTER

PROCESS MELTING

STATE OF MATTER

EXPLANATION
-When heated, heat energy is absorbed by the particles of the solid. -Particles obtain more energy and vibrate at a faster rate -At the melting point, particles obtain enough energy to overcome the force of attraction between particles -Particles can now move freely, solid melts into liquid

BOILING

-when heated ,heat energy absorbed by the liquid will cause the particles to move faster -At the boiling point, the energy obtained will allow the liquid to overcome the force of attraction between the particles -The liquid particles move freely to form a gas

PROCESS
SUBLIMATION

CHANGES IN STATE OF MATTER

EXPLANATION
-when heated the heat energy that is absorbed by the liquid -The solid particles separate from the lattice and are released to the air -the solid particles directly changes to gas -When a liquid is cooled, the particles loose energy ,and are pulled closer by the strong forces between the particles. -This reduces the ability of the liquid to move freely -The liquid solidifies to form a solid

FREEZING

PROCESS
CONDENSATION

CHANGE IN STATE OF MATTER

EXPLANATION
-When a gas has cooled, the gas particles will lose their energy and move slower -The attractive forces between the particles will pull the particles closer to each other -the distance between gas particles will be closer and this changes the gas to liquid -when a gas has cooled, the gas particles lose their energy and move at slower speeds -The gas particles are then pulled together by the strong attractive forces between the particles. Thus the gas will turn into solid

SUBLIMATION (2)

NAPHTHALENE HEATING CURVE

NAPHTALENE COOLING CURVE


SUPER COOLING

ATOMIC THEORIES
Scientist & approximate Date Name of Model, Sketch and main idea of theory Importance and Improvement on previous model Shortcomings Problems or why was it changed Does not give a scientific view of the atom only a conceptual definition Does not talk about subatomic particles (Electrons, Protons, Neutrons)

Democritus c.300 BC

Talks about the atom as the smallest particle of matter. Atom the indivisible Defines the atom as particle an indivisible particle Atomos (in ancient Explains certain Greek) means "that natural occurrences which cannot be such as the existence further broken down of elements into smaller pieces".

The solid sphere model

Dalton c.1800

Explains a lot of chemical properties such as how atoms combine to form molecules Explains chemical change better than the Particle Theory Confirms the basic Laws of Chemistry: Conservation of Mass & definite Proportions

Does not include the existence of the nucleus Does not explain the existence of ions or isotopes Does not talk about subatomic particles (Electrons, Protons, Neutrons)

Atoms are seen as solid, indestructible spheres (like billiard balls)

The raisin bun Model or the chocolate chip cookie model : Atoms are solid spheres made-up of a solid positive mass (or core) with tiny negative particles embedded in the positive core.

J.J. Thomson c.1850

Infers on the existence of electrons and protons Introduces the concept of the nucleus Infers on the relative nuclear density and atom mass of different atoms

Does not explain the existence of electrons outside the nucleus does not explain the role of electrons in bonding Does not talk about neutrons therefore can't explain radioactivity and the existence of isotopes

The Planetary Model Famous Gold Leaf Experiment proves that the nucleus is positive and the electrons are outside the nucleus.

Does not place electrons in definite energy levels around the nucleus Doesn't include neutrons in the nucleus Does Not relate the valence electrons atomic charge First real modern view of the atom Explains why the electron spins around the nucleus (Bohr's Contribution) Proposes that the atom is really mostly empty space

Rutherford c. 1905

Electrons in Definite energy Levels around the nucleus Used atomic spectra to prove that electrons are placed in definite orbitals (called shells) around the nucleus.
(Neils Bohr) Bohr- Rutherford c. 1920

Explains the role of valence electrons in bonding Relegates the number of valence electrons to the Periods of a periodic table Fully explains ionic and covalent bonding Places electrons in definite energy levels 2 e- in the first 8 e- in the second 8 e- in the third

It does not explain the shapes of molecules or other abnormalities that result form unevenly shared pairs of electrons (such as the abnormal behaviour of water, the difference in CarbonCarbon Bonds between diamond and graphite )

Quantum Mechanical Model or Electron Cloud Model The analogy here is that of a Modern Theory "beehive" where Many Scientists the bees are the Contributed. Some electrons moving of the more around the nucleus famous are: in a "cloud" of Schroedinger energy levels. Einstein Luis De Broglie Max Planck Frank Hertz Maxwell Fermi

Advanced theories explain about the behaviour of atoms and their chemical and physical properties in forming new compounds.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS

EXAMPLES OF ISOTOPES:

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