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Paramyxoviruses Paramyxoviridae
Rhabdoviridae
rabies virus Ebola virus
parainfluenza virus
Newcastle disease virus
Pneumoviruses
Morbilliviruses
Henipah
vesicular stomatitis virus
Filoviridae Bunyaviridae
Haantan virus
Paramyxoviruses
Enveloped Genome - single negative stranded RNA molecule Helical nucleocapsid with herring-bone appearance
A paramyxo virion
HN (paramyxo) H (morbilli) G(pneumo)
herring-bone nucleocapsid
G (no neuraminidase)
H (no neuraminidase)
budding virus
syncytium
Syncytia
syncytia
dogs
PI2
birds
Newcastle disease virus (clinical features depend on strain)
Morbilliviruses
Rinderpest Pestes des petit ruminants Canine distemper virus Morbilliviruses of marine mammals Measles Hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) Nipah virus
marine mammals
infection
Pathogenesis
asymptomatic incubation period (7-10 days)
recovery
death
recovery
death
Chronic disease
With immunological recovery inflammation in demyelinating lesions progressive disease
Clinical signs
asymptomatic (most dogs) partial immunity general fever, depression, anorexia, discharge from eyes/nose, enteric vomiting, diarrhoea respiratory coughing, sneezing, dyspnea neural weakness, ataxia, incoordination, epileptic seizures, myoclonus, chewing gum fits other hyperkeratosis of nose and foot pads old dog encephalitis visual defects, compulsive circling, head pressing
Diagnosis of distemper
clinical signs Laboratory
PCR Serology
Serum + CSF (NO EDTA) Paired samples
Immunohistochemistry
Prevention of distemper
Inactivated vaccines Modified live
USE ONLY IN DOMESTIC DOGS!
Other morbilliviruses
Horse morbillivirus (Hendra virus) Nipah virus Rinderpest Pestes des petit ruminantes
Rinderpest
Wild and domestic ruminants, pigs Direct contact or contaminated water High fever Purulent discharge Erosion of oral mucosa Bloody diarrhoea
Queensland
Brisbane (Hendra)
Diagnostic investigation
Rule out AHS, flu, EHV-1, bacteria, toxins See syncytia in cultures - suspect paramyxovirus PCR for PI and pneumoviruses is negative PCR for morbillivirus +ve Sequence -> new virus Cross reactivity between human and horse sera
Diagnostic investigation
More than 3,000 serum samples, horses and people negative 5,000 samples from 46 species - negative Antibodies in fruit bats Virus isolated
Possible causes
Diagnostic
CSF from 1994 - 1/4 for EMV, virus by PCR In 1995, increase in titre from 1/16 to 1/5792 Necrosis in neocortex, basal brain, brain stem, cerebellum
Equine morbillivirus
Horses, people, cats, guinea pigs infected Fruit bats can be infected but no disease Excreted in feces, urine, infection by eating shed virus
Nipah Virus
Oct 98 to April 99 - 257 cases of encephalitis (100 deaths) Similar disease in pigs
Nipah disease
Fever, severe head aches, muscle pain Common - association with pigs Initially thought to be Japanese encephalitis Syncytia, paramyxovirus on EM Virus isolated, Univ. Malaya and CDC Similar to Hendra virus Serological confirmation that virus involved in outbreak.
Nipah virus
Pigs, humans, dogs, cats, rats and horses can be infected Serological evidence in fruit bats (reservoir?) virus from fruit bats - 2002 2004-5 - human cases in Bangladesh (no contact with pigs or bats, contaminated fruit?)
Why?
Control
1 million pigs killed reduce pig-human contact