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Effect of Chelated Trace Mineral Supplementation on Production Performance in Ruminants

Introduction
The word chelate is derived from Greek word chele means claw. The metal is held and protected in a claw like grip by the ligand. (mineral + ligand). When metal ion combines with an electron donor, it forms a coordinate covalent bond & thus metal chelate is formed. Ligand must contain a minimum of two functional groups (oxygen, nitrogen, amino or hydroxyl)

Classification of Chelates
i. On the basis of source

a. Natural Chelates :

Chlorophyll Cytochrome Vit.B12 Haemoglobin

b. Synthetic Chelates :

Metal amino acid complex Metal polysaccharide complex EDTA-Zn proteinates

ii. On the basis of their action

Type l: chelates which help in storage & transport of metal ions. e.g. metal amino acid , EDTA. Type ll. Chelates essential in metabolism. e.g. Heamoglobin , Cytochrome. Type lll. Chelates which interfere in utilization of essential cations. e.g. Phytic acid Zn , Oxalic acid Ca.

Types of Chelates and Other Complexes

(According to the AAFCO, 1997)

1. Metal (Specific Amino Acid) Complex: e.g. CuLys Complex, ZnLys Complex, MnMet Complex.
2. Metal Amino Acid Complex: e.g. Cu amino acid complex, Zn amino acid complex etc. 3. Metal Amino Acid Chelate: e.g. Cu amino acid chelate, Zn amino acid chelate etc. 4. Metal Proteinate: e.g. Cu proteinate, Zn proteinate, Mn proteinate etc. 5. Metal Polysaccharide Complex: e.g. Cu polysaccharide complex etc.

Mode of action
Chelated minerals must be stable in the rumen environment & abomasum but utilized in small intestine intact. (Kidds et al.,1998) Absorption of Zn from Zn-Met. May lead to a larger Zn pool , thereby Zn-metallothionine , plasma zinc & immune cell function. (Wedekind et al., 1992) Zn-Methionine may be metabolized intact after absorption. (Spears et al., 1989)

Layout of Zn Uptake and Excretion

Dietary Zinc Lumen of Intestine Chelate Inorganic Ionised Diet Zn-Albumin Complex Pool PeriNonAvailable Zn
pheral Cir.

Enterocytes Chelate

Plasma

Tissue
Portal Cir.

Muscle Liver Bone Hair Pancrease

Chelate

Zn-Pool

Metallothionine

Kidney

Feacal Zn

Shedding

(Kidd et al., 1996)

Urine

Technique for Preparation of Chelated Minerals

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Protein

Separation by Centrifuge and Ultra filtration

Adjustment of pH

Chelation Process

Heating to 350C Addition of 0.1M Mineral Soln. Incubation at Room Temp.

Removal of Unbound Minerals

Drying, Grinding and Storage

(Dinh and Chhabra, 2003)

Significance of Chelated Minerals

Mineral chelates are i. More bio-available. ii. Highly stable. iii. Increase voluntary intake. iv. Protected from forming complex with other dietary components that inhibit their absorption. ( e.g. phytate - zinc absorption)

(Ward et al., 1993)

Relative Bioavailability of Trace minerals from different sources in (%)

Minerals Zn Cu

Sulfate 100 100

Oxide 0

Carbonate 60 -

Chloride 40 105

Organic form 159-206 130

Mn
Fe

100
100

58
0

28
0-75

176
-

Co

100

31

110

85

(Greene et al., 1999)

Effect of chelated mineral supplementation on growth

Effect of form of mineral on performance of calves
Parameter Control Oxide Sulfate Complex

No. of animals Initial BW (lbs)

Daily gain (lb/d) DMI (lb/d)
a,b

31 454
2.93ab 9.9ab

31 454
2.76ab 10.1ab

31 456
2.69b 10.0b

31 452
3.44a 10.4a

Values within a row with different superscripts varies (p<0.01) (Ward et al., 1992)

Change in Body Wt. of goats at periodical interval (Kg)

periods Initial BW 15 days Group 1 12.90 + 1.15 13.68 + 1.20 Group 2 12.90 + 1.44 13.83 + 1.13 Group 3 12.93 + 1.01 13.84 + 1.04 Group 4 12.93 + 0.92 13.87 + 0.95

30 days
45days 60 days 75 days

14.46 + 1.26
15.28 +1.30 16.31 + 1.22 17.35 + 1.17

14.74 + 1.15
15.73 + 1.33 16.68 + 1.22 17.76 + 1.09

14.83 + 1.08
16.02 + 1.09 17.30 + 1.13 18.52 + 1.13

14.88 + 0.99
15.94 + 1.01 17.14 + 0.97 18.25 + 0.98

90 days
Final BW % Increase ADG (g/d)

18.18 + 1.12
19.22 + 1.10 51.02 + 4.66 60.16a + 0.92

18.68 + 1.07
19.94 + 1.03 57.04 + 5.69 67.06b + 1.19

19.48 + 1.12
20.72 + 1.09 61.78 + 4.46 74.13c + 1.73

19.38 + 0.90
20.60 + 0.94 60.91 + 5.16 73.02c + 2.60

Group 1 : Basal Diet + Protein Equiv. From SPI Group 2 : Basal Diet + Protein Equiv. + Inorg. Cu, Mn, Zn Group 3 : Basal Diet + Imported Chelates Group 4 : Basal Diet + Prepared Chelates

(Dihn, 2002)

 Ward et al., (1996) & McDonald (1995) found similar results in cattle with Cu Proteinate and in sheep with ZnLys. Roshan Lal (1990) fed Karan Swiss calves with diets supplemented with Cu , Zn & Mn in chelated form and showed that ADG was better than control & ADG of the group fed 50% with mineral Chelate was almost similar to the animal fed 100% of mineral in inorganic form. Puchla et al., (1999) found that Angora goats fed supplemented ZnMet diet had ADG in comparison to control goat receiving ZnO (65.5 vs 55.9 g/d).

Effect of chelated mineral supplementation on Milk Production and its components Milk and Milk component Production in 1st Calf heifers given supplements of IOMs or AACs in a 305 day Milking Period

Study Groups

Mean Milk Prod.305 days (kg) 10,047 + 1456.36 10,568 + 911.76

Mean Prod./day for 305 days (kg) 32.94

Mean Milk Fat (%)

Mean Total Milk Fat (kg) 355.9 + 46.11 a 389.1 + 47.02 b

Mean Milk Protein (%)

Mean Total Milk Protein (kg)

IOM group

3.57 + 0.48 3.76 + 0.35

3.01 + 0.21 3.06 + 0.17

302.1 + 40.76 c 326.4 + 29.89 d

AAC group

34.65

(Ashmead et al., 2004)

 Parnerkar (1991) fed 4 groups of cross bred cows with Albion chelates and Cu, Mn, Zn caseinate (prepared) and showed that the production of milk significantly differed between groups with the Albion chelates being the best, followed by the prepared chelates and inorganic form of minerals. In Bombay veterinary college (2002) researchers reported 15% in total milk production and milk fat from 3.67 to 4.16 % in cross bred cows (Gir Holstein Jersey) supplemented with a mixture of Cu, Co, Zn, Mn AAC. The % of milk protein was same for both groups.

Effect of Chromium supplementation on lactation performance & feed intake of Holstein cows
Parameters Daily milk yield (kg) Fat (g/l) Protein (g/l) Lactose (g/l) SNF (g/l) Daily feed intake (kg) Production efficiency (kg milk/kg) feed BCS

Control
29.87 +0.76 a 30.0 +5.6 ns 31.0 +7.6 ns 45.0 +0.3 ns 82.0 +0.5 ns 19.56 +0.3 a 1.53 +0.36 ns 3.1 +0.10 ns

Chromium Yeast
33.24 +0.58 b 33.0 +5.6 ns 34.0 +7.6 ns 44.0 +0.3 ns 82.0 +0.5 ns 21.24 +0.28 b 1.56 +0.28 ns 3.0 +0.10 ns

BW change (kg/d)
BW (kg)

0.33
602 +4.08 ns

0.40
598 +4.08 ns

Diff. letters within rows indicates significant difference.

(Shaikh et al., 2004)

 Shaikh et al., (2004) found that adding Cr yeast improved significantly feed intake in Holstein cows as compared to control group, but no difference in production efficiency were found.

Hayirli et al., (2001) reported that heat stress decreases feed intake & milk production, and adding chromium yeast to the diet relieved this effect.

Effect of chelated mineral supplementation on reproduction Effect of chelated Minerals in repeaters

Parameters Total no. of repeaters Group 1 16 Group 2 16 Group 3 16

No. of repeaters conceived

Percent success (%) Avg. no. of days taken for conception after start of treatment

7
43.75 51.28+16.93

10
62.50 33+11.85

12
75.00 37+9.41

Group 1 Unsupplemented. Group 2 Ionic salt form of Cu, Mn & Zn. Group 3 Chelated Cu, Mn & Zn.

(Roshan Lal , 1990)

Reproductive performance of cows supplemented with Organic vs Inorganic trace Minerals

Parameters Treatments

Control (%)
Estrous cyclicity Pregnancy rate to AI (yr 1) Pregnancy rate to AI (yr 2) Pregnancy rate to AI if observed in estrous Pregnancy rate to AI if mass inseminated 26 65 34 58 19

ORG (%)
28 67 57 77 13

ING (%)
23 52 58 65 21

Overall pregnancy rate

89

93

95

ORG= 50% organic and 50% inorganic Cu, Zn, and Mn. ING=100% inorganic Cu, Zn, and Mn- sulfate.

(Whittier et al., 2004)

Ovarian Activity of Holstein heifer Fed Amino Acid Chelated Minerals vs Control

Parameters Follicle 1 (Small) Follicle 2 (Medium) Follicle 3 (Large) No Activity Cysts

Control (%) 40.5 11.9 0.0 26.2 4.9

Treated ( %) 45.1 19.6 1.9 21.6 1.9

(Manspeaker et al., 2004)

 Stanton et al., (2000) reported that a higher pregnancy rate to AI was observed in cows receiving organic Cu, Zn, and Mn Vs inorganic forms. Manspeaker et al., (1993) found that treatment of cows with selected mineral amino acid chelates produced positive effect on ovarian activity, endometrial health, embryonic viability and overall fertility. Corbellini et al., (1997) reported that there was a significant reduction in prevalence of dystocia, endometritis and parturition conception interval in cows supplemented with Zn-Met chelates.

Effect of chelated mineral supplementation on Blood and Tissue Levels Effect of Zn source and level on plasma and liver Zn concentrations and liver metallothionein
Treatment Parameters control ZnSO4 Zn Prot Zn M Hi ZnSO4 Hi ZnProt Hi ZnM

Plasma Zn (mg/l)

1.10

1.20
127.9 425.4

1.19
146.1 418.8

1.14
175.9 377.1

1.79
231.0 616.1

2.33
331.0 683.6

2.30
286.8 668.8

Liver Zn 133.2 (mg/kg DM) Liver MT (g/g tissue) 334.8

Control : no supp. ; 20mg or 500mg of supp. Zn/kg DM as ZnSo4 (ZnSo4 & HiZnSO4), Zn Proteinate (ZnP & HiZnProt) or a mixture supplying 50% supp. Zn from each source (ZnM & HiZnM).

(Spears et al., 2004)

Influence of copper source on copper retention in calves; pre- vs. post-stress

(Nockles et al., 1993)

Rojas et al., (1996) showed no difference between organic Spears and Kegley (2002) and inorganic Zn sources in plasma or tissue concentrations of cattle supplemented with normal or low concentration of Zn . Kessler et al., (2003)

Cao et al., (2000)

showed that Lambs supplemented with 1400mg of Zn/kg from ZnProt had greater liver MT than lambs receiving ZnSO4.

Plasma Selenium concentrations in dairy cow during a supplementation period of 12Wk

100

Plasma selenium (g/lit)

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -2 4 Time, Weeks
(Pehrson et al., 1999)

control selenite selenate Se-Yeast

12

Milk Selenium concentrations in dairy cow during a supplementation period of 12Wk

35 30

Milk selenium (g/lit)

25 20 15 10 5 0 -2 0 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 Tim e,w eeks

control Selenite Selenate Se-Yeast

(Pehrson et al., 1999)

 Selenite and selenate have a limited capacity to increase the concentration of Se in milk from dairy cow, and there are no significant difference between two inorganic compounds.

Organic Se yeast is much more effective than inorganic compounds and increases the Se in milk within 1 wk after the beginning of supplementation. (Ortman et al., 1999)

Effect of chelated mineral supplementation on immunity Cell mediated immune response in goats (SI)
Parameters Beginning Midexperiment At the end Group 1 2.74 + O.38 2.27a + 0.34 Group 2 2.57 + O.21 2.54b + 0.14 Group 3 2.35 + 0.40 2.74c + 0.25 Group 4 2.46 + 0.24 3.07d + 0.27 P NS *

1.94a + 0.14

2.55b + 0.17

3.02c + 0.11

3.20c + 0.20

**

Means in same rows bearing different superscripts differ significantly. * P<.05 ; ** P<.01

(Dihn, 2002)

 Clark et al., (1995) found that Heifers fed ZnMet, CuLys, MnMet, Cobalt glucoheptonate showed greatest response to cell mediated immunity & highest no. of leucocytes & neutrophils. Spears et al., (1991) reported that the Serum antibody titre in response to BHV-1 and PI-3 vaccination were 47% and 37% higher in Steers fed ZnMet compared to control and ZnO.

Effect of Zn-Met supplementation on mammary mastitis infections in dairy goat

Parameters Animals Halves

Control 10 20

Supplemented 10 20

Positive samples
Infected animals Infected Halves

6
3 (30%) 3

1
1 (10%) 1

Incidence, %

15

5
(Casal et al., 2001)

 Results showed that percentage of positive sample tended to be decreased by ZnMet supplementation. (Casals, 2001)

Zn Proteinate supplementation might enhance the keratin synthesis in the teat canal tissue, thus decreasing the incidence of new infections. (Spain, 1994)

Milk production ,scc & conc. of plasma IgG & protein of cows fed supplementary Zn & Cu of different sources for 15 days
Parameters

Zinc (100 ppm)

Copper (20 ppm)

Met. Chelate
Before
Milk 29.46 Production, kg/d Somatic Cell, 104 Plasma IgG, mg/ml Plasma Protein, mg/ml 114.8a 26.0 59.3

Sulfate
Before After

Met. Chelate Sulfate

Before After Before After
31.36

After

32.85 30.70

30.50 29.18

23.73 30.55

87.6b 94.2 27.3 56.3 28.2 58.8

91.4 27.6 54.4

122.2 29.6b 71.5

117.9 114.6 35.7a 70.1 37.1 56.8

116.2 35.4 51.9

Means in same rows bearing different superscripts differ significantly.

(Inkee Paik., 2001)

Effect of chromium level and source on performance of steer fed corn silage-based diets

Parameters Initial wt, kg Final wt, kg ADG, kg Feed intake, kg/d IgG, mg/dl IgM, mg/dl

Control 215.1 261.7 0.83 6.31 314 1,616b

CrCl3 214.4 263.7 0.88 6.15 300 1,725bc

Cr Yeast 214.9 263.2 0.86 6.41 378 1,649b

CrNica 215.0 264.8 0.89 6.34 330 1,900c

a : Cr-nicotinic acid complex b,c: means between rows lacking a common superscript letter differ (p<.05)

(Spears and Kegley, 1995)

 Chromium supplementation (0.4 mg/kg) from CrCl3, High-Cr yeast, Cr nicotinic acid did not significantly affect performance of feeder steers fed a corn silage based diet. Mowat and Shageer ( 1993) reported that supplemental chromium from a high Cr-yeast improve performance and immune response in stress feeder calves. Chang and Mowat (1992) Observed increased serum IgM and a tendency for increased serum IgG1 and IgG2 in calves supplemented with high Cr-yeast.

Conclusion
Bio-availability of chelated minerals is more than inorganic form of minerals. Supplementation of Chelated Trace minerals has positive effect on the growth and reproductive performance of ruminants. Chelated minerals improves the immune status of animals. Chelated minerals have the potential to maintain/improve the performance of ruminants during stressful conditions like adverse environment, transit, parturition and high production.

Future Research Areas

1. 2. 3. 4. Determine the mode of action whereby organic trace mineral supplements improve ruminant performance. Better define conditions where performance or health responses may be expected. Define the optimal level of organic trace minerals that should be added to the diet, and Determine if responses observed are of a magnitude necessary to justify the cost.