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Kinh te hoc nghien cu cac hien tng va cac hoat ong kinh te di hai goc o:
- Goc o cu the tng yeu to cua nen kinh te kinh te hoc vi mo.
- Goc o tong the cua toan bo nen kinh te kinh te hoc v mo.
vu cuoi cung c san xuat ra trong pham vi mot lanh tho, va c tnh trong mot thi ky cu the, thng la mot nam.
3.2. Tong san pham quoc dan GNP (Gross National Product)
Tong gia tr cua tat ca hang hoa va dch
vu cuoi cung c tao ra bi nhng ngi co cung quoc tch, va c tnh trong mot thi ky cu the, thng la mot nam.
3.3. GDP hay GNP bnh quan au ngi va theo sc mua tng ng
- GDP hay GNP bnh quan au ngi
Tong GDP hay GNP tren so dan cua mot quoc gia. - Theo sc mua tng ng (Purchasing Power Parity PPP) Tnh toan tren c s quy oi thu nhap cua quoc gia o theo sc mua chung cua the gii.
3.4. Ch tieu phat trien con ngi (Human Development Index HDI)
Ch tieu HDI la s ket hp 3 yeu to: tuoi
*: v tr xep hang HDI cua Viet Nam nam 1995: 122 Nguon: Nien giam Thong ke, 2002
Bang 4: c tnh thi gian GDP bnh quan au ngi Viet Nam uoi kp cac nc trong khu vc
N c GDP/ng Ta ng Ta ng Th i gian na m tr ng tr ng uo i k p 2000 GDP/ na m GDP/ng ca c n c (USD) G (1999 doa n Asean 2010 (% ) (% ) (na m)
Vie t Nam 390 Tha i Lan 2000 M alaixia 3380 I no ne xia 570 Philippin 1040 Singapore 24740
57 - 58 90 - 91 13 - 14 29 - 30 173 - 174
Nguon: WB, 2002, Asea Week thang 8 - 2000 & uc tnh cua tac gia
Yp
GDPr
2.1. o th ng cau
o th 2.2
P
P1
P2 P3 0 Y1 Y2 Yp Y3 AD GDPr
Khi gia cua tat ca san pham va dch vu (mc gia chung) tang se co 3 yeu to thay the cho khoi lng cac san pham va dch vu tao thanh GDP thc, o la: - Tien te va nhng tch san tai chnh - San pham va dch vu tng lai - San pham va dch vu c san xuat nc ngoai.
AD doc xuong
- Lai suat - Lam phat c d oan - T gia hoi oai (tac ong kep) - Li nhuan d oan (tac ong kep) - Khoi lng tien (tac ong kep) + Tac ong can can thc + Tac ong cua lai suat - S giau co cua dan chung - Cau cua khu vc cong ve san pham va dch vu - Thue va chi chuyen nhng - Thu nhap cua ngoai quoc - Dan so
LAS
SAS
P1
Y1 Yp Y2
GDPr
a. S thay oi gia ca cua cac yeu to au vao lam thay oi tong cung ngan han
- Tien lng - Gia ca cac yeu to san xuat khac.
b. Cac yeu to lam thay oi tong cung ngan han va dai han
- Nguon nhan lc
Trnh o ky thuat cong nghe Nguon nguyen lieu Thi tiet Nhng thay oi trong thanh phan cua GDP thc Nhng yeu to kch thch (cac chnh sach)
o th 2.4
P
Thang d
E Pe Thieu hut 0 Ye Yp
AS
AD GDPr
b. o th the hien trang thai can bang tren mc toan dung (mc chenh lech lam phat)
o th 2.5
P
AS
Pe
AD
Yp Ye
GDPr
c. o th the hien trang thai can bang toan dung (trang thai can bang cua muc tieu kinh te v mo) o th 2.6
P
AS
Pe
E AD
Ye = Yp
GDPr
4.2. Anh hng cua s thay oi tong cau oi vi can bang kinh te v mo o th 2.7
P
AS1
AS0
P2 P1
E2 E1
Pe
E
AD1
AD0 0 Ye=Yp Y1 GDPr
4.3. Anh hng cua thay oi tong cung oi vi can bang kinh te v mo o th 2.8: Phan tch nhng tac ong cua mot thay oi tong cung oi vi GDP thc va mc gia.
AS1
AS0
P1 Pe
E1 E
AD0
Y1
Yp
GDPr
o th 2.9
P
AS1 AS0
E2
P2 P1 Pe E1 E AD1
1. Khai niem
I. Lam phat
- Theo M.Friedman: ... Lam phat xuat hien va ch xuat hien khi so lng tien trong lu thong tang len vi nhp o nhanh hn so vi san xuat. T o gay ra tnh trang qua nhieu tien uoi bat qua t san pham. - Lam phat la s ngheo i cua dan chung. - Lam phat la s tang len cua mc gia chung. - Lam phat la s boc lot nhng ngi lam cong an lng. - Lam phat la mot day tnh huong cau d tha, v.v. Lam phat la hien tng mc gia chung cua hang hoa va dch vu tang len ong thi sc mua thc te cua ong tien giam xuong theo thi gian.
2.
Trong o: Q0i: khoi long san pham i ma mot gia nh tieu dung nam goc P ti: n gia san pham i nam t p0i: n gia san pham i nam goc.
Pe
Ye=Yp Y1
GDPr
P1 Pe
E1 E AD0
Y1 Ye=Yp
GDPr
Neu c che tiep tuc tiep dien vong xoay: lam phat chi ph gia ca.
Suy yeu, pha v th trng von, tn dung do s bat on gia trong tng lai, suy giam long tin, ong c ngi gi, cac the che tai chnh tn dung.
Moi trng kinh doanh trong nc xau i dong au t nc ngoai suy giam.
Gia hang nhap khau tr nen at o hn tham hut tai chnh tham hut ngan sach nang cham ngoi cho khung hoang kinh te.
+ Giam phat hanh tien + Thu hep tn dung + Tang lai suat tien gi + Tang thu ngan sach, giam chi ngan sach + Phat hanh cong trai +Tung vang va ngoai te ra ban e rut bt noi te trong lu thong.
- Thuc ay tong cung, giam thieu hut Chnh phu can thc thi cac bien phap:
+ Phat trien san xuat hang hoa, gia tang dch vu bang viec khai thac, ong vien cac nguon lc tiem nang trong nc. + Thc hien chien lc th trng canh tranh t do va bnh ang Tang tong cung, giam chi ph san xuat lan kiem soat c tien lng va gia ca.
I(%)
(S-Ph)
(L- Ph)
I1 Ie 0
U1
U*
U(%)
- Tang cng va hoan thien cac chng trnh day nghe, ao tao lai.
+ Tang nguon thu ngan sach trong nc bang cac bien phap hieu qua. Quan trong la hoan thien he thong thu thue, chong lau thue, tron thue. + Chong that thoat ngan sach thong qua quan ly cac cong trnh xay dng hieu qua. + Khong bu ap boi chi ngan sach thong qua phat hanh tien di bat ky hnh thc nao. + Vay dan, vay nc ngoai la bien phap chu yeu e bu ap tham hut ngan sach.
1. au t
Y = C + S + T (1) Y: thu nhap, S: tiet kiem, C: tieu dung, T: thue Mat khac: Y = C + I + G + (X M) (2) I: au t, G: chi tieu chnh phu, X M: xuat khau rong. T (1) va (2) ta co: I = S + (T - G) - (X-M) (3) Gia nh: X M = 0
(3) Tiet kiem la c s cua au t. au t thoa man nhu cau tieu dung cho tng lai ieu kien tang trng kinh te.
- Kiem soat dan so - Vien tr t nc ngoai - Ci bo cac han che mau dch va thu hut au t nc ngoai. - Thuc ay tong cau.
Muc tieu:
ang ta tren c s:
- Cong bang theo chieu ngang: la thc hien cong bang, khong phan biet oi tng, c thc hien tuan theo s van hanh cua c che th trng.
- Cong bang theo chieu doc: la thc hien cong bang tren c s co phan biet oi tng, thc hien thong qua cac chnh sach kinh te va xa hoi cua Nha nc.
Ch tie u 1986 1991 1992 - 1997 1998 - 2002 GDP La m pha t 4,5 260,2 8,9 9,7 6,2 2,7
Nguon: Tnh toan cua tac gia t NGTK 1992, 1997, 2002.
dung.
9,34 8,15 5,76 4,77 6,75 6,80 7,04 4,6 3,6 9,2 0,1 -0,6 0,8 4,0
5,88 6,01 6,85 6,74 6,44 6,28 6,01 26,6 25,5 28,3 27,7 26,4 25,7 24,7
2.5. Chnh sach thu nhap Tang lng toi thieu cho ngi
lao ong khu vc Nha nc.