METODA SEISMIK I [ GF 3231 ]

Program Studi Fisika

Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
Universitas Riau
Dosen :
Dr. Muhammad Edisar, MT
SEISMIC REFRACTION
r
f
i
Snells Law
V
1
V
2
r
f
i
V
1
V
2
What happens if r = 90
o
V
1
V
2
i
1
r

2 1
1
sin sin
v
r
v
i
=
Boundary
interface
r
i
Critical refraction
When r = 90
o
sin i
c
= V
1
/V
2



V
1
V
2
measure times of arrival of the initial ground movement generated
by a source recorded at a variety of distances.

Refraction Seismology :



- one strike and multiple geophones

Refraction Seismology



Later arriving complications in the recorded ground motion are
discarded.

Thus, the data set consists of a series of times of first arriving
energy versus distance.
Refraction Seismology

TUGAS 2 GEOFISIKA HITUNG KECEPATAN MASING-MASING KECEPATAN
GELOMBANG SETIAP LAPISAN DATA SEISMIK BIAS BERIKUT DAN HITUNG
KETEBALAN MASING LAPISAN SERTA JENIS BATUAN LAPISAN TERSEBUT
Travel Time Curve
Interpret depths to subsurface interfaces and the
seismic wave velocities for each layer.


Refraction Seismology Objective


Direct Arrivals

Reflected Arrivals

Refracted Arrivals
Critical distance?
Crossover distance?
T
i
m
e

Distance
Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Travel Time Calculations for Two-Layer Case
1
2
/( cos )
( 2 tan ) /
SG SA AB BG
SA BG c
AB c
T T T T
where
T T z V i
T x z i V
= + +
= =
=
1 2 1
2 1
/( cos ) ( 2 tan ) / /( cos )
:
(1/ ) 2 (cos ) /
SG c c c
SG c
T z V i x z i V z V i
which simplifies to
T V x z i V
= + +
= +
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line
Y = mx + b
Plot T vs. X
Slope of Line = 1/V
2

Y Intercept = 2z(cos i
c
)/V
1
2 1
(1/ ) 2 (cos ) /
SG c
T V x z i V = +
1 2
2 2 1/ 2 2 2
1 2
Re sin / ( ' ), :
cos (1 / ) sin cos 1
c
c
member that i V V Snell s Law and hence
i V V from u u
=
= + =
1 2
2
1
2
2
2
2
v v
v v h
V
x
t
T

+ =
The Use of Crossover Distance to Calculate
Refractor Depth
Travel time of direct ray at the crossover
distance is x
cross
/V
1

Travel time of critically refracted ray at the
crossover distance is given by:

2 1
2 / 1 2
1
2
2
2
) ( 2
V V
v v z
v
x
T
cross

+ =
Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Direct Wave?
Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Reflected Wave?
Model Calculation
Simple, Horizontal Two Layers
Head Wave or Critically Refracted?
All Three Arrivals
T
i
m
e

Distance
?
T
i
m
e

Distance
Direct
Time
Distance
?
Time
Distance
Reflected
T
i
m
e

Distance
?
T
i
m
e

Distance
Refracted or Head Wave
T
i
m
e

Distance
Direct
Reflected
Refracted or Head Wave
?
T
i
m
e

Distance
Direct
Refracted or Head Wave
Crossover distance
T
i
m
e

Distance
Direct
Reflected
Refracted or Head Wave
Refracted Arrivals
2 1
(1/ ) 2 (cos ) /
SG c
T V x z i V = +
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line
Y = mx + b
where
Slope of Head Wave Line = 1/V
2

Y Intercept or t
i
= 2z(cos i
c
)/V
1
2 1
(1/ ) 2 (cos ) /
SG c
T V x z i V = +
Using Snells Law and Trig. Identity
2 2
2 1
2 2 1
2
T
z V V
x
t
V V V

= +
Setting x = 0
2
1
2
2
2 1
2 1
2
1
2
2
( 2
( 2
v v
v v t
z
v v
v v z
t
i
i

=
Crossover distance?
Time
Distance
Direct
Reflected
Refracted or Head Wave
t
i

For direct wave at crossover distance
T = x
cross
/V
1
For critically refracted wave at crossover distance
T = x
cross
/V
2
+ 2z(V
2
2
- V
1
2
)
1/2
/ V
2
2
V
1
2
What is relationship of direct and head
wave at crossover distance?
T
direct
= T
head
x
cross
/V
1
= x
cross
/V
2
+ 2z(V
2
2
- V
1
2
)
1/2
/ V
2
2

V
1
2


Dipping Layer Case
Dipping Layer Case
Dipping Layer Case
(i
c
= u
c
)
( ) ( ) | |
1 2
/ cos / cos v i z z v x T
c b a ABCD
+ + = o
t
d
Dipping Layer Case
Apparent Velocities
How can you determine dip direction?
2
( ) / 2
d u
V V V ~ +
An approximate relationship between true and apparent velocities
for shallow angles of dip ( < 10
)
is given by:

How Can We Calculate V
2

when dip > 10
o
?


Remember (i
c
= u
c
)

u
c
= [sin
-1
(V
1
/V
d
) + sin
-1
(V
1
/V
u
)]

2
How Can We Calculate V
2

when dip > 10
o
?


V
2
=V
1
/sin u
c


What about the dip?


Remember (i
c
= u
c
)

o = [sin
-1
(V
1
/V
u
) sin
-1
(V
1
/V
d
)]


2
V
2
and dip when dip > 10
o
?


Remember (i
c
= u
c
)

u
c
= [sin
-1
(V
1
/V
d
) + sin
-1
(V
1
/V
u
)]


o = [sin
-1
(V
1
/V
u
) sin
-1
(V
1
/V
d
)]


2
2
Lets Next Determine Depth Z at each end
( ) ( ) | |
1 2
/ cos / cos v i z z v x T
c b a ABCD
+ + = o
Review Dipping Layer Case
t
d
Knowing t
a
,

t
b
,V
2
, V
1 ,
and

u
c
we can determine our z values
at each end of profile
| |
a c d
t V x t + + =
1
/ ) sin( o u
1
/ ) (cos 2 V z t
c a a
u =
The down dip travle time t
d
is given by:
where
Solving for z
a
where t
a
is intercept
for down-dip traveltime curve
z
a
= t
a
V
1
/(2cos u
c
)
Relationship of z
a to
d
a
?
1
/ ) (cos 2 v z t
c a a
u =
z
a
= t
a
V
1
/(2cosu
c
)
d
a
= z
a
cos o
What about up-dip profile?
| |
b c u
t V x t + =
1
/ ) sin( o u
1
/ ) (cos 2 V z t
c b b
u =
where
Solving for z
b
where t
b
is intercept for up-dip
traveltime curve
z
b
= t
b
V
1
/(2cos u
c
)
Relationship of z
b to
d
b
?
1
/ ) (cos 2 v z t
c b b
u =
z
b
= t
b
V
1
/(2cos u
c
)
d
b
= z
b
cos o
Santa Teresa Hills Experiment
T = 0.332x
R
2
= 0.8731
T = 0.0705x + 18.367
R
2
= 0.9849
T = 0.0954x + 10.985
R
2
= 0.9913
T = 0.3033x
R
2
= 0.9792
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Distance (feet)
T
r
a
v
e
l
t
i
m
e

(
m
i
l
l
i
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
)
Direct Wave Forward
Head Wave Forward
Direct Wave Reverse
Head Wave Reverse
Linear (Direct Wave Forward)
Linear (Head Wave Forward)
Linear (Head Wave Reverse)
Linear (Direct Wave Reverse)
Interpreted Plot
Include T intercepts and crossover distances
Determine Slopes and Intercept Values

y = 0.0954x + 10.985
R
2
= 0.9913
y = 0.3187x
R
2
= 0.975
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Multiple Dipping Layer Case





Can layers exist in the subsurface that are not observable
from first arrival times? Hidden Layers






No head wave is generated at V
1
/V
2
boundary




Thickness of V
1
Layer is too high and no V
2
layer




Thin, Large Velocity Contrast Layers




Head waves are produced at both interfaces.
Head wave coming from the top boundary is never observed as
a first arrival!!
Existence of the hidden layer can not be determined from the
travel-time observations you probably will never know that
hidden layers existed under your survey.

That is, until the client begins to excavate or drill!!
Discontinuity Case
Discontinuity Case
Checking between Multiple layer vs. Discontinuity
Identical single, end-on forward profile
Try off-end shot forward profile
Forward and Reversed Profiles
Spread
End-on Shots
Off-end shot
Split Spread Shot
Discontinuity Case
Shift in Crossover Point
Vertical Shift 2-layer case
Horizontal shift multiple layer
Irregular Interface & Travel time Anomalies
Isolated spurious travel time of a first arrival, due to a
mispick the first arrival or a mis-plot of the correct travel
time value
Changes in velocity or thickness in the near-surface region
Changes in surface topography
Zones of different velocity within the intermediate deprh
range
Localized topographic features on an otherwise planar
refractor
Lateral changes in refractor velocity
Irregular Interface & Traveltime Anomalies
Irregular Interface & Traveltime Anomalies
NEXT
LAND SEISMIC

TUGAS 2 GEOFISIKA HITUNG KECEPATAN MASING-MASING KECEPATAN
GELOMBANG SETIAP LAPISAN DATA SEISMIK BIAS BERIKUT DAN HITUNG
KETEBALAN MASING LAPISAN SERTA JENIS BATUAN LAPISAN TERSEBUT