Current & Voltage Transformer

M. M. Meraat Spring 1392

Instrument Transformer Standards

IEC

IEC
BRITISH

60044-1,6,8 60044-2,5,7 BS 3938:1973 BS 3941:1975 ANSI C51.13.1978

CTs VTs CTs VTs CTs and VTs

AMERICAN

Current transformer
The

Current Transformers transform current from system to other system CT should produce Secondary current (Is) exactly proportional to that flowing in the primary system (Ip). CT should produce Secondary current (Is) exactly in phase with the current flowing in the primary system (Ip). A CT rated primary current value is indicated as Ipn and is selected based on the current which is maximum intended continuous current at which its performance is based

Current transformer

Primary Conductor Primary Insulation

Core Secondary Winding

Ring Type Current Transformer

Laminated strip wound steel toroidal core Insulation to stop flash-over from HV primary to core & secondary circuit

1000 turns sec. ?

Feeder or Bus-bar forming 1 turn of primary circuit

RELAY

1000A ?
Generator, or system voltage source

1A ?
Insulation covered wire, giving inter-turn insulation & secondary to core insulation

Current transformer

A CT rated secondary current (Isn), however, is fixed value depending on the rated current of secondary device it feeds and is standardized as 1A, 5A commonly to meet almost all applications IEC 60044-1 defines the following standard rated currents:

IEEE C57-13 defines the following standard rated currents:

Current transformer
rated

continuous thermal current (Icth)

the value of the current which can be permitted to flow continuously in the primary winding, the secondary winding being connected to the rated burden, without the temperature rise exceeding the values specified

Current transformer
An

Ideal CT can be defined as the CT which meets the requirement of constant (non-changing) value of k and zero phase displacement between the Ip & Is over the entire range of interest. It is possible to achieve this requirement to any imaginable accuracy. But achieving higher and higher accuracy requires more sophisticated designs and most of the time is not feasible due to cost and size of such a CT. A Practical CT is one which is designed to meet an particular application maintaining a minimum level of accuracy within the constraints of cost & size. Thus a Practical CT differs from an Ideal CT due to its accuracy in k (which we can also call as current ratio of a CT) and phase displacement from zero.

 The

Current transformer

error in the reproduction will appear both in amplitude and phase. The error in amplitude is called current or ratio error and the error in phase is called phase error or phase displacement.
( = 1% = 1 centiradian = 34.4 minutes)

Current Transformer Errors

Phase

Error Definition:

The displacement in phase between the primary and secondary current vectors, the direction of the vectors being chosen so the angle is zero for a perfect transformer.

Phase

Error is :
When secondary current vector LEADS the primary current vector. When secondary current vector LAGS the primary current vector.

positive: negative:

composite error
under

steady-state conditions, the r.m.s. value of the difference between: a) the instantaneous values of the primary current, and b) the instantaneous values of the actual secondary current multiplied by the rated transformation ratio The composite error c is generally expressed as a percentage of the r.m.s. values of the primary current according to the formula It includes amplitude (Ratio) and phase errors and also the effects of any possible harmonics in the exciting current

Current transformer
Two basic groups of C.T.

Measurement C.T.s

Limits well defined

Protection C.T.s

Operation over wide range of currents

Note : They have DIFFERENT characteristics

Definition
Accuracy

Limit Factor ( A.L.F. ) or Saturation Factor

Ratio of Ip to Irated up to which the C.T. rated accuracy is maintained. Marking: Accuracy limit factor is written after the accuracy class.

E.g. 10 VA 5P10, 15 VA 10P10, 30 VA 5P20.

e.g.

200 / 1A C.T. with an A.L.F. = 5 will maintain its accuracy for Ip < 5 x 200 = 1000 Amps

Current transformer
Measuring C.T.s B Require good accuracy up to approx 120% rated current. Require low saturation level to protect instruments, thus use nickel iron alloy core with low exciting current and knee point at low flux density. Protection C.T.s Accuracy not as important as above. Require accuracy up to many times rated current, thus use grain orientated silicon steel with high saturation flux density. Protection C.T.

Measuring C.T.

Measuring Class CTs:

These

CTs are intended for measurement which is close to normal operating current values (load). In AC systems, thus are designed to provide accuracy within a band close to normal rated values of current at fundamental frequency of primary system. This is also important when such a current is used for revenue (billing) purposes. Thus special application to meet load as low as 1% of rated at specific accuracy becomes important. In IEC 60044-1 & IS standard, the following standard accuracies for Metering class CTs are defined:

Measuring Class CTs:

IEC standard accuracy class of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 for Normal Metering purpose (this value indicates percentage ratio error at 100% & 120% of rated primary current).

IEC standard accuracy class of 0.2S & 0.5S for Tariff Metering purpose (this value indicates percentage ratio error at 20%, 100% & 120% of rated primary current).

Measuring Class CTs:

IEC

standard accuracy class of 3 & 5 for rough Display reading meters (which is not required to be very accurate) and this value indicates percentage ratio error at 50% & 120% of rated primary current.

Protective class

These CTs are intended for measurement which is usually at rated values as well as at high currents encountered during system faults. In AC systems, thus are designed to provide accuracy within a band close to normal rated values of current at fundamental frequency of primary system and accuracy at higher current expected at faults. IEC Standard Protective CT Classes & IS Standard CT classes:

IEC defines accuracy classes for Protective class CTs based on steady state performance as well as on Transient performances. All CTs are indicated with letter P.

IEC standard classes for Protective CTs based on Steady State performances: Classes defined: 5P, 10P, PX

IEC standard classes for Protective CTs based on Transient performances: Classes defined: TPX, TPY, TPZ, TPS

IEC Standard CTs for Steady State performances:

Protective

class CTs in IEC standard for Steady State performances are defined for meeting accuracy based on fundamental component of AC fault current. Transient DC component performance is not defined for these CTs. These CTs are defined in three groups: without limit on remanence flux (5P, 10P), with 10% limit on remanence flux (5PR, 10PR) and a CT with 0.25% limit turns error having low leakage reactance design (PX).

IEC Standard CTs for Steady State performances: Steady State performanceClass-5P & 10P CTs (No limit defined for remanence flux & turns ratio error):

Steady

State performance Class-PX CTs (turns error limit defined & no limit defined for remanence flux):
These CTs are also protective class CTs with letter P but must be low leakage flux type. CT turns error shall not exceed 0.25% and the knee-point of CT must be declared

knee-point
is the point on the secondary excitation characteristics of CT at which 10% raise in rms secondary voltage results in 50% raise in the rms excitation current). The Vk is also limited by practical design and manufacturing consideration as:

Vk

Rated output in VA x ALF Secondary rated current

IEC Standard CTs for Steady State performances:

Application of Class PX CTs: For sensitive application which compare phase or neutral (or residual) currents from more than one CT such as high impedance protection or sensitive differential protections, it is necessary to have CTs which are with low leakage flux and secondary characteristics can be used to evaluate performances of protection (e.g. to evaluate performance based on differences in secondary current outputs, differences in time to saturate of CTs etc).

IEC Standard CTs for Transient performances:

Four Protective class CTs are defined in IEC60044-6 standard based on the Transient Performances. Letter T is prefixed with letter P for these class CTs. These are Class TPS, TPX, TPY & TPZ. These CTs performances are defined for dc component current in addition to ac current. Flux in the core due to dc current component is X/R times the flux due to ac component. Thus in applications which are fast and are requiring transient performances like Distance Protection, these CTs can be evaluated. Steady state performance CTs can also be used for such application as long as they are over dimensioned for dc flux based on evaluation of CT time to saturate, relay operation time and relay design.

IEC Standard CTs for Transient performances: Transient performance Class-TPS (No limit defined for remanence flux, but turns ratio error shall be less than 0.25%):

These CTs are also protective class CTs with letter TP but must be low leakage flux type. CT turns error shall not exceed 0.25% and the knee-point of CT must be declared (knee-point is point on the secondary excitation characteristics of CT at which 10% raise in rms secondary voltage results in 100% raise in the peak excitation current. These CTs are with Iron core without air-gap.

IEC Standard CTs for Transient performances: Transient performance Class-TPX (No limit defined for remanence flux & turns ratio error):

These CTs shall be assigned duty cycle like autoreclose attempts. These CTs are with Iron core without air-gap.

IEC Standard CTs for Transient performances: Transient performance Class-TPY (10% defined for remanence flux & no limit on turns ratio error):

These CTs shall be assigned duty cycle like autoreclose attempts. These CTs may have small air-gaps. Auto reclose duty may have to be considered.

Transient
These

performance Class-TPZ (remanence flux negligibly small & no limit on turns ratio error):
CTs shall be assigned duty cycle like auto-reclose attempts. These CTs may have large air-gaps.

IEC Standard CTs for Transient performances: Accuracy limits defined for TPX, TPY & TPZ class CTs:

IEC Standard CTs for Transient performances: AUTO-RECLOSE DUTY CYCLES: As applied to TPX & TPY class CTs:

Optical CT Technology

Voltage transformer
Similar

to a CT an ideal VT is a VT which introduces no ratio errors and no phase displacement when it transforms Voltage from Primary system to the secondary system. Ratio error or Voltage error is expressed as:

Standard values for VTs as defined in IEC 60044-2 for VTs are:

Standard values for VTs as defined in IEC 60044-2 for VTs are:

Voltage Transformer
ACCURACY

CLASSES:

IEC 60044-2 defined accuracy classes for Measuring class VTs are:

Voltage Transformer
ACCURACY

CLASSES: IEC 60044-2 defined accuracy classes for Protective class VTs are:

Capacitive voltage transformer

Capacitive voltage transformer

Optical VT Technology

Ferroresonance:
Resonance:

In a resonant circuit, inductive and capacitive reactances of the circuit are equal to each other The only opposition to current is the circuit resistance, This resonance effect presents one stable operation state, and its effects are mitigated by the system frequencies control or by the introduction of pure resistances.

 Ferroresonance:

Ferroresonance is a resonance situation with nonlinear inductance, so the inductive reactance not only depends on frequency, but also on the magnetic flux density of an iron core coil (e.g. transformer iron core). Theoretically, this nonlinear inductance could be represented by two inductive reactances, according to the situation on thesaturation curve.
Linear zone fl X = L Saturation zone fl X = L Example:

Llinear linear Lsat sat

 Ferroresonance: Operation point 1: It is a non-ferroresonant stable operation point. This is an inductive situation ( XLlinear > XC fl E = VL VC). Operation point 2: It is a ferroresonant stable operation point. This is a capacitive situation ( XLsat < XC fl E = VC VL). Operation point 3: It is an unstable operating point.

Ferroresonance:

Damping of ferroresonance
A ferroresonance oscillation, which is not damped out efficiently, is dangerous for the transformer. Under such circumstances the core of the intermediate voltage transformer works at full saturation and the exciting current might be large, so that there is a risk of a failure. A damping arrangement that damps any resonance oscillations effectively is thus a necessity. The standards specify certain requirements on the damping and these tests should be performed in order to verify that these are fulfilled.

 Ferroresonance:

Damping of ferroresonance