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DD 203- Skyscraper

Architect Cesar Pelli and Associates Client: Kuala Lampur City Center Holding Sdn Bhd Date of Completion- 1997

Height
Antenna spire Roof Top floor Floor count Floor area Elevator count 451.9 m (1,483 ft) 378.6 m (1,242 ft) 375 m (1,230 ft)

Technical details
88 395,000 2 m (4,252,000 sq ft) 78

Structural System(for gravity and lateral loads):

-Structural system consists with75-by-75 foot concrete cores and an outer ring of widely-spaced super columns.

- The core structure of each tower is composed of a ring of sixteen cylindrical columns of high strength reinforced concrete.
- The columns vary in size from2.4in diameter at the lower areas to 1.2meters in diameter at the top ,and are placed at the outside corners. -The columns arel inked with a series of concrete core walls and ring beams. These movement-resistant and damper-free structures can be described as a pair of soft tubes. There are actually two concentric pressurized cores in The structures, and the two cores unite at the 38th floor of each tower.

The foundation system of the towers consists of a 4.5 metre thick piled raft supported on rectangular friction piles (barrettes) varying in depth from 40 metres to 105 metres, to control predicted settlement under different thicknesses of Kenny Hill formation underlain by limestone. Each foundation consists of 104 barrettes (rectangular in-situ piles up to 1.2 by 2.8 metres).

(a) Empire State Building (381 m)

(c) Jin Mao Building (421m)

(d) Sears Tower (443 m)

(e) Petronas Towers (452 m)

(b) World Trade Centre (415 m) (417 m)

High-strength concrete was used in the central core, perimeter columns, perimeter ring beams and outrigger beams.

The towers and their base are clad with stainless steel extrusions and custommade 20.38 millimetre laminated lightgreen glass. The sunscreens have cast aluminium end caps and are fixed on brackets made of extruded aluminium and finished with oven-cured PVF2 fluorocarbon paint.

Type 316 stainless steel(Ferrous) was employed to clad the exterior of the Petronas Towers, Malaysia (and the Jin Mao Tower in China).
Type 316 stainless steel is often used in marine applications like for boat fittings, and also used in the food and beverage industry. Silos, cheese vats, fruit tanks and wine tanks are also made using this type of steel.

EN-Standard Steel EN-Standard Steel no. k.h.s DIN name 1.4404 1.4401 1.4406 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 X2CrNiMoN17-12-2 316

SAE grade 316L 316LN S31603 S31600 S31653

UNS

1.4432
1.4435 1.4436 1.4571

X2CrNiMo17-12-3
X2CrNiMo18-14-3 X3CrNiMo17-13-3

316L
316L 316

S31603
S31603 S31600 S31635

X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 316Ti

1.4429

X2CrNiMoN17-13-3

316LN

S31653

http://www.ehow.com/facts_7727947_type-steel-vs-type-316.html http://www.wikipedia.org/ 2004 On site review report by Galal Abada McCormac. C. J., (1994): "Structural Steel Design", Harper Collins College Publishers. Owens. G. W. and Knowles. P., (1994) "Steel Designers Manual", The Steel Construction Institute, ELBS Blackwell Scientific Publishers, London. Taranath. S. B., (1984): "Structural analysis and design of tall buildings", McGraw-Hill Book Company Schuller. W., (1976): "High-rise building structures", John Wiley & Sons Smith. B. S., and Coull. A., (1991): "Tall building structures: Analysis and Design", John Wiley & Sons. IS: 875 - 1987 (Parts - I to V), Indian Code of Practice for evaluating loads excepting earthquake load. IS: 1893 - 1984, Indian Code of Practice for evaluating earthquake load.

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