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Flow

of excessive current Abnormal voltages Voltage elevation of system neutral Hazards to human, equipment and animals.

Design of protection system requires the knowledge of fault current. The information obtained from the fault studies are used: to select the sizes of circuit breaker, fuse and characteristic, setting of relay.

Symmetrical fault : Usually three phase to ground fault Unsymmetrical fault The fault is unbalanced in nature

An unbalanced three-phase system can be resolved into three balanced systems in the sinusoidal steady state. This method of resolving an unbalanced system into three balanced phasor system has been proposed by C. L. Fortescue. This method is calledresolving symmetrical componentsof the original phasor or simplysymmetrical components. We Will discuss symmetrical components transformation and then will present how unbalanced components like Y- or -connected loads, transformers, generators and transmission lines can be resolved into symmetrical components. We can then combine all these components together to form what are calledsequence networks.

The phasor representation of three phase system

The phasor notation of a-operator

The positive sequence set consisting of three components of equal magnitude, displaced by 120 & 240o respectively and having the phase sequence of abca. The negative sequence set consisting of three components of equal magnitude displaced by 240 & 120o respectively, having phase sequence of acba. The zero sequence set of the component of which being equal both in magnitude and phase.

Relations of voltage components in matrix form

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The most common type of fault is the single line to ground fault:

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The sequence component connection for the single line to ground fault:

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The sequence component connection for the single line to ground fault: The sequence components are connected in series. The three currents in the case of SLG fault are equal.

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LL fault:

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LL fault: There is no zero sequence component due to absence of ground return path.

The positive and negative sequence components are connected in parallel.

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LLG fault

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LLG fault: For the zero sequence component it requires to add an external impedance of Zf+3Zg

The networks are connected in parallel.

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The most commonly used soft ware are: MATLAB EDSA ETAP CYME
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Power system analysis using symmetrical component is very helpful in improving the reliability of the power system. The principle adopted for the analysis of unbalanced fault system is symmetrical component method.

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