Mini SSE

Promotional Presentation

(1) Product Awareness

What is an Explosive?
Chemical compound or mixture that is initiated by heat or shock or a combination of both.

Do Explosives care where they get their initiating energy from?

Do Explosives care where they get their initiating energy from?

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Do Explosives care where they get their initiating energy from?

What is an Explosive?
Chemical compound or mixture that is initiated by heat or shock or a combination of both. Decomposes or explodes very rapidly and violently

Velocity of Detonation (How rapid is rapid?)

Velocity of Detonation (How rapid is rapid?)

Velocity of Detonation (How rapid is rapid?)

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What is an Explosive?
Chemical compound or mixture that is initiated by heat or shock or a combination of both. Decomposes or explodes very rapidly and violently Produces a rapid release of heat and large quantities of high pressure gas

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Detonation Process
Primary Reaction Zone

Path of Detonation
Expanding Gases
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Detonation Process

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Detonation Pressure
The application of detonation pressure to the blasthole wall as the reaction zone travels along the charge column that is responsible for the primary shock wave

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Comparative Build Up

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Emulsion Manufacture
Three Primary Components:
ANSOL produced at 94% saturated Solution Pre-blended Fuel Phase Emulsifier

Components mixed together in Pin Blender

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Emulsion Science
What is an emulsion?
A colloid in which small particles of one liquid are dispersed in another liquid. Usually emulsions involve a dispersion of oil in water, and are stabilised by an emulsifier . Commonly emulsifiers are substances such as detergents, that have hydrophobic (i.e. water repelling) and hydrophilic (i.e. water attracting) parts in their molecule (Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry) A colloid is distinguished from a true solution by the presence of particles that are too small to be observed with a normal microscope yet much larger than normal molecules
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Emulsion Matrix (60x Objective)

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Emulsion Classification
UN Dangerous Goods Classification 5.1 Oxidiser Solution:
Koenen Test Time/Pressure Test UN Gap Test

Tests must be conducted in triplicate in front of a UN Inspector. Only becomes an explosive when sensitised by;
Gassing Solid sensitisers (Microballoons) Blending with ANFO
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Emulsion Detonation Properties

Properties vary with composition - can be tailor made to application
VOD 4500 - 6000 m/s (depending on hole diameter, density and sensitiser used) Weight Strength: generally lower than ANFO Bulk Strength: higher than ANFO Higher shock energy than ANFO

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Explosive Energy/Strength
Field performance has shown that fragmentation and rock displacement are not exclusively reflected in the numerical values of explosives energy/strength RWS RBS

10kg
ANFO Emulsion

10Lt

Not all ingredients of emulsions contribute to reaction

Relative to ANFO
(100%)

ANFO

Emulsion

Higher densities of emulsions put more product into the volume area
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100%

Heave Vs Shock
Shock Energy

Explosive Energy

Heave Energy

0%

Increasing Velocity of Detonation

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(2) Quality Control

QC Checks
An initial cup sample must be taken before any product is loaded into blastholes. This initial cup sample is simply observed to confirm that the gassing process is underway. A subsequent cup sample is taken after the loading of 3 holes and this sample is kept to ascertain a final product density.
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Critical Density
Critical Density is when the product is so dense that there is not sufficient gas voids for the creation of hot spots to allow for the sustainable propagation of detonation Explosives density and sensitivity are related Deadpressing occurs when gas voids are destroyed (by abuse, shock waves) reducing sensitivity

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Sensitivity
Explosives require the creation of hot spots to maintain the reaction

Types of Test Gap sensitivity Drop Test Minimum Primer

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Blasthole loading Densities

BLASTHOLE DIAMETER BLASTHOLE DIAMETER

EXPLOSIVE 0.8 4.99 6.55 7.35 8.19 9.22 10.16 10.65 14.55 15.93 17.15 22.03 25.96 27.78 33.03 39.69 44.91 45.92 49.03 51.53 60.93 76.73 91.44 117.56 0.85 5.30 6.96 7.81 8.70 9.80 10.80 11.31 15.46 16.92 18.22 23.40 27.58 29.52 35.10 42.17 47.71 48.79 52.10 54.75 64.73 81.52 97.16 124.91 0.9 5.61 7.37 8.27 9.21 10.38 11.43 11.98 16.37 17.92 19.29 24.78 29.20 31.25 37.16 44.65 50.52 51.66 55.16 57.97 68.54 86.32 102.87 132.25 1 6.24 8.19 9.18 10.23 11.53 12.70 13.31 18.19 19.91 21.44 27.53 32.45 34.72 41.29 49.61 56.13 57.40 61.29 64.41 76.16 95.91 114.30 146.95

WEIGHT 1.1 6.86 9.01 10.1011.26 12.68 13.97 14.64 20.01 21.90 23.58 30.29 35.69 38.20 45.42 54.57 61.75 63.14 67.42 70.85 83.77 105.50 125.73 161.64

PER

METRE 1.15 7.17 9.42 10.56 11.77 13.26 14.61 15.30 20.92 22.89 24.65 31.66 37.32 39.93 47.49 57.05 64.55 66.01 70.49 74.07 87.58 110.29 131.45 168.99 1.2 7.48 9.83 11.02 12.28 13.83 15.24 15.97 21.83 23.89 25.72 33.04 38.94 41.67 49.55 59.53 67.36 68.88 73.55 77.29 91.39 115.09 137.16 176.34 1.25 7.80 10.24 11.48 12.79 14.41 15.88 16.63 22.74 24.88 26.80 34.42 40.56 43.41 51.62 62.01 70.17 71.75 76.62 80.51 95.20 119.88 142.88 183.69 1.3 8.11 10.65 11.94 13.30 14.99 16.51 17.30 23.65 25.88 27.87 35.80 42.18 45.14 53.68 64.49 72.97 74.62 79.68 83.73 99.01 124.68 148.59 191.03
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(mm) 89 102 108 114 121 127 130 152 159 165 187 203 210 229 251 267 270 279 286 311 349 381 432

(inches) 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 1/8 6 6 6 7 3/8 8 8 9 9 7/8 10 10 5/8 11 11 12 13 15 17

NOx consist of:

NOX Hazard

Nitrous oxide (N2O) Nitric oxide (NO) Converts to nitrogen dioxide in air Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and its dimer nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) Nitrogen trioxide (N2O3) Nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5).

Nitrogen dioxide is the principle hazardous nitrous fume Physical Properties of Nitrogen Dioxide
Colourless to reddish brown gas above 21C (70F) On contact with moisture, forms a mixture of nitric and nitrous acids Sweetish to pungent odour and acid taste Heavier than air Gas density 1.5 (air = 1) Non flammable but will accelerate burning of combustible materials

Any atmosphere in which nitrogen dioxide is noticeable by either smell, irritation or colour, should be regarded as dangerous Report exposure to your supervisor immediately and seek medical advise

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(3) String Loading (Data Logging)

Results from String Loading Trial

Crack Radius 0.2 0.3m when correctly string loaded

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Good Blasting Practices

Better blasting practices will result in less over break. Drive perimeters will receive less damage from being hit to hard when blasted, therefore improving ground control. Better blasting practices reduce the need for scaling. Rock bolting is safer and easier to install. Reduces the need for shot-crete / Mesh. All these things result in cost savings through efficiency and safety. Flow on effect when long hole drilling takes place due to reduced shock placed on the ground when development headings are fired.
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Poor Blasting Practices

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Poor Blasting Practices

Will result in decreased levels of safety. Extra costs to remove over break. Often more Shot crete / Mesh is used. Installation of ground support can be more hazardous. More Scaling is required becoming more hazardous. Can make long hole drilling more difficult.

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Poor Blasting Practises

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(4) Safety

Attaching the Mini SSE to the IT Tool Head and Operation

Cannington Fatality Perform Crowd Test Get out and check full location of retaining pins Always drive to conditions Never work under the raised Unit

All Operators must be aware of the STRETCH, SNAP and SHOOT phenomenon
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Perform QC Checks
Philippines Fatality with NOX Must determine that Gassing has started Correct density is being loaded Gassing rate not too fast Correct kilos per meter

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Safety Shut Downs

Hi potential near miss at Telfer High Temp Sensor High Pressure Sensor (Dead Heading) No Flow Sensor Alarm Reset parameters
Each alarm reset takes 40 seconds Max number of consecutive resets is seven Compulsory Shut-out of 10 minutes to ascertain problem

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(5) Operating Screens

Screen Hierarchy
When user starts the PLC the HMI will boot up and move directly to the Dyno Nobel Welcome Page User is asked to enter Password and is taken directly to Production Page From Production Page there are password links to Calibration Page and trends page Trends page is available to all users and displays;
Flow Rates Pressure Data Temperature Data
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Production Screen