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Seismic Analysis and Design

Of Structures
Using Response Spectra
Or
Time History Motions
BY
Ed Wilson
Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering
University of California, Berkeley

February 24, 2010
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATI ON
On Advanced Numerical Modeling and Analytical Techniques
1. Personal Remarks 50 years experience of dynamic analysis
2. Seismic Analysis Using Response Spectra CQC3
3. Comparison with Direct Time History Dynamic Analysis
4. Retrofit of the San Mateo Bridge
_-
5. The Fast Non-Linear Analysis Method FNA Method
6. Retrofit of the Richmond San Rafael Bridge
7. Near Fault Seismic Analysis
8. Concluding Remarks
1882 Father Born In San Francisco Carpenter and
Walked Guard in S.F. after 1906 Earthquake
1931 Ed born in Ferndale CA Earthquake Capitol of USA
1950 Graduated - Christian Brothers HS in SAC.
1950 - 52 Sacramento Jr. College
1953 - 54 BS in Civil Eng. UC Berkeley
1953 - 54 DOT CA Bridge Dept. Ten Mile River Bridge
1955 - 57 US Army Korea Radio Repairman
1957 - 63 M.S. and D. Eng. With Prof. Ray Clough
1960 With Ray, Conducted the first Time-Histories
Earthquake Response of Buildings Bridges &
Dams. - Fifty Years Ago
1963- 65 Worked on the Apollo Program at Aerojet in
Sacramento - Designed Structures for 10 g Loads
1965 -91 Professor at UC Berkeley
edwilson.org and ed-wilson1@juno.com
NI NETEEN SI XTI ES I N BERKELEY
1. Cold War - Blast Analysis
2. Earthquake Engineering Research
3. State And Federal Freeway System
4. Manned Space Program
5. Offshore Drilling
6. Nuclear Reactors And Cooling Towers

NI NETEEN SI XTI ES I N BERKELEY
1. Period Of Very High Productivity
2. No Formal Research I nstitute
3. Free Exchange Of I nformation Gave
programs to profession prior to publication
4. Worked Closely With Mathematics Group
5. Students Were Very Successful

DYNAMI C ANALYSI S USI NG RESPONSE

SPECTRUM SEI SMI C LOADI NG


Before the Existence of Inexpensive Personal Computers, the
Response Spectrum Method was the Standard Approach for Linear
Seismic Analysis
TIME - seconds
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Figure 15.1a Typical Earthquake Ground Acceleration -
Percent of Gravity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TIME - seconds
- 12
- 10
- 8
- 6
- 4
- 2
0
2
Figure 15.1b Absolute Earthquake Ground Displacements - I nches

0 1 2 3 4 5
PERIOD - Seconds
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1.0 Percent Damping
5.0 Percent Damping
Figure 15.2b Pseudo-Acceleration Spectrum,
-
Percent of Gravity
Figure 15.2a Relative Displacement Spectrum y (T)
MAX
I nches
MAX
y ) (e
0 1 2 3 4 5
PERIOD - Seconds
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1.0 Percent Damping
5.0 Percent Damping
Figure 15.2b Pseudo-Acceleration Spectrum Percent of Gravity
MAX a
y S ) (
2
e e =
) ( ) ( ) ( t u t y t y
g
T + =
) ( ) ( ) ( t u t y t y
g
T

+ =
Major Approximation
Structure the of Base At the
nts Displaceme Ground Earthquake The
Motion Ground Earthquake
the to Ralative nt Displaceme The
nt Displaceme Total The ) (
=
=
=
(t) u
y(t)
t y
Where
g
T
The loads are applied directly to the structure;
whereas, the real earthquake displacements are
applied at the foundation of the real structure.
structure the of properties the of function a not are Spectrum 3 The
ve numbers All positi S (t) u p = y(t) + (t) y 2 + (t) y
numbers positive All S (t) u p = y(t) + (t) y 2 + (t) y
number positive All S (t) u p = y(t) + (t) y 2 + (t) y
ion hree equat ollowing t n of the f by solutio produced are spectrum Or, the
(t) u p + (t) u p + (t) u p = y(t) + (t) y 2 + (t) y
z gz nz n
2
n n n
n n
g n n
2
n n n
n n
g n n
2
n n n
n n
gz nz g n g n n
2
n n n
n n
) (
) (
s ) (
: 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 1 1
e
e e
,
e
e e
,
e
e e
,
e e
,




































Development of the Three Spectrum
I n Addition, All Spectrum Values Are Maximum Peak Values
The Time History Details of the Duration of the Earthquake
Have Been Lost
Examples of Three-Dimensional Spectra Analyses

0
Y
X
X = Y = 106.065 ft.
X = Y = 70.717 ft.
X = 100 ft.
X = 150 ft.
1
2
3
4
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
Sym.

P l a n V i e w
9 0
0
u
9 0
S
1
S
2
Definition of Earthquake Spectra I nput
Three-Dimensional Spectra Analyses
Equal Spectrum from any direction CQC3 Method

0
Y
X
1
2
3
4
2.705

1.901
2.705
2.703
2.705

1.901
2.705

2.703
Maximum Peak Column Moments - Symmetrical
All Values are Positive
Three-Dimensional Spectra Analyses
100/30 Spectrum Method


2.493

2.493
-7.8 % Error
0
Y
X
1 2
3
4
2.743
1.973
01
2.797
1.934
2.794
2.743
Maximum Peak Column Moments - Not Symmetrical
All Values are Positive
Summary of Multi-Component
Combination Rules
1. The 100/30 and 100/40 percent rules
have no theoretical basis.
2. The SRSS combination rule, applied
to equal spectra, produces identical
results for all reference systems and
requires only one analysis to produce
all design forces and displacements.
3. The CQC3 method should be used
where the horizontal orthogonal
components of the seismic input are
not equal.
4. In case of the seismic analysis of
structures near a fault, the fault
normal and parallel motions are not
equal.
I n 1996 The CQC3 was Proposed
by
Professor Armen Der Kiureghian
As a Replacement for the
30%, 40% & SRSS Rules
For Multi-Component Seismic Analysis

rule SRSS the to reduces method CQC3 The 1.0 a If

spectrum horizontal other the define to used
constant al proportion the is " " Where
] cos sin ) 1 ( 2
sin ) ( ) 1 ( [
1 2
2
1
2
90 0
2
2 2
90
2
0
2 2
90
2 2
0
=
=
+ +
+ =

S a S
a
F F a
F F a F a F F
z
peak
u u
u
Design Checks of Three-Dimensional
Frame Members for Seismic Forces
I n order to stratify various building codes, every
one-dimensional compression member within a
structure must satisfy the following
Demand/Capacity Ratio at all points in time:



t = 0 = Static Loads Only
0 . 1
)
) (
1 (
) (
)
) (
1 (
) (
) (
) (
3
3
3 3
2
2
2 2
s

=
e
c b
e
c b
cr c
P
t P
M
C t M
P
t P
M
C t M
P
t P
t R
| |
|
Where the forces acting on the frame element cross-
section at time t are
including the static forces prior to the application of
the dynamic loads. The empirical constants are code
and material dependent and are normally defined as
.
) ( and ) ( ), (
3 2
t M t M t P
ed. approximat lengths effective with
axis an3 2 about the capacities load bucking Euler and
capacity load Axial
capacities Moment and
factors reduction Moment and
factors Resistance and
3 2

3 2
3 2
=
=
=
=
=
e e
cr
c c
b c
P P
P
M M
C C
|
Design Checks of Three-Dimensional
Frame Members for Spectra Forces
For the case maximum peak spectra forces,
compression members within a structure must
satisfy the following Demand/Capacity Ratio
0 . 1
)
(max)
1 (
(max)
)
(max)
1 (
(max)
(max)
) (
3
3
3 3
2
2
2 2
s

=
e
c b
e
c b
cr c
P
P
M
C M
P
P
M
C M
P
P
t R
| |
|
Where P(max), M
2
(max) and M
3
(max) have been
Calculated by the CQC Method
The Retrofit of the San Mateo Bridge
Demand/Capacity Ratios were calculated using COC
forces using spectrum calculated from several three-
dimensional sets of earthquake motions.
Time-dependent Demand/Capacity Ratios were
calculated directly from the same set of earthquake
motions.
I n general, the time-dependent Demand/Capacity Ratios
were approximately 50 percent of the ratios using
the CQC forces.
1. All forces and displacements obtained from a
Response Spectrum Analysis are Maximum Peak
Values and are all positive numbers.
2. The specific time the Maximum Peak Values occur
is different for every period.
3. Nonlinear Behavior CANNOT be considered in a
Response Spectrum Analysis.
4. Except for a single degree of freedom, a Response
Spectrum Analysis is an APPROXI MATE
METHOD
5. This is not Performance Based Design
Limitations of Response Spectrum Analysis
S A P
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
PROGRAM
ALSO A PERSON

Who Is Easily Deceived Or Fooled

Who Unquestioningly Serves Another

"The slang name S A P was selected to
remind the user that this program, like
all programs, lacks intelligence.

I t is the responsibility of the engineer to
idealize the structure correctly and
assume responsibility for the results.

Ed Wilson 1970
From The Foreword Of
The First SAP Manual
The SAP Series of Programs
1969 - 70 SAP Used Static Loads to Generate Ritz Vectors
1971 - 72 Solid-Sap Rewritten by Ed Wilson
1972 -73 SAP I V Subspace I teration Dr. J gen Bathe
1973 74 NON SAP New Program The Start of ADI NA
1979 Lost All Research and Development Funding
1979 80 SAP 80 New Linear Program for Personal Computers
1983 1987 SAP 80 CSI added Pre and Post Processing
1987 - 1990 SAP 90 Significant Modification and Documentation
1997 Present SAP 2000 Nonlinear Elements More Options
With Windows I nterface
FIELD MEASUREMENTS
REQUIRED TO VERIFY
1. MODELING ASSUMPTIONS
2. SOIL-STRUCTURE MODEL
3. COMPUTER PROGRAM
4. COMPUTER USER
MECHANICAL
VIBRATION
DEVICES
CHECK OF RIGID
DIAPHRAGM
APPROXIMATION
FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF
PERIODS AND MODE SHAPES
MODE T
FIELD
T
ANALYSIS
Diff. - %

1 1.77 Sec. 1.78 Sec. 0.5
2 1.69 1.68 0.6
3 1.68 1.68 0.0
4 0.60 0.61 0.9
5 0.60 0.61 0.9
6 0.59 0.59 0.8
7 0.32 0.32 0.2
- - - -
11 0.23 0.32 2.3
15 th Period
T
FIELD
= 0.16 Sec.
FIRST DIAPHRAGM
MODE SHAPE
The Fast Nonlinear Analysis Method
The FNA Method was Named in 1996

Designed for the Dynamic Analysis of
Structures with a Limited Number of Predefined
Nonlinear Elements
Isolators
BASE ISOLATION
BUILDING
IMPACT
ANALYSIS
FRICTION
DEVICE
CONCENTRATED
DAMPER
NONLINEAR
ELEMENT
GAP ELEMENT
TENSION ONLY ELEMENT
BRIDGE DECK ABUTMENT
P L A S T I C
H I N G E S
2 ROTATIONAL DOF
Degrading Stiffness Elements are in SAP 2000
Mechanical Damper
Mathematical Model
F = C v
N

F = ku
F = f (u,v,u
max
)
103 FEET DIAMETER - 100 FEET HEIGHT
Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of
ELEVATED WATER STORAGE TANK
NONLINEAR
DIAGONALS
BASE
ISOLATION
First Application of the FNA Method - 1994
COMPUTER MODEL
92 NODES
103 ELASTIC FRAME ELEMENTS
56
NONLINEAR DIAGONAL ELEMENTS
600 TIME STEPS @ 0.02 Seconds
COMPUTER TIME
REQUIREMENTS
PROGRAM
( 4300 Minutes )
ANSYS INTEL 486 3 Days
ANSYS CRAY 3 Hours ( 180 Minutes )
SADSAP INTEL 486
2 Minutes
( B Array was 56 x 20 )
EXAMPLE OF
FRAME WITH
UPLIFTING
ALLOWED

UPLIFTING
ALLOWED
Four Static Load Conditions
Are Used To Start The
Generation of LDR Vectors
EQ DL Left Right
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TIME - seconds
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
LEFT
RIGHT
Column Axial Forces
= 005 .
Summary of Results for Building Uplifting Example
from Two Times the Loma Prieta Earthquake

Uplift

Computer
Time
Max.
Displace-
ment
(inches)
Max.
Column
Force
(kips)
Max.
Base
Shear
(kips)
Max.
Base
Moment
(k-in)
Max.
Strain
Energy
(k-in)
Max. Uplift
(inches)
Without
14.6 Sec
7.76 924 494 424,000 1,547 0.0
With
15.0 Sec

5.88 620 255 197,000 489 1.16
Percent
Diff.
-24% -33% -40% -53% -68%
Confirmed by Shaking Table Tests
By Ray Clough on Three Story Frame
Advantages Of The FNA Method
1. The Method Can Be Used For Both
Static And Dynamic Nonlinear Analyses

2. The Method Is Very Efficient And
Requires A Small Amount Of
Additional Computer Time As
Compared To Linear Analysis

2. The Method Can Easily Be Incorporated
Into Existing Computer Programs For
LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS.
MULTI SUPPORT SEI SMI C ANALYSI S
(Earthquake Displacements I nput )
ANCHOR PIERS
Hayward Fault San Andreas Fault
East West
Eccentrically Braced Towers
Analysis and Design of Structures for
Near Fault Earthquake Motions
On the UC Berkeley Campus
Fault Normal and Parallel
Foundation Displacements are
Significantly Different
Used six different Time-History Earthquake
Motions for Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses
Hearst Mining Building Built in 1905 to 07
50 Yards from the Hayward Fault
Base Isolated in 2004


Near Fault Analysis and Design - SRC
Concluding Remarks
1. The 100/30 percent Rule should replaced by the SRSS
Rule - Until the CQC3 is implemented in SAP 2000.
2. Response Spectra Seismic Analysis is an Approximate
Method and is restricted to linear structural behavior
and may satisfy a design code. However, it may not
produce a Performance Based Design
3. I n general, Nonlinear Time-History Analyses produce
more realistic results and can produce Performance
Based Design

4. Performance Based Design is using all the
information about the seismic displacement
loading on the structure and to the accurately
predict the nonlinear behavior and damage to the
structure.
5. All Code Based Designed Structures appear to be
based on Linear Analysis.
6. Nonlinear Seismic Analyses are possible due to:
New Methods of nonlinear analysis have been developed.
New Nonlinear Energy Dissipation and Simple I solation
Device can be used.
The new inexpensive personal computer can easily
conduct the required calculations.
Floating-Point Speeds of Computer Systems
Definition of one Operation A = B + C*D 64 bits - REAL*8

Year
Computer
or CPU
Operations
Per Second
Relative
Speed
1962 CDC-6400 50,000 1
1964 CDC-6600 100,000 2
1974 CRAY-1 3,000,000 60
1981 IBM-3090 20,000,000 400
1981 CRAY-XMP 40,000,000 800
1994 Pentium-90 3,500,000 70
1995 Pentium-133 5,200,000 104
1995 DEC-5000 upgrade 14,000,000 280
1998 Pentium II - 333 37,500,000 750
1999 Pentium III - 450 69,000,000 1,380
2003 Pentium IV 2,000 220,000,000 4,400
2006 AMD - Athlon 440,000,000 8,800
2009 Intel Core 2 Duo 1,200,000,000 25,000

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