3.

Force and Pressure

3.1 Pressure

3.1 Pressure
Pressure

is defined as normal force per

unit area Unit for pressure is Nm-2 or Pascal(Pa)

Applications of High Pressure

A

sharp knife can be used to cut an object because very small area produce a large pressure Spiked running shoes can provide a better grip Ice-skates are designed to have a small area. The weight of skater produces a large pressure on ice

Application of low Pressure

Bulldozers are usually moved by chain with sharp edges in between surface of large area to decrease the pressure Heavy lorries and buses are usually fitted with more than four wheels of larger surface area to decrease pressure Skis are designed to have a larger surface area to decreases the pressure Tall building are usually built on a base of large surface to decrease the pressure

3.2 Understanding Pressure in Liquid

The Pressure Formula P = hpg Where P = Pressure (Nm-2) h = depth (m) p = density (kgm-3) g = accelerations due the gravity (ms-2)

 At

the level or depth, the liquid pressure must be same otherwise liquid must flow to equalise any differences The liquid pressure (i) Depends on the depth,density and acceleration due the gravity (ii)independent of the shape and area of the continer

Applications of Pressure in Liquids

1.Public water supply A water tank positioned high above the ground 2.A patient receiving drips of a liquid from the bottle, the bottle placed at a height 3.The Walls of a dam the wall of a dam increase in thickness downwards 4.Fire house used by a fire-fighter

3.3 Understanding Gas Pressure and Atmospheric Pressure

Gas Pressure 1. According to the Kinetic Theory Of Gases, molecules in the gas are always moving randomly and constantly colliding with the wall its container 2. Collisions of gas molecules on any surface/wall produce an impulsive force, creating the gas pressure 3. The force unit area produced the Gas Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure
The

weight of the mass of the atmosphere on the Earths surface cause atmospheric pressure

Altitude and the Magnitude of Atmospheric Pressure

The

Atmospheric pressure is decreases with altitude At high altitude, the density of air become lower

Instruments for measuring pressure

Gas

Pressure (1) Manometer P gas = P atm + hpg (2) Bourdon Gauge

Atmospheric Pressure (1) Mercury Barometer (2) Aneroid Barometer

Magnitude of Atmospheric Pressure

1atm 1atm 1atm

= 0.76 x 13600x10=1.03x105 Pa = 76 cm Hg = 10 m water

Application of Atmospheric Pressure

1. Drinking straw When air is sucked out from a straw.the air pressure inside becomes lower,then the higher atm. Pressure acting on the surface of the drinking pushes the water into the straw. 2. Syringe When the piston of a syringe is pulled upwards, a partial vacuum is created in the syringe. The atm. pressure is greater will force the water to flow up

 3,

Rubber Sucker When we push a rubber plunger against a wall, air pushed out from plunger. The atm. Pressure inside decreases.The atm pressure greater than inside the plunger and it is able to support the weight 4. Siphon 5. Vacuum cleaner 6. Lift pump

3.4 PASCALS PRINCIPLE

Pascals

principle state that when pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, the pressure will be transmitted equally throughout the whole enclosed fluid. Pressure acting to = pressure acting to smaller syringe larger syringe F1 = F2 A1 A2

Applications of Pascals principle

1.

Hydraulic jack 2. Car hyrdraulic system (brakes) 3. Hydraulic lift

3.5 ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

States

that an on object Which is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid is acted upon by an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displace

Buoyant Force

Force acting on upper surface F1= h1pgA Force acting on lower surface ,F2 = h2pgA Buoyant force = the resultant force acting upwards = F2 F1 = (h2 h1)Apg=Vpg=mg = mass liquid displaced x g = weight of liquid displaced by the object

Buoyant force
A

hot air balloon rises from the surface of the earth due to buoyant force acting on it A ship made of iron can float

Applications of Archimedes Principle

Submarine A submarine has large ballast tanks to control its positions and the depths it can submerge below sea level When afloat , water is drive out from the ballast tanks by compressed air to reduce its weight and produce a larger buoyant force. When submerged the ballast tanks are filled with water again to increase the weight of the submarine The submarine can submerge to a depth where the buoyant force is equal to its weight

Application of Archimedes
Ship

Hot-air

balloons If the buoyant force is equal to the total weight of the balloon it remains stationary or move upwards with constant velocity Hydrometer

3.6 Bernoullis Principle

Bernoullis

principle states that for uniform flow of a fluid, region of high velocity corresponds to low pressure

Applications of Bernoulli principle

Aerofoil

Bunsen

Burner Carburettor