Green

Hou s
e
INTR ODU CTI ON
GREEN HOUSE-:

also called a glasshouse or hothouse is a building where plants are cultivated.

A greenhouse is a structure with a glass or plastic roof and frequently glass or plastic walls; it heats up
because incoming solar radiation from the sun warms plants, soil, and other things inside the building. Air
warmed by the heat from hot interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof and wall. These structures
range in size from small sheds to very large buildings.

Greenhouses can be divided into glass greenhouses and plastic greenhouses. Plastics mostly used are
PEFilm and in PMMA. Commercial glass greenhouses are often high tech production facilities for vegetables
or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment like screening installations, heating, cooling,
lighting and may be automatically controlled by a computer.

The glass used for a greenhouse works as a selective transmission medium for different spectral frequencies,
and its effect is to trap energy within the greenhouse, which heats both the plants and the ground inside it.
This warms the air near the ground, and this air is prevented from rising and flowing away. This can be
demonstrated by opening a small window near the roof of a greenhouse: the temperature drops considerably.
This principle is the basis of the autovent automatic cooling system. Greenhouses thus work by trapping
electromagnetic radiation and preventing Convection. A miniature greenhouse is known as a Cold Frame.

(REFERENCE-:WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM)
HISTO RY
 The idea of growing plants in environmentally controlled areas has existed since
Roman times. The Roman emperor tiberius ate a cucumber-like vegetable daily.
The Roman gardeners used artificial methods (similar to the greenhouse system)
of growing to have it available for his table every day of the year.
 Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts which were put in the sun daily, then
taken inside to keep them warm at night. The cucumbers were stored under frames
or in cucumber houses glazed with either oiled cloth known as "specularia" or with
sheets of Mica, according to the description by Pliny the Elder.
 The first modern greenhouses were built in Italy in the thirteenth century to house
the exotic plants that explorers brought back from the tropics. They were originally
called giardini botanici (botanical gardens).
 The concept of greenhouses soon spread to the Netherlands and then England,
along with the plants. Some of these early attempts required enormous amounts of
work to close up at night or to winterize. There were serious problems with
providing adequate and balanced heat in these early greenhouses.
Jules Charles, a French botanist, is often credited with building the first practical modern
greenhouse in Leiden, Holland to grow medicinal tropical plants.citation needed
Originally on the estates of the rich, with the growth of the science of botany greenhouses
spread to the universities. The French called their first greenhouses orangeries, since
they were used to protect orange trees from freezing. As pineapples became popular
pineries, or pineapple pits, were built.
Experimentation with the design of greenhouses continued during the Seventeenth Century
in Europe as technology produced better glass and construction techniques improved.
The greenhouse at the Palace of Versailles was an example of their size and
elaborateness; it was more than 500 feet long, 42 feet wide, and 45 feet high.
In the nineteenth Century the largest greenhouses were built. The conservatory at Kew
Gardens in England is a prime example of the Victorian greenhouse.
Although intended for both horticultural and non-horticultural exhibition these included
London's Crystal Palace, the New York Crystal Palace and Munich’s Glaspalast.
Joseph Paxton, who had experimented with glass and iron in the creation of large
greenhouses as the head gardener at Chatsworth, in Derbyshire, working for the Duke
of Devonshire, designed and built the first, London's Crystal Palace.

(REFERENCE-:WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM)
HISTO RICA L BA CK GRO UND O F
GRE ENH OUSES B EFO RE THE 20 TH
CE NTUR Y

Agriculture production inside protected structures

was initiated in
France and Netherlands in the 19th century. This
method was applied in simple, low, glass
structures, which provided climate protection, and
were used mainly for the growth of
ornamental plants.

(REFERENCE-:WWW.EMERALD.COM)
MO DERN TIM ES
By the beginning of the 20th century, mostly after the end of 2nd
world war,
the technology of greenhouse construction accelerated its
development, especially in
Western Europe cold countries, Netherlands leading the course.
Agro-technical systems,
aeration solutions and accompanying accessories were gradually
added to the structures,
while the structure foundations improved to the known, traditional
heavy steel constructions
covered by rigid glass boards.

(REFERENCE-:WWW.EMERALD.COM)
NEW MAT ERI AL S
By the end of the 50ties of the 20th century the greenhouses
technology flowed to the north and centre of Europe, extending its
influence and benefits to Israel, where a wave of experiments and
research in the field had begun. The 60ties revealed a new kind of
structure covering sheets. They were the flexible, low priced
polyethylene sheets, which caused a conceptual revolution in the
field of greenhouses. Simultaneously appeared other types of
good light transition coverings, such as polycarbonate (a kind of
covering made of plastic polymers) leaving behind the traditional
glass covering.

(REFERENCE-:WWW.EMERALD.COM)
NEW TECH NO LOG IES
The method of modular structures (Lego-like method)
leads to the development of growth technologies
suitable for most types of crops, thus creating
customized structure projects, customer-tailored
according to specific needs. This new trend caused the
breakdown of the traditional, conservative Dutch
hegemony ruling until then in the field of greenhouses.
Nowadays, light-weighted structures with covering
made of flexible polyethylene or stiff-flexible
polycarbonate are more common and widespread than
the mythological rigid glass greenhouses.
(REFERENCE-:WWW.EMERALD.COM)
INF LUE NTIA L
GREEN HOUS ES OF 19 TH
CENTU RY
 ROYAL GREENHOUSE OF LAEKEN-DESIGN BY
ALPHONSE BALAT
 THE PALM HOUSE-DESIGN BY DECIMUS BURTON
 CRYSTAL PALACE- DESIGN BY JOSEPH PAXTON
 THE GREENHOUSE AT LYNDHURST-DESIGN BY
ALEXANDER JACKSON
 ITALIANATE GREENHOUSE
ROY AL GREEN HOUSE OF
LAEKEN
INTR ODU CTI ON
DESIGNER-:ALPHONSE BALAT

LOCATION-:
BRUSSELS,BELGIUM

DATE-: 1874-1895

BUILDING TYPE-:GREENHOUSE

MATERIAL-: METAL,GLASS
AR CHI TEC TUR AL FEATU RE OF R OYAL
GRE ENH OUSE
 The Royal Greenhouses of
Laeken , are a vast complex of
monumental heated greenhouses
in the park of the Royal Castle of
Laeken in Brussels and one of
the major tourist attractions of the
city. The complex was
commissioned by King Leopold II
of Belgium and designed by
Alphonse Balat. Built between
1874 and 1895, the complex was
finished with the completion of
the so-called 'Iron Church', a
domed greenhouse that would
originally serve as the royal
chapel. The total floor surface of
this immense complex is 2.5
hectares (270,000 square feet).
800,000 liters (over 200,000 US
gallons) of fuel oil are needed
each year to heat the buildings.
The complex has the appearance of a glass city set
in an undulating landscape .
The monumental pavilions, glass cupolas, wide
arcades that cross the site like covered streets,
are much more than an anecdote on the
architectural applications of iron and glass .
Royal Greenhouses express concerns architecture
and, specifically, a major construction programme:

the "Ideal Glass Palace".

(REFERENCE-:WWW.MONARCHIE.BE)
SIDE VIEW
INTERIOR OF DOME
THE PALM HOUSE AT KEW,DESIGN BY DECIMUS BURTON
HISTO RY OF PA LM
HOUSE
 Kew Gardens originated in the exotic garden at
Kew Park formed by Lord Capel of Tewkesbury. It
was enlarged and extended by Princess Augusta,
the widow of Frederick, Prince of Wales, for
whom Sir William Chambers built several garden
structures. One of these, the lofty Chinese
pagoda built in 1761 still remains. George III
enriched the gardens, aided by William Aiton and
Sir Joseph Banks. The old Kew Park (by then
renamed the White House), was demolished in
1802. The "Dutch House" adjoining was
purchased by George III in 1781 as a nursery for
the royal children. It is a plain brick structure now
known as Kew Palace.
Palace.
 The collections grew somewhat haphazardly until
the appointment of the first collector, Francis
Masson, in 1771 . In 1840 the gardens were
adopted as a national botanical garden. Under
Kew's director, William Hooker, the gardens were
increased to 30 hectares (75 acres) and the
pleasure grounds, or arboretum, extended to 109
hectares (270 acres), and later to its present size
of 120 hectares (300 acres).
 The Palm House was built by architect Decimus
Burton and iron-maker Richard Turner between
1844 and 1848, and was the first large-scale
structural use of wrought iron.
iron. The structure's
panes of glass are all hand-blown. The
Temperate house, which is twice as large as the
Palm House, followed later in the 19th century. It
is now the largest Victorian glasshouse in
existence.
ORIGI NAL CONST RUC TI ON

The Palm House was built between 1844 and 1848, the result of a
complex collaboration between the Irish iron founder Richard Turner and
the architect Decimus Burton. The location was determined by Burton who
was adamant that it should stand by an area of water then known as
George III's lake so that the reflection of the house would be obtained in
the water. The curator, John Smith, was against the idea as the land was
very swampy.

(REFERENCE-GOOGLE SEARCH)
In keeping with the Victorian 'age of iron' the entire house
structure was built of iron and curved glass was used, tinted green
to act as shading. To replace Burton's idea for heavy cast iron
arches, Turner proposed the use of a wrought iron 'deck beam'
used in ship building to span greater widths of unsupported space.
The house has, ever since, been compared to the upturned hull of
a graceful liner. An Italianate campanile was built approximately
150 m south-east of the house to dispose of smoke from the
furnaces located in the Palm House basement. The pipes leading
to the tower were placed in a tunnel with a railway to bring fuel to
the Palm House and to remove ashes. The artist and garden
architect, William Andrews Nesfield, landscaped the grounds in
the vicinity, making the Palm House the focal point of two long
avenues - Pagoda Vista and Syon Vista

(REFERENCE-:The VITAL LANDSCAPE, By WILLIAMS M. TAYLOR )

AR CHI TECTUR AL
FEAT URES OF PALM
HOUSE
 Inspired by Chatsworth, and by
the eager searching of the times,
Decimus Burton and Richard
Turner designed the much larger
Palm House in London's Royal
Botanic Gardens at Kew.
 Palm House is 363 feet long by
100 feet wide and rises to a
height of 66 feet.
 Besides educating visitors in the
natural world, one of the
functions of English greenhouses
at the time was to display the
exotic range of plants and flowers
that flourished in the British
Empire.
(REFERENCE-:WWW.ARCHIPLANET.ORG)
FAC T F ILE
 The Palm House was
very influential.
Paxton’s Crystal
Palace and Brunel’s
Paddington and
Temple Meads
railway stations
copied the
technology.
(REFERENCE-DISCOVERY CHANNEL)
PRO BL EMS IN PA LM
HOUSE
 To aid the circulation of heat through the house, floor grilles of
perforated iron were laid over the underground hot water pipes
meaning that everything had to be grown in pots and tubs.

 Initially, most plants survived very well in the house and the
growth was lush. However, heating problems plagued the first two
decades of the operation of the house and as John Smith rightly
predicted the basement boiler houses flooded. Fire engines were
installed to pump out the water and later the floor was raised.

 In 1961, the boiler houses were moved to an area behind the

campanile known as the Shaft Yard and the boilers converted to
oil. The campanile was used as a chimney and the tunnel served
as a duct for the heating pipes.
(REFERENCE-:WWW.KEW.ORG)
CRY STAL PAL ACE
THE BE ST G RE EN HOU SE DE SIGN BY JO SEPH PAX TON
JOSEPH PAXTON (1803-
1865)
 Born in 1803 and died in 1865 at 62 years of age.
Sir Joseph Paxton started off as a Gardeners
Boy, after a while he progressed to becoming
Head Gardener for the Duke Of Devonshire. This
was when Joseph started designing large
greenhouses for the Duke of Chatsworth, where
he designed the giant Water Lilly.
 From there the designing of greenhouses was so
successful, that Joseph moved on to designing
the Great Exhibition building, the Crystal Palace,
Palace,
where he used a simple idea to achieve an
economical yet harmless building. After designing
the Crystal Palace, Joseph continued to work on
landscape gardening and laying of public parks.
 A Gardener, Garden Designer and Architect,
Joseph was born in Bedfordshire. He first
designed and made a lake at Battlesdon at the
age of 19. In 1826 he became Gardener to the
6th Duke Of Devonshire at Chiswick House, and
then at Chatsworth. Joseph is known as the
inheritor of ‘London’s Mantle’. Joseph’s greatest
project was the Crystal Palace.
Palace. He also worked
at Birkenhead Park, the Peoples Park in Halifax
and Princess Park in Liverpool.
 (REFERENCE-:WWW.GOOGLE.COM)
CRY STAL PAL ACE
 The Crystal Palace was
one of the most
impressive structures
built during the
Victorian Era and
continues to represent
it in the eyes of many.
It was built in 1851 to
house the Great
Exhibition, the first
World's Fair...
(BY ANDREW SEAN
MURPHY)
HISTO RY OF CRYSTAL
PAL ACE
 One of the hallmarks of the 19th century
were the great World Fairs where the most
powerful countries in the world, especially
England, displayed their wealth and their
latest technological advancements. The
first of these World Fairs was the Great
Exhibition held in London's Hyde park for
six months in 1851.
 Prince Albert and the other organizers of
the event knew that such an impressive
event needed to be housed in an
impressive structure. To that end, they
contracted a gardener named Joseph
Paxton to design an enormous building out
of glass a wrought iron. Paxton had
already designed several large
greenhouses, but in this project he
received engineering help from Charles
Fox.

(WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM)
MA TERI AL U SED IN
CRY STAL PAL ACE
 Supporting columns -: 3,300
 Drainage conduits-: 3,300
 Principal girders-: 2,224
 Patent ‘Paxton’ guttering (wood)-:24 miles
 Glazing bars (wood)-: 205 miles
 Total cast iron-: 3,800 tons
 Total wrought iron -: 700 tons
 Total Timber-: 600,000 cubic feet
 Glass-: 900,000 square feet
CON STR UCTI ON OF
CRY STAL PAL ACE
 A concrete foundation, which still remains beneath the grass of Hyde park,
was used to support the structure, whilst the existing trees were
accommodated inside the building by an offset to the transept of 48 feet.
The building’s floor consisted of temporary palisade timbers used as
floorboards, with large gaps to aid cleaning, which, as it happens, probably
led to the Palace’s final demise .
 The structure was inclined by one inch in every 24 feet to ensure adequate
roof drainage and was constructed using 24 foot ‘modules’, these being
divisible by three or by feet and inches without having to use fractions of an
inch. The glass panes were 10 inches wide, which meant that 28 panes
fitted into each 24 foot module, complete with the necessary glazing bars.
Each pane was 4 foot 1 inch long and covered with white canvas to reduce
the glare from the sun.
 All the cast iron columns were eight inches in diameter, ensuring a
consistent appearance throughout the structure. However, the columns had
various wall thickness, between three-eighths of an inch and one and a
quarter inches, depending on the load that had to be carried, whilst all of the
faces were turned or milled. The transept incorporated an arch of cast iron
segments with wooden ribs.

(REFERENCE-:WHITEFILES.ORG)
AR CHITE CTURA L FE ATU RES
OF CR YSTAL P ALAC E
 At the Crystal Palace, built to house the Great Exhibition in London's Hyde
Park from 1 May until 15 October 1851. It was designed by Joseph Paxton in
just 10 days, and incorporated 10 million feet of glass. The newly opened
railway network allowed materials and men to be brought in from all over the
country, cutting the time it took to build. The period between the final
acceptance of Paxton's design on 26 July 1850 and the opening of the
exhibition on May Day 1851 was only a little over nine months, which rather
puts the Millennium Dome to shame.
The building was designed specifically to impress, and the exhibition it
contained was conceived to celebrate the military, economic and industrial
superiority of Great Britain and its colonies. Some called it the "Palace of the
People" .
 The building was designed to be impressive and in that it succeeded
magnificently. It stood over one hundred feet tall, four hundred feet wide, and
1800 feet long. It was built with the help of over 5,000 workers using over
900,000 square feet of glass. As a gardener, Paxton made sure to put live elm
trees and waterworks inside the building itself. These waterworks were so
extensive that two water towers were built on either end of the building to
store all of the water they needed. It truly deserved the nickname "Crystal
Palace" that Punch magazine bestowed to it.

(REFERENCE-:A WORLD HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE, By MARRIAN

MOFFET,MICHAECLE FAZIO, LAWRENCE WODHOUSE)
HOW CRY STAL PAL ACE
COM E TO AN END
 On the 30th November 1936 a fire broke out at
the Palace.
 A strong south-west wind was blowing. Despite
88 fire engines and numerous fire fighters, only
the Low Level railway station and the water
towers could be saved.
 The fire was so massive that it was visible from
the hills above Brighton.
 ‘glass melted and ran down the terraces and
the iron frame buckled in the heat.
TH E GREEN HO USE AT
LYN DHU RST
 DESIGNER-
ALEXANDER JACKSON

 LOCATION-
LYNDHURST

 DATE-1881

 STYLE-GOTHIC
INTR ODU CTI ON
 The Lyndhurst Greenhouse
dates from 1881, when Jay
Gould, the new owner of the
Hudson River estate, rebuilt
the original greenhouse,
which had been destroyed by
fire the previous year.
Considered the largest
greenhouse in the country,
the rebuilt 380-foot structure
was also the first in the nation
to use metal framing, which,
being slimmer, allowed for
more sunlight than the old
wood-framed version.

(REFERENCE-:QUERY.NYTIMES.COM)
FEA TUR ES
 The Gould metal-and-glass
greenhouse, Ms. Brendel-Pandich
said, represented one of the earliest
American expressions of ''the
Victorian rage'' for flowers and great
glass houses. In its heyday, the
Gould greenhouse, with its 26-foot-
wide central palm court and its 14
separate plant rooms, required a full-
time staff of 16 to tend its grapery
and its mixed-planter houses, its
roses and its orchids and palms, the
last category including 242 varieties.
Jay Gould's orchid collection was
considered one of the most
impressive in the country.

(REFERENCE-:QUERY.NYTIMES.COM)
 ITALI ANATE
GRE EN HOU SE
INTR ODU CTI ON
 The Italianate Greenhouse in King
George VI Memorial Park dates from the
early 19th century and is covered with
fish scale glass, which becomes smaller
towards the top of the structure. The
greenhouse contains three vines, of
considerable age and outside is a further
vine at each end.
(EASTCLIFFRAMSGATE.BLOGSPOT.COM)
ABO UT I TAL IANATE
GREENH OU SE
 Italianate Greenhouse has
been leased to Philip Dadds
Architect and Associates, who
have their offices in the stable
block adjoining the
greenhouse.
 The greenhouse is now one
of the few surviving parts of
the former East Cliff Lodge
Estate, once the home of Sir
Moses and Lady Judith
Montefiore.
(EASTCLIFFRAMSGATE.BLOGSPOT.COM)
EASTCLIFFRAMSGATE.BLOGSPOT.COM)