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HUMAN SOCIETY
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MEANING OF SOCIETY
HUMAN SOCIETY Viewed as a unique and complex society Because of its dynamic features, its capable of improving and developing its structure
PEOPLE Basic component of society Bind themselves together for a long period of time Formulated norms and standards to attain goals
1. Understanding Society
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MEANING OF SOCIETY
SOCIETY
The system of community life in which individuals form a continuous and regulatory association for their mutual benefit and protection (Frank, Wagnalls) Composed of interacting individuals and interacting groups sharing a common culture (Perucci & Knudsen, 1983) A geographical aggregate consisting of individuals who live a common life and of groups interrelated with one another.
1. Understanding Society
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MEANING OF SOCIETY
1. Understanding Society
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1. Understanding Society
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CONFLICT
CONFLICT MODEL Concerned with stresses in society because of competition over scarce resources Focuses on inequalities that are built into social structures rather than those that emerge because of personal characteristics
1. Understanding Society
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INDIVIDUAL
INTERACTION
ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BY OTHER PERSONS
INDIVIDUAL
1. Understanding Society
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MEANING OF SOCIOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY Taken from Latin word SOCIUS (companion or associate) and Greek word LOGOS (study) The study of society, groups, and social behavior (Broom) The scientific study of human society (Hunt)
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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
AUGUST COMTE (1798-1857)
French mathematician and philosopher Proposed Social Physics and changed it to Sociology in 1839 divided into 2:
SOCIAL STATIC How parts of society are held together Social Structure SOCIAL DYNAMIC Analysis of change within parts of society Social Process FOUNDER OF SOCIOLOGY Positive Philosophy
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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
AUGUST COMTE (1798-1857)
POSITIVISM Theological Stage society is an expression of Gods will Metaphysical Stage society is the work of supernatural forces Scientific Stage techniques of observation, comparison, experimentation in the development of knowledge
Leading proponent of Structural-Functional Theory
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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)
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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
KARL MARX (1818-1883)
German philosopher, economist and social activist Regarded private property and capitalism as the root causes of poverty ECONOMIC DETERMINISM and DIALECTIC
Economic Determinism adapting to economic structure The Dialectic haves and have-nots, conflict is the only factor that can bring change to a society
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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1919)
French sociologist
Viewed society as total entity as something more than the sum of its parts Balance between Regulation and Freedom FATALISTIC SUICIDE more regulation, less freedom ANOMIC SUICIDE less regulation, more freedom
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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
MAX WEBER (1864-1920)
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THE EARLY SOCIETY 4 STAGES OF SOCIETYS ORIGIN 1. 2. 3. 4. Hunting and Gathering Societies Horticultural, Fishing and Pastoral Societies Agrarian Societies Industrial Societies
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THE EARLY SOCIETY 1. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES Stone and wood Division of labor is based on age and sex Headman (political leader) Shaman (spiritual leader)
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THE EARLY SOCIETY 2. HORTICULTURAL, FISHING AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES Hand tools and raise crops Started in fertile regions of Middle East and Southeast Asia spreading to Western Europe and China Domestication of plants and animals transformation: a. Producing more food b. Generate material surplus c. Advances in housing technologies d. Efficiency of tools and weapons e. Produce surplus of food
3. The Early Society STDICHOSOJR
THE EARLY SOCIETY 3. AGRARIAN SOCIETIES Dawn of Civilization Major features: a. Animal-drawn plow b. Greater surplus of food c. Money d. Communication and transportation e. Expansion of trade f. Social inequality g. Social power of elite
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THE EARLY SOCIETY 4. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES Sophisticated machinery England 1st industrial nation in the world a. Steam engine, 1765 Automobiles began Industrialism: a. Concentration of urban population b. Rising standard of living c. Occupational specialization d. Advanced health-related technology
3. The Early Society STDICHOSOJR
COMMUNITY
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MEANING OF COMMUNITY COMMUNITY A place where one lives, works and plays Denotes a group occupying a definite territory, living together with families and the neighbourhood Consisting of persons in social interaction within a geographic area and having one or more additional common ties A social group with some degree of we feeling A group of people living in a contiguous geographic area, having a common centers of interest (Osborn)
1. Meaning and Nature of Communities STDICHOSOJR
MEANING OF COMMUNITY COMMUNITY A cluster of people living together within a narrow territorial radius who share a common way of life (Green) A local grouping within which people carry out a full round of life activities (Horton) A social organization that is territorially localized and through which its members satisfy most of their daily needs and deal with most of their common problems (Olsen, 1968)
1. Meaning and Nature of Communities STDICHOSOJR
MEANING OF COMMUNITY COMMUNITY A process or a movement toward unity in the system of social life, an on-going movement, which is never completed or finished (Martindale, 1984)
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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY PEOPLE Basic component of society TERRITORY A definite area occupied by people INTERACTION Day-to-day encounter with the other members COMMON VALUES Common standard of proper behavior
1. Meaning and Nature of Communities STDICHOSOJR
BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 1. FAMILY 2. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION 3. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INSTITUTION 4. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
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BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS FAMILY Basic unit, most important and oldest institution United by bonds of love and affection Provides foundation of society Filipino family is large and functionally extended Primarily responsible for the propagation of overdependence of the members
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BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION Universal institution Religion is believed to originated from mans need to explain the world and the phenomena around him Religion unified system of beliefs and practices Philippine Catholicism combination of catholic beliefs and indigenous practices of Filipinos Fiesta celebrating patron saints, an occasion where you meet old friends and new acquaintances
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MEANING OF RURAL COMMUNITY RURAL COMMUNITY Barrio a rural community where people earn their livelihood through agriculture, fishing and household industries Rural areas are all barrios and municipalities except those of the provincial capital (Bureau of Census and Statistics) Barrio is the politico-geographic unit into which the municipality (sub-unit of the province) is divided (Abueva)
2. Rural Community
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MEANING OF RURAL COMMUNITY RURAL COMMUNITY Barrios are communities with a population not more than 1 thousand Rural communities usually have small population and wider geographical area
2. Rural Community
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PHILIPPINES RURAL COMMUNITY Philippines is composed of: 16 administrative regions 73 provinces 60 cities 152 municipalities 40,904 barangays
2. Rural Community
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3. Urban Community
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CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN COMMUNITY Population densities are high Secondary type of relationship Impersonal, formal, and objective Widely divergent group of people Anonymity on part of urban dwellers
3. Urban Community
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3. Urban Community
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3. Urban Community
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MEANING OF GROUP
MEANING OF GROUP
GROUP A collection of individuals characterized by: Communication through words, gestures, etc. Recognition of one another as members Theres specialized roles in activities
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MEANING OF GROUP
INTERACTION essence of group life reciprocal contact Inter-stimulation Response between 2 or more persons
3 RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIPS Person to person Person to group Group to group
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DISTINGUISED GROUPS
AGGREGATE People who are temporarily clustered together on the same location Exs. People waiting for a ride, shoppers, etc.
CATEGORY People who share a common characteristic but do not interact Exs. Gays, Filipinos, dorm residents, etc. COLLECTIVITY People interacting with each other which is short-lived Exs. El Shaddai gatherings, mass demonstrations, etc.
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According to Cartwright and Zander: FORMATION OF GROUPS The desire to achieve an objective To meet the needs of the individual member People are treated alike by others 1. Meaning, Nature and Characteristics of Group STDICHOSOJR
CLASSIFICATIONS OF GROUPS
Sometimes, association happens by accident - Estoque
PRIMARY GROUP Formulated by Charley Horton Cooley Extremely important unit of social organization Necessary part of social life CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY GROUP Personal and intimate relationship Face-to-face communication Permanence Strong sense of loyalty Small in size Informality Traditional or non-rational decision-making
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF GROUPS
SECONDARY GROUP Formal, large and impersonal Clearly defined, limited purpose Meet a specific need or fulfil a particular function CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY GROUP Large Personal and aloof relationship Indirect communication Temporary duration Weak group cohesiveness Self-interest Rational decision-making Formality
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GROUP BOUNDARIES
Developed by William Graham Sumner:
IN-GROUP Esteemed social group OUT-GROUP Scorned social group
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COMPETITION When individuals or groups struggle to reach the same goals Regulated by shared rules CONFLICT When 2 or more groups consciously seek other to block one another in achieving a desired goal or to defeat Not regulated by shared rules
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