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SOCIOLOGY

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HUMAN SOCIETY
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MEANING OF SOCIETY
HUMAN SOCIETY Viewed as a unique and complex society Because of its dynamic features, its capable of improving and developing its structure
PEOPLE Basic component of society Bind themselves together for a long period of time Formulated norms and standards to attain goals

1. Understanding Society

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MEANING OF SOCIETY
SOCIETY
The system of community life in which individuals form a continuous and regulatory association for their mutual benefit and protection (Frank, Wagnalls) Composed of interacting individuals and interacting groups sharing a common culture (Perucci & Knudsen, 1983) A geographical aggregate consisting of individuals who live a common life and of groups interrelated with one another.

1. Understanding Society

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MEANING OF SOCIETY

Philippine society is composed of 87 million Filipinos occupying 300,000 sq.km. of territory


Social groups may be families, communities, economic, political, religious organizations, ethnic groups, and other types of formal and informal groups A systematic network of social relations and it is the venue where the dynamics of cooperation and conflict occurs

1. Understanding Society

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SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIETY


STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE Also known as Consensus Theory Addresses the question of social organization and how it is maintained STABILITY, ORDER, MAINTENANCE OF A sociologist of this theory tries to HARMONY SOCIETY identify the structures of society and how they function. FUNCTIONALISM Emphasizes stability, harmony, Views social organizations as a system evolution composed of interrelated parts
Attempts to determine social functions or what the parts contribute to one another and the system as a whole
SOCIAL STRUCTURE (provide pre-set patterns which evolved to meet human needs)

1. Understanding Society

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SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIETY


CONFLICT THEORY Addresses the point of stress and conflict in society and the way they contribute to social change Conflict theorists view it as political instrument used by wealthy and powerful to protect and extend their own privileges (Delton, 1985)

SOCIAL STRUCTURES (produce patterns of inequality in the distribution of scarce resources)

CONFLICT

CONFLICT MODEL Concerned with stresses in society because of competition over scarce resources Focuses on inequalities that are built into social structures rather than those that emerge because of personal characteristics

REORGANIZATION AND CHANGE

1. Understanding Society

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SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIETY


SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION PERSPECTIVE Addresses subjective meanings of human acts and processes through which people come to develop and communicate shared meanings Face-to-face communication

INDIVIDUAL

INTERACTION
ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BY OTHER PERSONS

INDIVIDUAL

1. Understanding Society

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MEANING OF SOCIOLOGY

SOCIOLOGY Taken from Latin word SOCIUS (companion or associate) and Greek word LOGOS (study) The study of society, groups, and social behavior (Broom) The scientific study of human society (Hunt)

2. The Nature of Studying Society

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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
AUGUST COMTE (1798-1857)

French mathematician and philosopher Proposed Social Physics and changed it to Sociology in 1839 divided into 2:
SOCIAL STATIC How parts of society are held together Social Structure SOCIAL DYNAMIC Analysis of change within parts of society Social Process FOUNDER OF SOCIOLOGY Positive Philosophy

2. The Nature of Studying Society

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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
AUGUST COMTE (1798-1857)

POSITIVISM Theological Stage society is an expression of Gods will Metaphysical Stage society is the work of supernatural forces Scientific Stage techniques of observation, comparison, experimentation in the development of knowledge
Leading proponent of Structural-Functional Theory

2. The Nature of Studying Society

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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)

British philosopher and scientist


Advanced the thesis that evolution accounts for the development of social and natural life Society is like a living organism with parts working together in order to survive Best known for SOCIAL EVOLUTION

2. The Nature of Studying Society

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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
KARL MARX (1818-1883)

German philosopher, economist and social activist Regarded private property and capitalism as the root causes of poverty ECONOMIC DETERMINISM and DIALECTIC
Economic Determinism adapting to economic structure The Dialectic haves and have-nots, conflict is the only factor that can bring change to a society

2. The Nature of Studying Society

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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1919)

French sociologist
Viewed society as total entity as something more than the sum of its parts Balance between Regulation and Freedom FATALISTIC SUICIDE more regulation, less freedom ANOMIC SUICIDE less regulation, more freedom

2. The Nature of Studying Society

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EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGY
MAX WEBER (1864-1920)

German economist, historian and philosopher


Verstehen Sociology emphasizes subjective meaning of human actions; verstehen is German for understanding Believed that we are moving towards a bureaucratic society based on common acceptance or reason and legal rules

2. The Nature of Studying Society

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THE EARLY SOCIETY 4 STAGES OF SOCIETYS ORIGIN 1. 2. 3. 4. Hunting and Gathering Societies Horticultural, Fishing and Pastoral Societies Agrarian Societies Industrial Societies

3. The Early Society

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THE EARLY SOCIETY 1. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES Stone and wood Division of labor is based on age and sex Headman (political leader) Shaman (spiritual leader)

3. The Early Society

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THE EARLY SOCIETY 2. HORTICULTURAL, FISHING AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES Hand tools and raise crops Started in fertile regions of Middle East and Southeast Asia spreading to Western Europe and China Domestication of plants and animals transformation: a. Producing more food b. Generate material surplus c. Advances in housing technologies d. Efficiency of tools and weapons e. Produce surplus of food
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THE EARLY SOCIETY 3. AGRARIAN SOCIETIES Dawn of Civilization Major features: a. Animal-drawn plow b. Greater surplus of food c. Money d. Communication and transportation e. Expansion of trade f. Social inequality g. Social power of elite
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THE EARLY SOCIETY 4. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES Sophisticated machinery England 1st industrial nation in the world a. Steam engine, 1765 Automobiles began Industrialism: a. Concentration of urban population b. Rising standard of living c. Occupational specialization d. Advanced health-related technology
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COMMUNITY

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MEANING OF COMMUNITY COMMUNITY A place where one lives, works and plays Denotes a group occupying a definite territory, living together with families and the neighbourhood Consisting of persons in social interaction within a geographic area and having one or more additional common ties A social group with some degree of we feeling A group of people living in a contiguous geographic area, having a common centers of interest (Osborn)
1. Meaning and Nature of Communities STDICHOSOJR

MEANING OF COMMUNITY COMMUNITY A cluster of people living together within a narrow territorial radius who share a common way of life (Green) A local grouping within which people carry out a full round of life activities (Horton) A social organization that is territorially localized and through which its members satisfy most of their daily needs and deal with most of their common problems (Olsen, 1968)
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MEANING OF COMMUNITY COMMUNITY A process or a movement toward unity in the system of social life, an on-going movement, which is never completed or finished (Martindale, 1984)

1. Meaning and Nature of Communities

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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY PEOPLE Basic component of society TERRITORY A definite area occupied by people INTERACTION Day-to-day encounter with the other members COMMON VALUES Common standard of proper behavior
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BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 1. FAMILY 2. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION 3. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INSTITUTION 4. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

1. Meaning and Nature of Communities

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BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS FAMILY Basic unit, most important and oldest institution United by bonds of love and affection Provides foundation of society Filipino family is large and functionally extended Primarily responsible for the propagation of overdependence of the members

1. Meaning and Nature of Communities

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BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION Universal institution Religion is believed to originated from mans need to explain the world and the phenomena around him Religion unified system of beliefs and practices Philippine Catholicism combination of catholic beliefs and indigenous practices of Filipinos Fiesta celebrating patron saints, an occasion where you meet old friends and new acquaintances

1. Meaning and Nature of Communities

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MEANING OF RURAL COMMUNITY RURAL COMMUNITY Barrio a rural community where people earn their livelihood through agriculture, fishing and household industries Rural areas are all barrios and municipalities except those of the provincial capital (Bureau of Census and Statistics) Barrio is the politico-geographic unit into which the municipality (sub-unit of the province) is divided (Abueva)

2. Rural Community

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MEANING OF RURAL COMMUNITY RURAL COMMUNITY Barrios are communities with a population not more than 1 thousand Rural communities usually have small population and wider geographical area

2. Rural Community

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CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL COMMUNITY


Relatively small People are homogenous biologically, socially, culturally Has high degree of self-sufficiency, group identity and unity Establish mutual relationship Presence of dominant activity
RURAL POPULATION 51.4% of total population URBAN POPULATION 48.6% of total population (as of 1990)

PHILIPPINES RURAL COMMUNITY Philippines is composed of: 16 administrative regions 73 provinces 60 cities 152 municipalities 40,904 barangays
2. Rural Community

BARRIOS considered as the backbone of the nation

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MEANING OF URBAN COMMUNITY


URBAN COMMUNITY A number of people are not engaged in the collection or production of food Urban quality of life that is typically found in cities 1. URBANIZATION process of concentrating people within relatively small geographic area 2. URBANISM a way of life found in cities with complex of traits like high degree of impersonalism, cultural heterogeneity, etc. 3. CITY a place characterized by a certain quality of life 4. SUBURB an outlying part of the city

3. Urban Community

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CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN COMMUNITY Population densities are high Secondary type of relationship Impersonal, formal, and objective Widely divergent group of people Anonymity on part of urban dwellers

3. Urban Community

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URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES


CONCENTRATION Movement of people towards an area where conditions enable them to live the way they want to be CENTRALIZATION Centering of basic functions around the city DECENTRALIZATION Movement of people away from the cities SPECIALIZATION Sorting out of uses, functions and other types of activities in the urban areas SEGREGATION Concentration of certain types of people or activities within a particular area

INVASION Entrance of new population or facilities into an already occupied area

3. Urban Community

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THEORIES OF URBAN GROWTH


1. CONCENTRIC CIRCLE THEORY Cities follows a process of expansion in which population flows from the center in a circular pattern ZONE I CBD, downtown or central business zone
ZONE II zone in transition

ZONE III zone of workingmens homes


ZONE IV residential zone

ZONE V commuters zone


3. Urban Community STDICHOSOJR

THEORIES OF URBAN GROWTH


2. SECTOR NUCLEI THEORY Proposed by Homer Hoyt (1939) Geographic factors and man-made factors like transportation routes produce sectors in wedge shapes extending outward from the center of the city
3. MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY Proposed by Harris and Ulman Land use within the city is organized around a district nuclei or center, each having its own function As the city increases in size, the number of nuclei correspondingly increased in number each specializing in specific activities 3. Urban Community STDICHOSOJR

GEMEINSCHAFT AND GESSELSCHAFT


Developed by Ferdinand Toennies
GEMEINSCHAFT Intimate, private and exclusive living and familism Mechanical Solidarity GESSELSCHAFT It is the public life or the world itself Impersonal, formal, rational, businesslike and contractual Organic Solidarity

3. Urban Community

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THE SOCIAL GROUP & GROUP INTERACTION


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MEANING OF GROUP

People do not live as isolated creatures - Estoque


GROUP 2 or more people who identify with one another and have a distinctive pattern of interaction People connected in a network of social relationships guided by set of norms Consists of 2 or more people who interact on the basis of a shared social structure and recognize mutual dependency A specified number of individuals where each recognizes members from non-members
1. Meaning, Nature and Characteristics of Group STDICHOSOJR

MEANING OF GROUP

GROUP A collection of individuals characterized by: Communication through words, gestures, etc. Recognition of one another as members Theres specialized roles in activities

1. Meaning, Nature and Characteristics of Group

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MEANING OF GROUP

INTERACTION essence of group life reciprocal contact Inter-stimulation Response between 2 or more persons
3 RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIPS Person to person Person to group Group to group

1. Meaning, Nature and Characteristics of Group

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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP


According to Joseph Fichter
Has identity Has social structure Each member has roles to play Theres mutual reciprocity Has norms of behaviour Has goal or purpose Directed towards attainment of goals Has relative permanence

1. Meaning, Nature and Characteristics of Group

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DISTINGUISED GROUPS
AGGREGATE People who are temporarily clustered together on the same location Exs. People waiting for a ride, shoppers, etc.
CATEGORY People who share a common characteristic but do not interact Exs. Gays, Filipinos, dorm residents, etc. COLLECTIVITY People interacting with each other which is short-lived Exs. El Shaddai gatherings, mass demonstrations, etc.

1. Meaning, Nature and Characteristics of Group

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IMPORTANCE & FORMATION OF GROUPS


IMPORTANCE OF GROUPS Major source of solidarity and cohesion Strengthens our integration into society Shares basic survival and problem-solving techniques Gives meaning and support to an individual

According to Cartwright and Zander: FORMATION OF GROUPS The desire to achieve an objective To meet the needs of the individual member People are treated alike by others 1. Meaning, Nature and Characteristics of Group STDICHOSOJR

CLASSIFICATIONS OF GROUPS
Sometimes, association happens by accident - Estoque
PRIMARY GROUP Formulated by Charley Horton Cooley Extremely important unit of social organization Necessary part of social life CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY GROUP Personal and intimate relationship Face-to-face communication Permanence Strong sense of loyalty Small in size Informality Traditional or non-rational decision-making

2. Group Classification and Boundaries

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF GROUPS
SECONDARY GROUP Formal, large and impersonal Clearly defined, limited purpose Meet a specific need or fulfil a particular function CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY GROUP Large Personal and aloof relationship Indirect communication Temporary duration Weak group cohesiveness Self-interest Rational decision-making Formality

2. Group Classification and Boundaries

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GROUP BOUNDARIES
Developed by William Graham Sumner:
IN-GROUP Esteemed social group OUT-GROUP Scorned social group

2. Group Classification and Boundaries

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TYPES OF GROUP BOUNDARIES

FORMAL BOUNDARY Determined by pre-determined criteria

INFORMAL BOUNDARY Determined by non-specific criteria

ETHNOCENTRISM Overvalue ones own group Undervalue other cultures as out-group

2. Group Classification and Boundaries

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PROCESS OF GROUP INTERACTION

COOPERATION When people work together to achieve shared goals

COMPETITION When individuals or groups struggle to reach the same goals Regulated by shared rules CONFLICT When 2 or more groups consciously seek other to block one another in achieving a desired goal or to defeat Not regulated by shared rules

3. The Process of Group Interaction

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6 FACTORS AFFECTING SMALL GROUP INTERACTION


1. SIZE Smaller size of group, higher interaction Bigger size of group, lesser interaction 2. PROXIMITY Closer the distance, more interaction Farther the distance, lesser interaction 3. COMMUNICATION PATTERN Interaction can be facilitated or retarded by patterns All Channel Network Circle Pattern Wheel Pattern
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FACTORS AFFECTING SMALL GROUP INTERACTION


3.1. ALL CHANNEL NETWORK Each person can interact with every other person
3.2. CIRCLE PATTERN Interaction is reduced 3.3. WHEEL PATTERN Not only is interaction reduced, but also a single pivotal individual gains greater power in the group

3. The Process of Group Interaction

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FACTORS AFFECTING SMALL GROUP INTERACTION


4. COHESION Degree of attraction members feel to the group
5. SOCIAL CONTROL Small groups rarely have access to legal or formal sanctions 6. DECISION-MAKING Groups strive to reach consensus Decisions are agreeable to every member

3. The Process of Group Interaction

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IMPORTANCE OF GROUP SIZE RELATIONSHIP


Focused by George Simmel:
DYAD Social group with 2 members Less stable than groups with many members Social interaction is more intense TRIAD Social group with 3 members Gives stability not found in dyad

3. The Process of Group Interaction

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