Op-Amps Applications

1. Voltage to current converters,

2. Current to voltage converters,
3. Instrument Amplifiers,
4. Sample-Hold circuits,
5. Active Low-pass Filter
6. Schmitt Trigger Comparator

x I
v Ri =
x
v
(Trans-resistance amplifier)
(Trans-conductance amplifier)
Practical Op Amp Limitations
Finite gain
Finite input impedance
Out put impedance is not zero
Input bias current is not zero
Band width is limited
Common mode rejection ratio is limited
1
1
o d
I o o d
i a R r
A
v R a r R r r
| |

= =
|
+ + +
\ .
( )( )
|| 1
o d o
R R r a r = + +
0
I D L o O D
v v v r i av + + =
( )
0
I D D d O
v v R v r i =
Eliminating v
D
At output loop
At node x.
r o
Load
r d
R
v I av D
v L
i o
v D
x
R 3
R 4
R 1
R 2
R O
v t
v t
v t
i t
4 3
0
t x t
v v v
R R

+ =
2 1
t x t
t
v v v
i
R R

= +
x
v
2
2 1 4 3
t
O
t
v R
R
i R R R R
= =

Output Resistance
Difference Amplifier and Common-Mode
Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
A(or A
dm
) = differential-mode gain
A
cm
= common-mode gain
v
id
= differential-mode input voltage
v
ic
= common-mode input voltage
A real amplifier responds to signal
common to both inputs, called the
common-mode input voltage (v
ic
).
In general,


v
o
= A
dm
v
id
+
A
cm
v
ic
A
dm
|
\




|
.
|
|
|
|
= A
dm
v
id
+
v
ic
CMRR
|
\



|
.
|
|
|
CMRR=
A
dm
A
cm

and CMRR(dB)=20log
10
(CMRR)
An ideal amplifier has A
cm
= 0, but for a
real amplifier,
2
1
id
v
ic
v v + =
2
2
id
v
ic
v v =

v
o
= A
dm
(v
1
v
2
)+A
cm
v
1
+v
2
2
|
\



|
.
|
|
|
v
o
= A
dm
(v
id
)+A
cm
(v
ic
)
( )
( )
4 1 2
2
2 1
1 3 4 1
o
R R R
R
v v v
R R R R
+
=
+
x
v
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 1 2 4 1 2
2 2
1 3 4 1 1 3 4 1
1
2
o dm cm
R R R R R R
R R
v v v
R R R R R R R R
( ( + +
= +
( (
+ +

Difference Amplifier: Example
Problem: Determine v
o

Given Data: R
1
= 10kO, R
2
=100kO, v
1
=5 V, v
2
=3 V
Assumptions: Ideal op amp. Hence, v
-
= v
+
and i
-
= i
+
= 0.
Analysis: Using dc values,


A
dm
=
R
2
R
1
=
100kO
10kO
=10
V
o
= A
dm
V
1
V
2
|
\


|
.
|
|
=10(53)
V
o
=20.0 V
Here A
dm
is called the differential mode voltage gain of the difference amplifier.
Finite Common-Mode Rejection Ratio:
Example
Problem: Find output voltage error introduced by finite CMRR.
Given Data: A
dm
= 2500, CMRR = 80 dB, v
1
= 5.001 V, v
2
= 4.999 V
Assumptions: Op amp is ideal, except for CMRR. Here, a CMRR in dB of
80 dB corresponds to a CMRR of 10
4
.
Analysis:







The output error introduced by finite CMRR is 25% of the expected ideal
output.

5.001V 4.999V=0.002V
5.001V 4.999V
5.000V
2
5.000
2500 0.002 V 6.25V
CMRR 4
10
In the "ideal" case, 5.00 V
v
id
v
ic
v
ic
v A v
o
dm id
v A v
o dm id
| | | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
=
+
= =
= + = + =
= =


% output error=
6.255.00
5.00
100%=25%
uA741 CMRR Test: Differential Gain
Differential Gain A
dm
= 5 V/5 mV = 1000
uA741 CMRR Test: Common Mode Gain
Common Mode Gain A
cm
= 160 mV/5 V = .032
CMRR Calculation for uA741
( )
4
10
1000
CMRR 3.125 10
.032
CMRR(dB) 20log CMRR 89.9 dB
dm
cm
A
A
= = =
= =
1
v
2
v
x
v
x
v
2
( )
2 1
1
R
v v v
o
o o
R
=
( )
1
1 2
3 2 3
1 2 1
0
G
R
v v v
o
R R R R
| |
+ =
|
|
\ .
2
3
2
1 ( )
2 1
1
G
R
R
v v v
o
R
R
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
= +
1
v
2
v
x
v
x
v
2 1
2
3 3
1 1
0
o
G G
v v
v
R R R R
| |
+ =
|
|
\ .
1 2
1
3 3
1 1
0
o
G G
v v
v
R R R R
| |
+ =
|
|
\ .
1
( )
2 1
2
R
v v v
o
o o
R
=
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3
1 1 1 1
0
o o
G G
v v v v v v
R R R R
| |
+ + =
|
|
\ .
Instrumentation Amplifier
Combines 2 non-inverting amplifiers
with the difference amplifier to
provide higher gain and higher input
resistance.
)
b
v
a
(v
3
4
v =
R
R
o
b
v
2
i )
1
i(2
2
i
a
v = R R R
1
2
2
v
1
v
i
R

=
)
2
v
1
(v
1
2
1
3
4
v + =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
R
R
R
R
o
Ideal input resistance is infinite
because input current to both op
amps is zero. The CMRR is
determined only by Op Amp 3.
NOTE
Instrumentation Amplifier: Example
Problem: Determine V
o

Given Data: R
1
= 15 kO, R
2
= 150 kO, R
3
= 15 kO, R
4
= 30 kO V
1
= 2.5 V, V
2
=
2.25 V
Assumptions: Ideal op amp. Hence, v
-
= v
+
and i
-
= i
+
= 0.
Analysis: Using dc values,

150k
30k
2
4
1 1 22
( )
15k
15k
1 2
1
3
( ) 22(2.5 2.25) 5.50V
1 2
R
R
v
o
A
dm v v
R
R
V A V V
o
dm
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
\ .
\ .
=
O
O
= + = + =

O
O
= = =
exercise
Exercise 1
Find V
O
?
exercise
Exercise 2
Find V
2
and V
3
?
exercise
Exercise 3
Find V
O
?
exercise
Exercise 4
Find V
O
?
Cascaded Amplifiers
Connecting several amplifiers in cascade (output of one stage connected to
the input of the next) can meet design specifications not met by a single
amplifier.
Each amplifer stage is built using an op amp with parameters A, R
id
, R
o
,
called open loop parameters, that describe the op amp with no external
elements.
A
v
, R
in
, R
out
are closed loop parameters that can be used to describe each
closed-loop op amp stage with its feedback network, as well as the overall
composite (cascaded) amplifier.
Fig. 2.35
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
ref
R v
R R V
o
o
+
=
+ +
( )
( )
1 2
1 1
1
1
ref ref
R v v R
R R R R V V
o
o
+
= +
+ + +
( ) ( )
1 2 1
1 1
2
ref ref
v v RR
V V
R R R R R
o
o
=
+ + +
Analysis
( )
1 2 1
1
||
ref
v v R R
R R R V
o
o

=
+ +
( )
1 2 1
1 1
2 2
2
1
ref
v v RR
V
R R RR R R R
o
o

=
+ + + +
( )
1 2
1 1
2 1
1
V
ref
v v
R R R R R R
o
o
=
+ + + +
( )
( )
1 2
1 1 1
2 1 2
1 1
o ref ref
v A v v A V A V
R R R R R R R R R R
o o
o
= = ~
+ + + + + +
2
1 ref
v R
R R V
=
+
Example 2.12
Let the transducer of fig. 2.35 be the Pt RTD (platinum resistance temperature detector)
and equal to 100 ohm with temperatur coefficient of 0.00392 per
o
C and let Vref =15 V.
(a) specify values of R
1
and A suitable for achieving an output sensitivity of 0.1 V/
o
C near
0
o
C. to avoid self-heating in the RTD, limit its power dissipation to less than 0.2 mW. (b)
Compute vo (100
o
C) and estimate the equivalent error, in degrees Celsius, in making the
approximation of Equation.
The Active Low-pass Filter
Use a phasor approach to gain analysis of
this inverting amplifier. Let s = je.


A
v
=
v
o
( je)
v ( je)
=
Z
2
( je)
Z
1
( je)


Z
1
je
( )
=R
1


Z
2
( je)=
R
2
1
jeC
R
2
+
1
jeC
=
R
2
jeCR
2
+1


A
v
=
R
2
R
1
1
(1+ jeCR
2
)
=
R
2
R
1
e
jt
(1+
je
e
c
)


e
c
=2tf
c
=
1
R
2
C
f
c
=
1
2tR
2
C
f
c
is called the high frequency cutoff of
the low-pass filter.
Active Low-pass Filter (continued)

At frequencies below f
c
(f
H
in the
figure),

the amplifier is an
inverting amplifier with gain set
by the ratio of resistors R
2
and
R
1
.
At frequencies above f
c
, the
amplifier response rolls off at
-20dB/decade.
Notice that cutoff frequency
and gain can be independently
set.


A
v
=
R
2
R
1
e
jt
(1+
je
e
c
)
|
\







|
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
R
2
R
1
1
2
+
e
e
c
|
\




|
.
|
|
|
|
2
e
jt
e
jtan
1
(e/e
c
)
|
\






|
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
R
2
R
1
1+
e
e
c
|
\




|
.
|
|
|
|
2
e
j[t tan
1
(e/e
c
)]
magnitude phase
Active Low-pass Filter: Example
Problem: Design an active low-pass filter
Given Data: A
v
= 40 dB, R
in
= 5 kO, f
H
= 2 kHz
Assumptions: Ideal op amp, specified gain represents the desired
low-frequency gain.
Analysis:
Input resistance is controlled by R
1
and voltage gain is set by R
2
/ R
1
.
The cutoff frequency is then set by C.




The closest standard capacitor value of 160 pF lowers cutoff
frequency to 1.99 kHz.
100
dB 20 / dB 40
10 = =
v
A
O = = k 5
1 in
R R


A
v
=
R
2
R
1
R
2
=100R
1
=500kO


C=
1
2tf
H
R
2
=
1
2t(2kHz)(500kO)
=159pF
and
Low-pass Filter Example PSpice Simulation
Output Voltage Amplitude in dB
Output Voltage Amplitude in Volts (V) and Phase in Degrees (d)
non-linear application:schmitt trigger
V V
V t V V
and V V state initial with
V V V and R R assume
V
R R
R
V
S
o
EE CC f
O
f
5 . 7 ) 15 (
2
1
sin 10
15
15
1
1
1
= =
= =
=
= = =
+
=
+

+
e
Non-linear application
Schmitt Trigger (Pemicu Schmitt)
(a) Transfer Characteristic of Schmitt Trigger
(c) Output Voltage of Schmitt Trigger
(b) Input Voltage of Schmitt Trigger
1
R
2
R
o
v
i
v
o
v
i
v
non-linear application:schmitt trigger
V V
V t V V
and V V state initial with
V V V and R R assume
V
R R
R
V
S
o
EE CC f
O
f
5 . 7 ) 15 (
2
1
sin 10
15
15
1
1
1
= =
= =
=
= = =
+
=
+

+
e
Non-linear application
Schmitt Trigger (Pemicu Schmitt)
V
o
(V)
15
-15
t
V
S
(V)
t
7.5
-7.5
V
o
(V)
V
S
(V)
-7.5 7.5 -10 10
15
-15
(a) Transfer Characteristic of Schmitt Trigger
(c) Output Voltage of Schmitt Trigger
(b) Input Voltage of Schmitt Trigger
non-linear application:schmitt trigger
V V
V t V V
and V V state initial with
V V V and R R assume
V
R R
R
V
S
o
EE CC f
O
f
5 . 7 ) 15 (
2
1
sin 10
15
15
1
1
1
= =
= =
=
= = =
+
=
+

+
e
Non-linear application
Schmitt Trigger (Pemicu Schmitt)
(a) Transfer Characteristic of Schmitt Trigger
(c) Output Voltage of Schmitt Trigger
1
R
2
R
o
v
i
v
o
v
i
v
Examples and Problems
Examples: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13
Problems: 2.5, 2.14, 2.28, 2,39, 2,49, 2.50.
Assignment # 03
Problems: 1.8, 1.16, 1.31, 1.43, 1.53, 1.60, 2.14, 2.28, 2,39, 2.50.