Lymphatic System

by: Mohamad Taufik Hidayat b. Baharuldin Unit of Physiology, Department of Human Anatomy, FPSK, UPM

- Sistem limfatik mewakili satu jalan tambahan ; melaluinya cecair berlebihan dlm ruang interstitial (ruang antara sel) dikembalikan ke edaran sistemik - Juga ia mengangkut protein & molekul besar yang tidak dapat diserap secara langsung ke dalam kapilari

- Sistem limfatik bukan satu sistem/ litar tertutup; wujud dead end

- Ia dibina oleh rangkaian salur bdinding nipis yang membawa cecair jernih cecair limfa - Tiada pam pusat but each segment of the lymphatic vessels function as a separate automatic pump

Dead end capillary Highly permeable

Secara umum sistem limfa mempunyai 4 fungsi utama :

(1) Mengumpul cecair & protein berlebihan dalam cecair interstitial masuk ke aliran darah

(2) Mengangkut lemak di usus kecil (Sistem Percernaan)

(3) Musnahkan mikro-organisma dan bahan asing

(4) Menyediakan perlindungan jangka masa panjang dari mikro-organisma dan bahan asing

Struktur
Kapilari limfatik

Fungsi
mengumpul cecair berlebihan dari tisu

Salur limfatik (collecting vessels)

mbawa cecair limfa dari kapilari limfatik ke salur vena di leher

Nodus limfa

situated along collecting lymphatic vessels; filter foreign material from lymph ***

Tonsils

musnahkan agen asing di bhgn atas salur respiratori & sistem pencernaan

Struktur
Kelenjar timus

Fungsi
membentuk antibodi pada bayi; berperanan dalam perkembangan sistem imun

Nodul limfa terkumpul

Respons terhadap antigen yg hadir dalam usus hasilkan antibodi

The Immune System

The Immune System

Non-specific defenses

Specific defenses

1st line

Immune response @ immunity

2nd line

Cell-mediated immune response (CMIR)

Antibodymediated immune response (AMIR)

Non-specific defenses
1st line defense - Skin & Mucous membranes Skin
- Outer layer of the skin-epidermis - Physical barrier from entering body - Shedding epidermis surface- remove microbiology - Normal flora will restrict growth of bad/dangerous microorganisms

Mucous membranes
- Nasal passages, mouth, lungs, digestive system & reproductive system - Stickiness mucus traps many microorganism, prevents from entering the tissues - Mucous membranes of the nose has mucus-coated hairs that trap & filter microbes, dust & pollutants from inhaled air - Mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract contains cilia, waving action propels inhaled dust & microbes that trapped in mucus toward the throat - Coughing & sneezing accelerate movement of mucus & its entrapped pathogens out of the body

- Lacrimal apparatus : manufacture tears to drain away irritants - Saliva : washes microbes from the surface of the teeth

- Defecation & vomiting expel microbes : diarrhea rapidly expels many microbes

- Gastric juice: produced by the glands of the stomach is a mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus. The strong acidity destroy many bacterial & most bacterial toxin

Non-specific defenses
2nd line defense - Internal defenses
- When pathogens penetrate the physical & chemical barrier, they encounter a second line of defense: (1)antimicrobial proteins, (2)phagocytes, natural killer cells, (3)inflammation & (4)fever (1) Antimicrobial proteins - Interferons: released from virus-infected cell. Bind to receptor of adjacent cell to produce antiviral proteins. - Complement: plasma proteins that have the ability to enhance both the nonspecific and specific defense systems of the body - Transferrins: inhibit growth of bacteria

- When microbes penetrate skin & mucous membranes or bypass the antimicrobial proteins in blood, the next nonspecific line of defense are

(2) Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytes Natural Killer Cells lymphocytes that have the ability to induce cytolysis, kill a wide variety of infectious microbes & certain tumor cells. Phagocytes perform phagocytosis, ingestion of microbes or other particles e.g. cellular debris. - Two types; neutrophils & monocytes

- Phagocytosis occurs in 6 stages

(3) Inflammation

Tissue damage by punctures, abrasions, burns, foreign objects, infections or toxin

Inflammation of the tissue; Characterized by

redness

pain

heat

swelling

(4) Fever
- Abnormally high body temperature bcoz the hypothalamic thermostat is reset - Bacterial toxins elevate body temperature - Elevated body temperature inhibits the growth of some microbes thru intensifying the effect of interferons