Quan trc mi trng

(Environmental monitoring)
Nguyn Th Thu H
B mn: Cng ngh Mi trng Khoa: Ti nguyn v Mi trng

Ti liu tham kho

Ni dung mn hc
PHN I. CC KHI NIM C BN Chng 1. Quan trc v phn tch mi trng Chng 2. Cc vn lin quan Chng 3. m bo cht lng v kim sot cht lng trong quan trc mi trng PHN II. T CHC THC HIN QUAN TRC MI TRNG Chng 4. Xy dng chng trnh quan trc Chng 5. Phng php ly mu v bo qun Chng 6. Phng php phn tch Chng 7. Phng php x l s liu

Chng 1. Quan trc v phn tch mi trng

Khi nim v mi trng

Mi trng: bao gm cc yu t t nhin v vt cht nhn to bao quanh con ngi, c tc ng n i sng, sn xut, s tn ti v pht trin ca con ngi v sinh vt Mi trng t nhin: bao gm tt c cc yu t l hc, ho hc, cc cht hu c v v c ca kh quyn, thy quyn, thch quyn. Thnh phn mi trng l cc yu t vt cht to thnh mi trng nh t, nc, khng kh, m thanh, nh sng, sinh vt, h sinh thi v cc hnh thi vt cht khc. Mi trng quyt nh cht lng v s tn ti ca cuc sng.

Mi quan h gia cc quyn trong mi trng

1. Khi nim
Quan trc mi trng
Quan trc mi trng l qu trnh thu thp cc thng tin v s tn ti cng nh bin i nng cc cht trong mi trng c ngun gc t thin nhin hay nhn to, qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cc php o lng nhc li nhiu ln v vi mt mu dy v c khng gian v thi gian t c th nh gi cc bin i v xu th cht lng mi trng.

Quan trc mi trng

Theo Lut bo v mi trng 2005, quan trc mi trng l qu trnh theo di c h thng v mi trng, cc yu t tc ng ln mi trng nhm cung cp thng tin phc v nh gi hin trng, din bin cht lng mi trng v cc tc ng xu i vi mi trng. o lng, ghi nhn thng xuyn v ng b cht lng mi trng v cc yu t lin quan n cht lng mi trng (UNEP, 2000) S dng cc phc hp cc bin php khoa hc, cng ngh, k thut nhm thu thp thng tin v mc , hin trng hay xu th cht lng mi trng (Cc Bo v mi trng) Quan trc mi trng ch mt quy trnh lp i lp li cc hot ng quan st v o lng mt hay nhiu thng s cht lng mi trng, c th quan st nhng thay i din ra trong mt giai on thi gian (ESCAP, 1994) Monitoring mi trng l mt qu trnh quan trc v o c thng xuyn vi mc tiu c xc nh i vi mt hoc nhiu ch tiu v tnh cht vt l, ha hc, sinh hc ca cc thnh phn mi trng theo mt k hoch lp sn v thi gian, khng gian, phng php v quy trnh o lng cung cp cc thng tin c bn c tin cy, chnh xc cao v c th lm cn c nh gi din bin cht lng ca mi trng, cng nh so snh trng thi mi trng ni ny vi ni kia (Phm Ngc ng, 2000)

Quan trc mi trng

Nhu cu thng tin mi trng Qun l mi trng o lng lp li

S dng thng tin

Thng tin mi trng

Hin trng v xu th bin i cht lng mi trng

Phn tch mi trng

Phn tch mi trng l s nh gi mi trng t nhin v suy thoi do con ngi cng nh do cc nguyn nhn khc gy ra. y l vn rt quan trng v qua chng ta c th bit c yu t no cn c quan trc v bin php no cn c p dng qun l, gip chng ta trnh khi cc thm ho sinh thi c th xy ra.

Phn tch mi trng

Phn tch p lc pht trin ti mi trng Phn tch trng thi tn ti v thnh phn cc yu t trong mi trng

a ra cc gii php

2. Mc ch
1.
nh gi cc hu qu nhim n sc kho v mi trng sng ca con ngi, v nh vy s xc nh c mi quan h nhn qu ca nng cht nhim. m bo an ton cho vic s dng ti nguyn (khng kh, nc, t, sinh thi.v.v) vo cc mc ch kinh t. thu c cc s liu h thng di dng iu tra c bn cht lng mi trng v cung cp ngn hng d liu cho s dng ti nguyn trong tng lai. nghin cu v nh gi cc cht nhim v h thng tip nhn chng (xu th, kh nng gy nhim). nh gi hiu qu cc bin php kim sot lut php v pht thi. tin hnh cc bin php khn cp ti nhng vng c nhim c bit

2. 3.

4.

5.
6.

3. Vai tr v ngha
Vai tr cung cp thng tin v: Thnh phn, ngun gc, nng /cng cc tc nhn nhim trong mi trng Kh nng nh hng ca cc tc nhn ny trong mi trng D bo xu hng din bin v nng v nh hng ca cc tc nhn nhim ngha: L cng c kim sot cht lng mi trng L cng c kim sot nhim L c s thng tin cho cng ngh mi trng L c s thng tin cho qun l mi trng L mt xch quan trng trong nh gi tc ng mi trng

4. Cc tiu ch s dng
Cht lng mi trng c nh gi bng cc tnh cht l - ho v sinh hc c trng cho cc thnh phn ca mi trng (t, nc, khng kh ) th hin thng qua cc thng s v ch s mi trng. Cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng mi trng ngun gc ca cc cht gy nhim. Tiu chun hoc quy chun mi trng v cht lng t, nc khng kh c quy nh da vo mc tiu s dng hoc quy chun mi trng

4. Cc tiu ch s dng

Ch s mi trng

Ch th mi trng (environmental indicators) l thc o trong tng hp cc thng tin ph hp, lin quan n mt hin tng nht nh Ch s mi trng (environment indices) l tp hp cc thng s c tch hp hoc c nhn vi trng s.

Ch th mi trng

Thng s mi trng

Kch thc s liu(tng lng thng tin)

Mc c ng ca s liu

Thng s mi trng (environmental parameters) L nhng i lng vt l, ha hc, sinh hc c th c trng cho mi trng c kh nng phn nh tnh cht ca mi trng trng thi nghin cu.

Yu cu ca quan trc mi trng

Thnh phn, ngun gc, nng /hm lng/cng cc tc nhn nhim trong mi trng. Kh nng nh hng ca cc tc nhn ny trong mi trng. D bo xu hng din bin v nng v nh hng ca cc nhn t ny. m bo c QA/QC

5. Cc hot ng quan trc

nh gi cht lng bao gm cc hot ng chnh: Kho st (Survey): thc hin trong thi gian ngn (nht thi) bng cch o c v quan st cht lng theo cc mc ch c th Quan trc (Monitoring): thc hin trong thi gian di bng cc php o chun nhm mc ch xc nh trng thi v xu hng bin i ca mi trng Gim st (Surveillance): thc hin lin tc thng qua cc php o xc nh phc v cho mc ch qun l cht lng mi trng v cc hot ng vn hnh Gim st tun th Gim st tc ng

Cc hot ng quan trc

Hot ng nh gi nh gi thng thng 1 2 3 4 Quan trc a mc ch Quan trc xu hng Kho st c bn Phn b khng gian v thi gian ca cht lng nc Theo thi gian nh hng bi cc tc nhn nhim (nng /ti lng) i tng v a im xc nh, phn b khng gian ca chng Mc ch nh gi

Gim st (Gim st tun Theo mc ch c th v theo cc thng s xc nh th v Gim st tc ng) Quan trc nn Kho st nng cao Kho st khn cp Kh st nh hng Kho st m hnh Hm lng nn trong cc nghin cu qu trnh t nhin; s dng cho mc ch tham kho trong nh gi nh hng v im nhim Pht hin cht nhim, kh nng bin ng khng gian v thi gian trc khi thit k trng trnh quan trc Pht hin cht nhim, kh nng phn b khng gian v thi gian phc v cho trc khi thit kt trng trnh quan trc Ly mu gii hn v thi gian v khng gian, thng thng tp trung vo mt vi thng s gn ngun nhim nh gi cht lng nc chuyn su gii hn v thi gian v khng gian v s lng bin. V d: m hnh ph dng, m hnh cn bng oxy Gia trn gii hn cho php ca cht lng nc theo mc ch s dng.

nh gi nng cao 5 6 7 8 9

10 Gim st cnh bo sm

6. Chng trnh quan trc

Chng trnh quan trc bao gm vic theo di c h thng v mi trng, cc yu t tc ng ln mi trng nhm cung cp thng tin phc v nh gi hin trng, din bin cht lng mi trng v cc tc ng xu ti mi trng c thc hin bi h thng cc trm, cc im o c thit lp bi chnh ph, t chc phc v nh gi cht lng mi trng. Chng trnh quan trc, ni cch khc l mt th tc php l bt buc i vi mi hnh thc quan trc v mi i tng mi trng cn quan trc.

H thng quan trc

H thng quan trc mi trng bao gm cc a im quan trc c gi l cc trm, cc phng tin k thut v nhn lc quan st, o c, phn tch, x l thng tin v cht lng mi trng C nhiu cch phn loi h thng quan trc mi trng

Theo quy m khng gian

Theo bn cht i tng mi trng theo di

a phng (LEMS Local Environmental Monitoring System) Quc gia (NEMS National Environmental Monitoring System) Vng, khu vc (REMS Regional Environmental Monitoring System) Ton cu (GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System)
i tng mi trng: t/nc/khng kh (GEMS/Air) i tng cht nhim: trm ma axit, hiu ng nh knh v tng ozon, trm quan trc CFCs

Loi hnh quan trc

m bo tnh h thng Trm quan trc (monitoring station) m bo tnh lin tc (thng nht) Mng li quan trc (monitoring network)

Phn loi trm quan trc

Theo mc tiu thng tin

Trm c s (trm nn) Trm tc ng Trm xu hng

Theo i tng
Trm quan trc mi trng t Trm quan trc mi trng nc (sng/h/ngm/i dng) Trm quan trc mi trng khng kh Trm quan trc chuyn

Theo hnh thc hot ng

Trm c nh Trm di ng Trm gin on Trm lin tc Trm trung tm Trm nhnh

Trm c s (baseline station)

c im: ti khu vc khng b nh hng trc tip ca cc ngun nhim xc nh iu kin mi trng nn Mc ch: Xc nh gi tr nn ca cc yu t mi trng t nhin Kim sot cc tc nhn nhim nhn to Kim sot ngun nhim t bn ngoi trc khi nh hng ti mt khu vc nht nh (bin gii quc gia, khu vc)

Trm tc ng (impact station)

c im: t ti khu vc b tc ng ca con ngi hay khu vc c nhu cu ring bit Mc ch: nh gi tc ng ca con ngi i vi cht lng mi trng Theo di cht lng mi trng ti cc i tng sn xut, kinh doanh (khu cng nghip, bi chn lp rc thi, khu dn c, nh my) Theo di cht lng ngun cp ti nguyn (nc cp sinh hot, nc cp cho sn xut, t sn xut)

Trm xu hng (trend station)

c im: i din tnh cht ca mt vng rng ln, xc nh xu hng bin ng cc yu t mi trng do nhiu nh hng ca con ngi hoc t nhin Mc ch: nh gi xu hng bin i mi trng quy m ton cu, ton khu vc nh gi ti lng cc tc nhn nhim a vo mt i tng mi trng nht nh

Nc mt trn dng chy

Trc trm cp nc 2 3 1 Khu th Khu du lch Sau cng x nc thi

4
Khu cng nghip 5 6 7

Khu nui trng thy sn

Ca bin

H thng quan trc

Hin trng h thng quan trc mi trng trn Th gii: Mi trng khng kh: Ti thiu cc cht kh: SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, O3 v cc loi bi, cc nc pht trin c t nht mt trm c nh quc gia ti mt thnh ph ln Mi trng nc: Ti thiu 11 thng s (Nhit, pH, c, mu, SS, TDS, DO, COD, Cl, Coliform, c). a s cc quc gia pht trin h thng trm o c nh t ng vi s lng ln trn tt c cc sng chnh, v d: Aus: 466/903 sng; TQ: 1430/6500 sng; Thi Lan: 40/92 sng; Nht Bn c 74 con sng c theo di vi tng s hn 8000 trm Mi trng t: Hin nay ch yu nghin cu bng phng tin GIS v bn , cha c quy nh chung.