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Cc phng php ly mu
Chun b ly mu
Cc vn cn chun b trc khi ly mu
Quyt nh mc tin cy ca ton b chng trnh quan trc Quyt nh chng trnh ly mu Quyt nh tng s mu cn ly Quyt nh v tr ly mu v thit b ly mu Quyt nh th tch mu cn ly v dng c bo qun mu Quyt nh phng php bo qun mu Quyt nh phng php phn tch
Chun b ly mu
Kh nng bin ng - Khng gian - Thi gian Mc tiu quan trc - Tuyn quan trc - Xu hng im nng - Sai s cho php Hiu qu/Li ch - Chi ph cho php - Chi ph ly mu - Chi ph phn tch Tnh php l - Tin ch - Kh nng nh gi - Kh nng chp nhn
Chng trnh ly mu
C s xc nh s lng mu
Bc 1. Cn c vo bin ng ca cc yu t mi trng
Thu thp s liu th cp (n)
s2 e t n
quan tm; tiu chun nh gi
Trong :
Sai s cho php ph thuc vo mc tiu quan trc; thng s mi trng cn V nguyn tc, sai s cho php cng nh th s lng mu ly cng ln v ngc
li
S mu cn ly
Cng thc manly (2001)
Trc tin ta phi tnh c mc sai s e
S lng mu cn ly c tnh bng phng trnh sau:
/e n 4s
2
S mu cn ly
Cng thc kim nh fisher (US EPA)
Trc tin ta phi tnh c mc sai s e
S lng mu cn ly c tnh bng phng trnh sau:
n t s /e
2 2
Trong : t: l gi tr kim tra student s2: tng bnh phng n: s mu
10
400
200
8.6
6.4
7.5
V d
pH
DO
Eh
28-03-08 28-04-08 28-05-08 28-06-08 28-07-08 28-08-08 28-09-08 28-10-08 28-11-08 28-12-08
DO 1.61 pH 0.29
60
30
20
40
20
0 28-07-07 28-08-07 28-09-07 28-10-07 28-11-07 28-12-07 28-01-08 28-02-08 28-03-08 28-04-08 28-05-08 28-06-08 28-07-08 28-08-08 28-09-08 28-10-08 28-11-08 28-12-08
10
Eh 56.75
NH4+ 6.53
Amon
Photphat
BOD5
Bi tp 1
Chng ta c tp hp 10 mu c ly ngu nhin ti mt khu vc. Gi tr o ca Pb c trnh by trong bng di y. a. S dng cc phng trnh cung cp trn tnh ton mc sai s.
Mu
Hm lng Pb (ppm)
1
91
8
89
9
85
10
89
95 104 82
95 103 97
b. Nu mc chnh xc thu c bng trn khng th chp nhn v ch cho php sai s ti a l 2 ppm, bao nhiu mu cn c ly mc ngha 0,05?
Bi gii
Mu Pb (xi) ppb Gi tr trung bnh X lch (X xi) Phng sai (X xi)2 1 91 -2 4 2 95 2 4 3 104 4 82 5 95 6 103 93 2 10 4 100 7 97 4 16 8 89 -4 16 9 85 8 64 10 89 -4 16
a. Tnh e
Phng sai s2 = 466/9 = 51,8 e ( mc tin cy 95%) = 2,262(5,18)0.5 = 5,14 ppm
b. S mu cn ly c sai s l 2ppm:
n = (2,262)2 x (51,8)/22 = 66,3 Kt lun s mu cn ly l 67 mu
Bi tp 2
S liu th cp cho thy nng Hg mt khu vc dao ng trong khong 2 20 g/kg v lch chun s = 3,25 g/kg. a. D bo s lng mu ly trong chng trnh kho st mi sao cho sai s ti a cho php thp hn 1 g/kg mc ngha 0,05 ( tin cy 95%) b. D bo s lng mu ly trong chng trnh kho st mi sao cho sai s ti a cho php thp hn 2 g/kg mc ngha 0,05 ( tin cy 95%) c. Nhn xt kt qu thu c.
0.8 20 0.325 0.289 0.277 0.271 0.267 0.265 0.263 0.262 0.261 0.260 0.260 0.259 0.259 0.258 0.258 0.258 0.257 0.257 0.257 0.257 0.257 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.256 0.255 0.255 0.254 0.254 0.253
0.6 40 0.727 0.617 0.584 0.569 0.559 0.553 0.549 0.546 0.543 0.542 0.540 0.539 0.538 0.537 0.536 0.535 0.534 0.534 0.533 0.533 0.532 0.532 0.532 0.531 0.531 0.531 0.531 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.529 0.528 0.527 0.526 0.524
0.4 60 1.376 1.061 0.978 0.941 0.920 0.906 0.896 0.889 0.883 0.879 0.876 0.873 0.870 0.868 0.866 0.865 0.863 0.862 0.861 0.860 0.859 0.858 0.858 0.857 0.856 0.856 0.855 0.855 0.854 0.854 0.851 0.849 0.848 0.845 0.842
0.2 80 3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.310 1.303 1.299 1.296 1.289 1.282
0.1 90 6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746 1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.697 1.684 1.676 1.671 1.658 1.645
0.05 95 12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 2.042 2.021 2.009 2.000 1.980 1.960
0.02 98 31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.457 2.423 2.403 2.390 2.358 2.327
0.01 99 63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.750 2.704 2.678 2.660 2.617 2.576
Phn b cc yu t mi trng
3.
4. 5.
Phn b ngu nhin Phn b ng u Phn b hp nhm Phn b theo phn lp Phn b theo gradien
bng mc ng v chnh xc ca s liu phn nh c c trng ca qun th, gi tr thng s ti v tr ly mu trong mt chng trnh ly mu v mt iu kin mi trng nht nh
Tnh i din l mt trong
5 ch th cht lng s liu (PARCC: tnh ng, tnh chnh xc, tnh i din, tnh hon chnh v tnh ng nht)
Yu cu Thnh phn sai s Tnh chnh Thng s ly mu xc Phng php o Thao tc ngoi hin trng v PTN Tnh ng Thit k chng trnh ly mu Phng php o Phn tch v qun l s liu Tnh i Thit k chng trnh ly mu din Thao tc ngoi hin trng Trnh din kt qu Qun l mu Qun l s liu Tnh thng Phng php nht Thao tc ngoi hin trng v PTN Tnh hon Qun l s liu chnh Thao tc ngoi hin trng v PTN
Tnh i din
Tnh i din cho nng /mt ca yu t mi trng Tnh i din theo khng gian
Tnh i din
Khu vc i din: l khu vc phn nh ng v chnh xc cho
tng mi trng cn c nh gi. V tr i din c th l mt im hoc mt tp hp cc im ta khng gian c cng tnh cht.
im i din: l im phn nh ng v chnh xc cho c
Sng Cu by
p lc t hot ng
mi trng cho mt v tr nht nh vo mt thi im nht nh (DOE, 1996) cn c gi l mu thi im hay mu ri rc (US ACE, 1994).
Mu hn hp: l mu c trn ln t hai hoc nhiu mu
n c ly ti mt v tr v/hoc ti nhng thi im khc nhau (US ACE, 1994). Mu hn hp c to thnh bng cch trn cn thn mt lng bng nhau cc mu n ly c gi tr trung bnh gia cc mu ny.
Cc mu n trong mu hn hp phi c tnh tng ng Mu hn hp cn dng ng nht cao
3.3. Cn c xc nh mu i din
Mc tiu quan trc: mu i din i vi mc tiu ny nhng khng i din trong nhng mc tiu quan trc khc Mc tiu quan trc Thng s quan trc i tng mi trng cn quan trc Ly mu i din l tng cho mi trng l vic lm rt kh khn do tnh ng nht ca mi trng xut hin c theo khng gian v thi gian (Eberhardt, 1978; Kerekes and Freedman, 1989)
Ca bin
i vi mu cht rn
Qu trnh vn chuyn, tch ly cc cht nhim trong t din
ra trong mt thi gian di gy ra s phn tng ng k theo su. Do , tnh i din phi c xc nh l i din theo su. a hnh v a cht l nhng thng tin quan trng
Do cu thnh t nhiu thnh phn pha v thnh phn vt cht
nn tnh khng ng nht xut hin phm vi rt nh trong khi xt trn phm vi v m nht nh, mu rn c th l ng nht.
Dng chy nh hng ti tnh i din ca mu bn CTR l loi mu kh mu i din bng phng php s dng
i vi mu cht kh
Tnh linh ng rt cao trong mu kh Cc yu t nh hng ti tnh i din:
Nhit dn ti cc qu trnh i lu mnh trong khng kh Hng gi quyt nh hng di chuyn ca cc cht nhim t
ng khi
Tc gi quyt nh mc di chuyn ca cc cht ny
Vt cn
i vi mu cht lng
S phn tng i vi nc ng V tr xo trn hon ton i vi nc chy Do , i vi vic ly mu m bo tnh i din cho cht lng nc cc h thng ng, vic u tin phi xc nh dng chy.
Trong : Q l lu lng x thi (m3/s) wn l chiu rng ti im th n (m) hn l su ti im th n (m) vn l vn tc dng nc ti im th n (m/s)
i vi mu sinh vt
Mu sinh vt c s dng vi 2 loi quan trc c bn: Sinh vt l mt thng s mi trng nh gi mc tch ly cc cht c (sinh vt l mt mi trng) S khng ng nht i vi mu sinh vt th hin nhiu mc :
khc nhau v loi, trong mt loi cn c s khc nhau v kch thc, gii tnh, kh nng di ng, cc thng s lin quan kh nng hp th cc cht Tnh i din ca mu sinh vt phi bao hm c c im sinh thi ni sng v phn nh ton vng i ca sinh vt trong khong thi gian nghin cu. c tnh hp th cc cht c trong mi trng ca sinh vt khc nhau nn trong nhng nghin cu loi ny cc nhm c th nghin cu phi c cng c tnh: loi, gii tnh, tui pht trin, kch thc (EPA, 1997)
Kin thc bn a iu tra, Phng vn kin chuyn gia Cc s liu th cp (VD: bo co hin
Ly mu thm tra
Phm vi p dng Xc nh s c mt hay vng mt ca mt cht, mt yu t mi trng Xc nh ngun gc, mc cht nhim khi xy ra s c mi trng Kim tra gi thuyt nghin cu Yu cu nh gi b sung (thm tra li kt qu quan trc) V d: Quan trc nc ngm s dng ly mu thm tra i vi cc ging sn c Kim k ngun thi l mc tiu nghin cu cho php ly mu thm tra i vi tt c cc ngun thi
Ly mu thm tra
u im
Xc nh s lng, v tr mu n gin
Hn ch
i hi ngi ly mu phi c k thut, thao tc tt
nhng thng tin th cp m bo tnh khoa hc v tin cy th c th s dng ly mu thm tra, nhng nhng ly mu cho nhng quan trc mang tnh php l th tt nht nn s dng cc phng php ly mu ngu nhin, phn lp hoc h thng.
1: t giy bng knh t ln bn khu vc nghin cu t cc trong khu vc nghin cu v bc thm ngu nhin
Bc 2: nh s th
Bc 3: Tin hnh ly
mu ti cc la chn
Ly mu ngu nhin
Phm vi p dng: Phng php ly mu ngu nhin tha nhn s thay i gi tr cc yu t mi trng l khng quan trng:
Cc i tng m ti s phn b cc yu t l ng u
cht hay phn b cc yu t mi trng c c t nht hoc khng ng tin cy, khng c gi tr thng k. Theo US EPA, 1995 phng php ny khng nn p dng cho cc loi hnh mi trng ng (nc chy, dng kh i lu)
Ly mu ngu nhin
u im:
Xc nh v tr ly mu n gin
Hn ch:
B qua mt s nhng v tr, thi im c bit (im nng mi
kh/khng th ly mu
3 Ngy 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31
Trong mu c ly ngu nhin 9 ngy trong vng 1 thng: 2, 7, 10, 15, 18, 20, 24, 28 v 31
2.3. Ly mu h thng
Khi nim: l phng php ly mu m ti cc mu c quan h thng k cht ch vi nhau theo khng gian v thi gian
c trng: cho php cc mu c ly theo nhng hng v khong nht nh theo thi gian hoc khng gian
Ly mu h thng
Ly mu h thng
Phm vi p dng: xc nh mc nhim trong nc, khng kh v t; xc nh din bin cc yu t mi trng u im: Kt qu mu h thng minh bch v c gi tr php l cao (US EPA, 2002) Xc nh c quy lut bin ng theo khng gian v thi gian Ngoi suy c theo khng gian v thi gian D qun l mng li ly mu Hn ch: Nu mi trng c s bin ng theo chu k, c th dn ti cc mu b cng xu hng Tnh cng nhc ca mng li ly mu
Ly mu h thng
Mt s dng thng gp: H thng chun tc (Ly mu h thng theo chia) vi h thng chia c thit lp t trc, mu c ly im nt hoc gia mi Ngu nhin h thng:
Mu u tin c ly hon ton ngu nhin, cc mu sau c ly
Ly mu h thng
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1: Xc nh loi mng chia
Mng mt chiu
L= N/n
Ly mu theo phn lp
Lp thi gian c xc nh da trn s thay i theo nhng
Chu k ngy (ngy v m, gi trong ngy) Chu k tun (ngy trong tun v ngy cui tun) Chu k thng (hot ng ca nh my) Chu k nm (cc hot ng sinh hc) Chu k nhiu nm
yu t:
trm tch); Tui v gii tnh trong dn s (n ng, n b, tr em), a hnh, a cht, loi t, loi hnh s dng t, vng nhim, hng gi (cui hng gi, u hng gi), Ranh gii hnh chnh
Ly mu theo phn lp
u im: S dng trit s liu th cp phn lp cc yu t mi trng S lng mu ly va m bo tnh php l, va m bo tnh kinh t Tnh linh ng cao trong tip cn ly mu VD: S lng mu trong mi lp khc nhau: Cho php so snh gia cc lp Hn ch: Khi so snh gia cc lp phi xem xt n tm quan trng ca mi lp Phm vi p dng: khi xc nh c quy lut phn b cc yu t mi trng theo phn lp hoc theo chu k r rt
Ly mu theo phn lp
Trong ly mu theo phn lp, s lng mu cn ly trong mi lp c th ging nhau hoc khng ging nhau. Bi ton: Gi s mt khu vc ta c: Tng s lng mu cn ly: N S lng phn lp: k Kch thc ca ton b i tng (theo thi gian hoc khng gian: A Ta cn xc nh s lng mu cn ly cho mi lp: nk Cc cch phn phi s lng mu cn ly: Phn phi u Phn phi theo t l Phn phi ti u
Ly mu theo phn lp
a. Phn phi u
Bc 1: Xc nh tng s mu cn ly (N) theo mt trong hai
Ly mu theo phn lp
b. Phn phi theo t l
V d: Tng din tch tnh S l 40.000 ha, th chim 7.000 ha, khu cng nhip chim 13.000 ha, cn li l khu vc sn xut nng nghip. Tng s mu cn ly l 41 mu.
Ly mu theo phn lp
c. Phn phi ti u S lng mu trong lp th k c lin quan n mc bin ng trong lp (sk) v chi ph trn n v mu (Ck) c tnh bng cng thc c bn (1) hoc cng thc Neyman (2):
ng dng:
Ly mu bn y, ca sng, t vi a hnh c bit.
Kt lun
La chn phng php cn c vo mc tiu c th
Phng n tip cn ly mu Mc tiu quan trc Thm Ngu Phn H Ngu nhin Thm tra nhin lp thng phn lp d Xc nh p lc/tc ng 1 4 3 2 3 3 Xc nh ngun tc ng 1 4 2 2 3 2 Xc nh phm vi cht nhim 4 3 3 1 1 1 nh gi x l 3 3 1 2 2 4 nh gi mc bin ng 4 1 3 1 1 1 Ghi ch: 1 Tt; 2 Chp nhn; 3 Mc chp nhn trung bnh; 4 Mc chp nhn yu Lt ct 2 3 1 2 1
Ly mu thm tra
Bi tp
Chn phng php ly mu xc nh nng trung bnh ca SO2 pht sinh t vic t than ca mt nh my sn xut gch men, nu u v nhc im ca tng phng php trong cc trng hp sau: a. La chn ngu nhin 2 mu mi ngy trong lin tc 7 ngy. b. Ly 2 mu mi ngy trong lin tc 7 ngy theo h thng: 12 gi mt ln (9h sng v ti) c. Ly 2 mu mi ngy trong lin tc 7 ngy theo phn lp: 1 mu ngu nhin ban ngy, mt mu ngu nhin ban m d. Tng t nh c, nhng 4 mu ngu nhin cho ban ngy v 4 mu ngu nhin ban m.
Chun b ly mu
Cc cu hi cn phi tr li:
Cn thit phi xin kin ca ch s hu? Vic ly mu c cn phi s dng cc thit b c bit hay khng v iu kin hin c? 3. S mu v s ln lp li l bao nhiu? 4. Yu cu ca mu cn phn tch nh tnh hay nh lng? 5. Ho cht v dng c yu cu l g? 6. Phng php phn tch v thit b phn tch cn l g? 7. Th tch mu yu cu i vi k thut phn tch l bao nhiu? 8. C cn phi p dng cc quy nh chun i vi khu vc ly mu khng? 9. Loi bnh cha mu v yu cu bo qun ca cc thng s phn tch l g, c iu kin thc hin khng? 10. Bnh cha c yu cu cn phi x l trc khi ly mu hay khng v cch x l? 11. Thit b dng bo qun mu l g?
1. 2.
K THUT LY MU NC
1. T chc mng li ly mu nc
V d: mng li ly mu nc thi khu th
1. Cng thi 2. im thu gom nc 3. im thu gom nc chnh 4. Ngp nc do ma 5. X l nc thi 6. Ni tip nhn
4 3 1 6 5
1 1 3 1 2 3 2
2
1
1. T chc mng li ly mu nc
Cc nguyn tc c bn:
Hn ch xo trn mi trng
Gim thi gian v chi ph Gim yu cu bo qun
ng dng:
Cht hu c bay hi
Tng cht hu c Hu c halogen Cc mu lc ngoi hin trng Cc mu thm ha cht bo qun Hp cht c kim Tng kim loi nng Dinh dng dng anion Dinh dng dng cation tng s
2. Dng c ly mu nc
2.1. Gii thiu cc loi dng c
a. Gu mc v cc bnh ly mu khng chuyn dng
Khng s dng vi nc thi
b. Dng c ly mu bng bm
Khuyn co s dng trong nhng nghin cu ly mu nc chnh xc theo su
1. Dng bnh Dussart (bnh thot kh dng c hp) 2. Dng bnh Valas: thit b ng m c t tnh
d. Bnh ly mu dng tr m
Bnh Runner Bnh Kemmerer Bnh Friedinger Bnh Vondorn
2.2. Yu cu dng c
La chn loi dng c ph hp
Bnh nha polypropylene v polyetylene Gi thnh r.
dng
ty ra c photphat t do l tt nht. Ra k bng nc sch. Ra bng dung dch axit clohidric 1:1 v dung dch axit nitric 1:1. (Axit nitric l tt nht cho ch v nhng kim loi khc). Ra sch bng nc ct. Vi mu cha crm, ra khong 1215 ln l thch hp. iu kin khng kh kh. Bo qun bnh thu tinh trnh khi cc ngun gy nhim. S dng axit crmic hoc crm t do trao i loi b cht lng hu c khi bnh cha thu tinh. Sau , ra k bng nc loi b tt c cc dng vt ca crm.
3. Th tc ly mu
L lch mu r rng (ghi li a im ly mu, thi gian,
3.1. Ly mu nc ngm
Mu nc ngm thng c thu thp thng qua cc ging quan trc hoc ging ang s dng
3.2. Ly mu nc cp
chy ht phn nc c ri ly mu. Thi gian tho ht nc c cn phi tnh ton da trn cc yu t: khong
3.3. Ly mu nc mt v nc thi
Thao tc s dng bnh khng chuyn dng Thao tc s dng bnh treo
Thao tc s dng bm
2. Dng c ly mu bn
a. Gu mc b. Khoan bn Khoan trng lc s dng lc trng trng do khi lng ln m
xuyn vo tng bn, do su ca vt khoan ph thuc vo khi lng ca khoan. i vi loi khoan ny vn hnh n gin nhng thao tc phi nhanh chng v chnh xc khng lm mt mt bn sau khi khoan, ly mu su di 2 m ngoi tr khoan Kastenlot (6m). Khoan pittong l dng khoan di thng s dng ly mu bn mn, s dng lc ht chn khng thu mu do c th ly mu su trn 20 m. Khoan xon l dng khoang trung bnh c s dng ly mu hu ht cc dng bn, cu trc khoan gm mt phn ng tr bn ngoi v tr xon bn trong, khi ly mu khoan xon c th lm thay i cu trc bn, ly mu su khng qu 12 m
2. Dng c ly mu bn
c. Gu ngom
Gu ngom
Franklin-Anderson Dietz-LaFond Peterson Ponar Birge-Ekman Shipek
Kch thc mu
Ln Nh Ln Ln Nh Ln
Loi bn
Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct, t si nh Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct, si Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct, si Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct mn Bn rt mn, mn, ph sa, ct si
c im dng c ly mu bn
c im ng kn ca thit b Pha trn Pha di Vt ct thy c Mt mt khi lng Thao tc s dng Khi lng mu ly c An ton trong s dng Din tch b mt mu su ly mu Chi ph nh gi vt l nh gi ha hc nh gi sinh hc nh gi cht lng nc trong bn Gu mc Khng Khng Khng Khng C D Nh Cao Rng Nh Thp Khng Khng C Khng Gu ngom C Np Li C C Trung bnh Trung bnh Thp Rng Trung bnh Trung bnh C C C C/khng Khoan C Np Khng C C Kh Nh/trung bnh Trung bnh Hp Ln Trung bnh/cao C C C/khng C
Dng c ly mu bn
Bn y
Sng
Ca sng
Ly mu nc (lc, ly tm)
Ly mu nc (lc, ly tm)
3. Th tc ly mu bn
Thao tc ly mu bn dng khoan hoc gu ngom
Hn ch ti a nhiu lon vt l i vi mi trng
Hn ch ti a mt mt vt cht do ra tri
Thay i t nht kt cu bn sau khi thu thp Kim sot nh hng do nhim bn mu
2. Dng c ly mu t
Xng cm tay: hoc cc dng c tng t c s dng trong ly mu t tng mt. Khoan t: C hai dng khoan ly mu t c bn l khoan thng v khoan xon.
3. Th tc ly mu t
Ly mu tng mt
Xc nh im ly mu t, ti v tr ly mu t m t cc c im mi
trng lin quan n c tnh ca t vo s tay ly mu cng vi l lch mu cn ly trc khi tin hnh ly mu. Lm sch b mt (loi b thc vt b mt, si, vt cht ngoi lai) o h su 15 cm, mt mt o phng to gc nghing khong 20 - 30o so vi trc vung gc mt t Dng xng o ly mt lp t dy khong 1 inch (2,5 3 cm). Dng dao hoc cc vt sc tng t ct ly mt di t chnh gia xng vi rng khong 1 inch, phn cn li loi b. Lp li bc 4 v 5 vi ln cho n khi khi lng t yu cu (thng khong 300 500g ty theo thng s phn tch). Chuyn mu vo ti ng, buc kn, ghi nhn mc.
3. Th tc ly mu t
Ly mu theo su
Xc nh im ly mu t Lm sch b mt t khoan vo ng v tr v vung gc vi mt t, vn khoan
theo chiu kim ng h ng thi n xung. Ch thc o trn ng khoan, dng li su 15 cm; vn khoan ngc chiu kim ng h ng thi nhc ln Dng dao hoc que u nhn cn thn tch t khi ng khoan, chuyn vo ti ng, buc kn, ghi nhn. Trong nhng trng hp ly mu t ch thc hin vi tng mt, k thut ly mu ch gm c 5 bc trn. Lm sch khoan, t khoan vo ng v tr c, thip tc lp li bc 3, 4 v 5 i vi cc su tip theo
S liu kh tng
Nhit khng kh: nhit ti thi im ly mu, nhit ti
ca x (ming ng khi, trong nh xng, ca thng gi cng trnh...) nhit trung bnh ngy, nhit ti cao, ti thp trung bnh ngy...
Hng gi ch o (thng thng thng tin c biu din
o...
2. Dng c ly mu kh
Cc thit b o Cc thit b ly mu
Ly mu th ng: dng c ly mu c b mt thong ln cho
Tng bi
Ly mu th ng: kh c cho khuch tn qua li lc, cc
Cc phng php ly mu kh
Hp th
Hp ph
Ngng t Th ch kh (kh t)
tch nht nh Ht kh sao cho lng kh i qua thit b gp 6 ln th thch ca n u im: khng ch c qu trnh nhim bn Mt v d: C:\Users\Admin\Docume nts\Downloads\Monitorin g\YouTube - Collecting an air sample.....mp4
ngc li cng s c mt s thnh phn bay hi t nc vo khng kh. Do , nn s dng cc loi dung dch c ha tan cc cht kh thp (cc dung dch tr) hoc tin hnh nhit cao. Lng mu kh thu thp kh ln nn khi chuyn cht kh vo dng c phn tch cn phi s dng lng kh ln cc cht lng.
cht lng, nhit , vn tc bm kh... Thng thng, h s hp th khng th t 100% do thng phi s dng cc h s chuyn i cn c vo loi cht hp th v b hp th.
Ch p dng c i vi mt s cht kh c kh nng ha tan
cao: Cc oxit axit c hp th vo dung dch kim, kh mang tnh baz c hp th trong dung dch mang tnh axit.
4. Th tc ly mu pht thi
R
V tr ly mu
V tr ly mu
Ch trong ly mu ng khi
Yu cu: qu trnh ly mu phi m bo isokinetic
A khng thu c mu
B m bo isokinetic
C khng i din D khng i din
1. Vai tr ca bo qun
Cc qu trnh nh hng ti cht lng mu:
Nhim bn t thit b hoc ha cht bo qun
t do trong t
Mt cc cht kh do thay i pH ca mu (CO2)
Hp ph
Hp th Khuch tn
1. Vai tr ca bo qun
Phn hy ca sinh vt Phn ng ha hc Bay hi Gi lnh trong ti
(nhit t 2 6 oC)
k thut nhm hn ch nhng bin i cht lng mu trong thi gian lu tr. Tm li, vai tr ca bo qun mu:
Hn ch cc qu trnh t nhin lm bin i nng cc cht
qun
Bin i khi lu tr Phng php bo qun Hp ph ln thnh bnh thy tinh S dng bnh nha
Kt ta Khuch tn t bnh nha Hp ph ln thnh bnh nha Bay hi Bay hi Bay hi Phn ng vi Clo Quang ha Chuyn ha bi sinh vt Thm axit nitric pH < 2 S dng bnh thy tinh S dng bnh thy tinh Np kn Thm axit sunfuric pH < 2 Thm NaOH pH > 12 Axit ascorbic loi Clo Bnh ti mu pH, nhit thp, cht c HgCl2
2. Ni dung c bn ca bo qun mu
1. La chn ng dng c cha mu 2. Bo qun lnh
ng bng ca mu nc, ng thi cc cht ha tan c th hnh thnh tinh th nhng nhit khc nhau v phn b ri rc trong mu: Natri sunphat -8 oC v natri clorit -22 oC. ng bng lm thay i tng th tch mu nc trong mt trng hp c th gy ph v bnh cha mu, do khi ly mu nc ch nn ly mu y 75 90 % bnh cha. c bit ch khi s dng vi mu cht rn (mu t, bn, CTR)
Gy nh hng n vic xc nh cc cht bng phng php quang ph v d xc nh amoni bng phng php indophenol.
loi mu, phng php ly mu, phng php bo qun, phng php phn tch s dng xc nh gi tr thng s.
Gii hn thi gian bo qun cho php c th ko di hng nm
(photpho trong nc bin), nhiu thng (kim loi nng pH di 2, bo qun trong 6 thng) nhng cng c th rt ngn (E. coli 6h).
mu
Du m