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An A level teaching resource based on the Eakring oil field, East Midlands, UK
Developed by Dorothy Satterfield (University of Derby) and Martin Whiteley (Barrisdale Ltd) on behalf of the Earth Science Teachers Association (ESTA)
1. Introduction
Seismic interpretation and subsurface mapping are key skills that are used commonly in the oil industry This teaching resource introduces the basic principles of seismic interpretation and then, if time permits, they can be applied in a practical exercise The resource dovetails with the A level Geology specifications
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2. Basic principles
Seismic acquisition Seismic processing Understanding the data Seismic interpretation
Geophones (receivers)
Vibrator (source)
Seismic processing
Wiggle trace to CDP gather Normal move out correction Stacking What is a reflector?
Graphs of intensity for one location collected into groups and shown in a sequence. 9
Sound sources S1 S2 S3
Sound receivers R3 R2 R1
1 2
Change in lithology from mud to sand so sound is reflected back to surface CDP
1. More time needed to reach distant receivers so the data look like a curve.
2. Correcting for normal move out restores the curve to a near horizontal display.
Stacking
First, gather sound data for one location and correct for delayed arrival (normal move out)
Next, take all the sound traces for that one place and stack them on top of each other
Finally, place stacks for adjacent locations side by side to produce a 11 seismic line
What is a reflector?
A seismic reflector is a boundary between beds with different properties. There may be a change of lithology or fluid fill from Bed 1 to Bed 2. These property changes cause some sound waves to be reflected towards the surface.
energy source signal receiver
There are many reflectors on a seismic section. Major changes in properties usually produce strong, continuous reflectors as shown by the arrow.
Bed 1
lower velocity higher velocity
Bed 2
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Common Depth Points (CDPs) Floating datum Two way time (TWT) Time versus depth
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CDPs are defined as the common reflecting point at depth on a reflector or the halfway point when a wave travels from a source to a reflector to a receiver.
Sound sources S1 S2 S3
Sound receivers R3 R2 R1
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Floating datum
The floating datum line represents travel time between the recording surface and the zero line (generally sea level). This travel time depends on rock type, how weathered the rock is, and other factors.
The topographic elevation is the height above sea level of the surface along which the seismic data were acquired.
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Two way time (TWT) indicates the time required for the seismic wave to travel from a source to some point below the surface and back up to a receiver. In this example the TWT is 0.5 seconds.
TWT
surface
0.5
seconds
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288
0.58 sec
926
926 m
1865
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Seismic interpretation
Check line scale and orientation.
Work from the top of the section, where clarity is usually best, towards the bottom. Distinguish the major reflectors and geometries of seismic sequences.
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Use the scale bar to estimate the length of the line Use CDPs to check the orientation of the line on the accompanying map
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first second
third
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Continuous reflector truncating short ones Next continuous reflector Reflectors onlapping continuous one
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3. Eakring exercise
This exercise has been developed to illustrate, in practice, how subsurface information can be integrated and used to predict where an oilfield may occur. It builds on the principles outlined in the PowerPoint presentation and can be completed by individuals or small teams according to the time available or their level of enthusiasm. The seismic lines and base map can be obtained from Dorothy Satterfield (d.satterfield@derby.ac.uk) in a format that is suitable for photocopying on A3 paper. You will also receive a CD that contains a copy of the entire PowerPoint presentation that you can customise as you wish. This is free! The aim is to interpret the seismic data and then produce a map that shows the subsurface structure in the region of the Eakring oil field. Oil fields typically form in simple dome-like structures in the subsurface. The structure must enclose porous and permeable rocks that are capable of containing oil and in this example there are a number of potential reservoirs developed in the Namurian and Westphalian (Carboniferous) sandstones. Oil is prevented from leaking to the surface by overlying mudstones and coals which are impermeable.
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Background information
Oil exploration in the East Midlands has a long history. Eakring and the neighbouring Dukes Wood oil fields were discovered in the 1930s. Most oil wells at Dukes Wood date from World War II, though this nodding donkey or oil pump may be a little younger. Production at Eakring and Dukes Wood was important to the war effort in Britain. Oil production at Dukes Wood stopped in 1966, but it continued in Eakring until 2003.
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Project data
Map showing the location of the 5 seismic lines The seismic data were acquired in 1984 (hence the prefix 84 to each line number) Notice also the Eakring Village well and the location of oil fields in the area
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0.0 seconds or
sea level
The potential reservoirs are Namurian and Westphalian (Upper Carboniferous) sandstones that occur below the Blackshale Coal and above the Near Top Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous) horizon
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-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
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1.0
Correlating reflectors
Starting at the top of the section, interpret the Base Permian unconformity away from the well on line 69 and correlate it with intersecting lines 70 and 71. Continue this process around the loops formed by lines 72 and 73, ensuring that your interpretation is consistent and geologically reasonable. Repeat this process for the Blackshale Coal and Near Top Dinantian reflectors, accepting that in some areas the data quality is quite poor and a best-guess interpretation is necessary. It may be helpful to annotate the lines to highlight where possible faults disrupt the gentle dip of the Blackshale Coal.
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Start by interpreting the Base Permian unconformity away from the well on line 69.
Next fold line 70 at the intersection with line 69 and match them up. Find and interpret the Base Permian unconformity. Finally, unfold line 70 and finish the interpretation.
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160 ms
150 ms 150 ms
150 ms
150 ms
150 ms
150 ms
160 ms
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Normally, a time map is converted into a depth map using velocity functions, but for the purpose of this exercise the time/depth pairings at the top of each seismic line give an adequate representation of the depth to a given horizon.
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250
250
250
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300
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4. Additional information
Specimen answers Extension activities Web-based resources Further reading Contact us Acknowledgements
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Specimen answers
1. The Blackshale Coal dips gently towards the NE and reaches a high point in the vicinity of the intersection of lines 69 and 70. Faults can be extrapolated in a variety of ways in the SW part of the map to create a potential trap.
2. The crest of the potential structure as defined by the Blackshale Coal is at 210 milliseconds (at CDP 540 on line 69), but the potential reservoir unit is at about 300 milliseconds. Inspection of the time/depth pairings in the area shows that 300 milliseconds corresponds to about 350 metres below surface.
2500 2000
Depth (metres)
1500 1000 500 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 TWT (seconds)
3. The potential trap would need to be better defined by extending the seismic lines in a southerly direction. The extent of the Eakring Field is shown on the seismic line location map (Slide 24) and it is evidently an elongate N-S structure, of which only the northernmost culmination is defined in this exercise.
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Extension activities
Individuals or groups with sufficient time and interest may want to tackle one of the following activities:
Research the economic and social impact of the wartime extraction of oil from the East Midlands Analyse the similarities and differences between onshore and offshore oil exploration in the UK Assess the remaining potential of onshore oil and gas in the UK
Account for the differences between the small oil fields in the East Midlands and the much larger accumulation at Wytch Farm in Dorset
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http://www.oilandgas.org.uk/education/storyofoil/index.cfm
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This report, produced by the British Geological Survey (BGS) on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), provides a general synopsis of the petroleum systems of the UKs onshore basins
It is a large (6MB) file that may take some time to open and download http://www.og.dti.gov.uk/UKpromote/geoscientific/ Onshore_petroleum_potential_2006.pdf
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Further reading
The Sedimentary Record of Sea-Level Change, edited by Angela
L. Coe, 2003. Co-published by The Open University and Cambridge University Press, 288 pages.
A regional assessment of the intra-Carboniferous play of Northern England, by Fraser, A. J. et al. in Classic Petroleum Provinces, edited by Jim Brooks, 1990. Geological Society Special Publication No. 50, pp.417-440.
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Contact us
Dr Dorothy Satterfield Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences University of Derby (FEHS) Kedleston Road Derby DE22 1GB Email: d.satterfield@derby.ac.uk
Dr Martin J Whiteley Barrisdale Limited 16 Amberley Gardens Bedford MK40 3BT Email: mjwhiteley@yahoo.co.uk
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Acknowledgements
Data, images and advice were provided by the following individuals and organisations:
Mark Alldred from the UK Onshore Geophysical Library (UKGOL) Oil and Gas UK for permission to reproduce data contained in Slides 5 and 9-11 Tony Hodge and Mick Price from Roc Oil
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