Chng 2

MCH D LIU
Cc c trng tng qut Cc loi ng truyn MODEM Tip ni MODEM-DTE Giao tip vi cc mng s

2.1 CC C TRNG TNG QUT

LP VT L CU TRC CA MT MCH D LIU VN NG B DUNG LNG NG TRUYN

2.1.1. LP VT L
L lp thp nht trong m hnh OSI, xc nh cc c trng ca knh truyn trong quan h vi h thng x l t xa. Bo m tnh tng thch gia thit b v ng truyn s. Tnh nng ca h thng x l t xa ph thuc nhiu vo cc c trng ca knh

2.1.2. CU TRC MCH D LIU

Mch d liu bao gm ng truyn v 2 phn thit b u cui mch d liu DCE, gi vai tr truyn tin gia cc thit b u cui d liu DTE. ng truyn c th l cp thng tin, knh v tuyn hoc l ng in thoi nu khong cch gia cc DTE qu xa, DCE lc ny chnh l Modem.

Mch d liu n cng

Thng tin ch c truyn theo mt hng t bn gi (source) n bn nhn (sink)

Mch d liu bn song cng

Thng tin c th truyn c theo hai hng nhng mi thi im ch truyn c theo mt trong hai hng

Mch d liu song cng

Thng tin c truyn ng thi theo hai hng, ngha l cho php gi v nhn d liu ng thi. Thc cht lc ny knh c ghp v tch theo mt k thut phn nh ti nguyn no .

2.1.3. VN NG B
Truyn d b
Block (character)

1 0 1 0 0 1 0

40 mA
20mA

Start

Stop Bit clock

Hnh 2.5 Truyn d b

Truyn ng b
Bit clock Data

Start 1

Stop
Block 2

Block 1

Hnh 2.7. Truyn ng b

Cu hnh mch ng b
Data

DCE
Synchronization

DCE

Hnh 2.6. Nguyn l truyn ng b Dy nh phn M NRZ M NRZI Hnh 2.8 M NRZI
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

2.1.4. DUNG LNG KNH

Tc bit hoc tc tn hiu ha d liu c tnh C = 1/T, trong T l thi khong truyn i 1 bit, C c nh ngha l tc bit ti a m mch d liu c kh nng chuyn ti. Khi truyn d b, thi khong ti thiu gia hai ln chuyn dch c th b hn thi khong bit T, do bit Stop bng 1,5 T. Tc bit c th c thay th bng khi nim tc iu ch hoc tc baud R = 1/t, trong t l thi khong ngn nht gia hai ln chuyn dch

2.2. CC LOI NG TRUYN

KHI QUT MCH IN BO DUNG LNG KNH L THUYT CC KHIM KHUYT CA KNH MNG IN THOI TRUYN BNG GC

2.2.1. KHI QUT

Cc h thng x l t xa hot ng cc tc bit t 10 bit/s n 100 Mbit/s. Cc mng cc b c khong cch truyn dn t di vi Km, cn cc mng din rng v th cn truyn trn khong cch rt xa nn phi s dng cc mng truyn tin cng cng. Ni chung vic s dng cc mng truyn tin cng cng cho cc ng dng x l t xa l hp l, nhng cng cn kho st cn thn cc c trng c bn t c hiu qu khai thc cao cho cc h thng x l t xa.

2.2.2. MCH IN BO
Tc chun 50 baud chu u v 110 baud Bc M. Dng o cc 20 mA cho khong cch gn hoc dng n 40 mA khi s dng mch 2 dy. Dng ti tn s dng FDM cho khong cch xa, vi bng thng 120Hz i vi tc 50 baud v 480 Hz cho tc 200 baud. Cho php ti a 24 knh in bo trn 1 knh thoi chun. S dng m CCITT No.2, cn gi l m baudot.

Bng m CCITT No2

CODE 11000 10011 01110 10010 10000 10110 01011 00101 LETTER A B C D E F G H FIGURES _ ? : Who are you? 3 % $ CODE 11101 01010 10100 00001 11100 01111 11001 10111 LETTER Q R S T U V W X FIGURES 1 4 , 5 7 = 2 /

01100
11010 11110 01001 00111

I
J K L M

8
Bell ( ) .

10101
10001 00010 01000 11111

Y
Z

6
+ Carriage Line feed Letter shift

00110
00011 01101

N
O P

,
9 0

11011
00100 00000

Figure shifte
Space Not used

2.2.3. DUNG LNG KNH L THUYT

nh l Shannon: C = Wlog2(1+S/N)
Data Analog signal Noise Data

Modem

Modem

Hnh 2.10 Truyn d liu trn tuyn

i vi ng in thoi thng dng: W = 3000Hz, S/N = 20 dB, s cho C = 20.000 bit/s

2.2.4. CC KHIM KHUYT CA KNH

ng truyn c xem gn ng l b lc c li phc: G(f) = |G(f)|e-j(f) . H s suy gim: A(f) = -20log|G(f)|. Tn hiu truyn s b mo khi h s suy gim v dch pha thay i i vi cc tn s khc nhau Tr nhm: tg(f) = d(f)/2df. S dch pha ch gy ra mo khi (f) l hm phi tuyn theo f, ngha l tr nhm s thay i i vi cc tn s khc nhau

Biu gim st cht lng ng truyn theo CCITT M 1020

Cc thng s nh gi mo knh v nhiu

Dch tn & Trt pha Nhiu trng & Nhiu xung Li chm Nhiu xuyn Nhiu ECHO (do khng phi hp tr khng v thiu cn bng ca cc b Hybrib m c cc Differential Transformer t gia cc ng in thoI 2-wire cc b v ng di 4-wire).

Gii php hn ch ECHO

Mch 2 dy
Bin p Sai ng

Mch 4 dy

Mch 2 dy
Bin p Sai ng

B trit ECHO
Hnh 2.12 Nguyn l trit ECHO

S dng b trit ECHO c thi gian quay vng 100 ms. i vi mch song cng 2-wire, b trit ECHO tp trung tone 2100 Hz, trong thi gian 400 ms. i vi mch 4-wire phi ngt b trit ECHO sau vi ms

Mo Telegraph
TE

t
Start bit

Mo telegraph c tnh: D = 100(TE - TR)/t Hnh 2.13 Minh ha cho mo telegraph

TR

TE l khong thi gian thc t khi bt u Start bit n khi c chuyn dch bt k trong cng mt k t. TR l khong thi gian nh vy c o my thu. t thi khong ca Start bit.

2.2.5. MNG IN THOI

Cung cp cc knh song cng 2-wire gia cc thu bao vi bng thng xp x 300Hz n 3.100 Hz. S dng FDM vi cc nhm s cp, siu nhm v nhm ch. TC tng i chuyn tip (s dng cc ng trung k 4wire) LC tng i ni ht (phm vi vi Km, iu hnh cc mch vng thu bao dng cp xon i 2-wire) i vi truyn d liu tc cao, c th dng lease line. ng thu bao s dng tn hiu PCM

Cu trc phn cp tng i

ng truyn a im
Data
Transmiter Receiver

Modulated signal

Transmiter Receiver

4 wire telephone line

Transmiter
Receiver

Hnh 2.16 ng truyn a im

2.2.6.TRUYN BNG GC
Truyn dn m khng dch bng tn d liu, ngha l khng iu ch bandpass.

Mng qung b dng cp

Mng qung b dng cp c ng phn hi

B khuch i 2 hng
Tn hiu c ghp FDM, hng i bng thp, hng v bng cao. Mi thi khong ch hot ng theo 1 hng.

Mng qung b dng cp n truyn dn theo hai hng

2.2.7. CP QUANG
Gi vai tr quan trng i vi cc ng truyn xa trong mng vin thng v thc thi cc knh tc cao trong cc mng x l t xa. u im ca cp quang chnh l cch ly hon ton vi nhiu in. Truyn dn bng tia phn x khi gc ti nm trong phm vi khu s c n nh bi N = sin(n2/ n1).Trong n2 l chit sut ca lp v v n1 l chit sut ca lp li
Cladding n2

Core n1

Hnh 2.23 S truyn lan ca tia sng trn cp quang

Truyn dn si quang
Gii hn bng thng ca knh quang chnh l do + Tn sc mode (mode dispersion) xy ra trong si a mode, do mi mode c gc ti khc nhau, c th trnh c bng cch dng si gradien. + Tn sc vt liu (chromatic dispersion) do thay i h s phn x theo bc sng
Electrical signal Optical signal Electrical signal

Light source

Optical fibre

Photodetector

Hnh 2.24 Nguyn l truyn dn bng cp quang

Cu trc cp quang n mode v a mode

Suy hao ca cp quang a mode

Suy hao trn cp do 2 nguyn nhn + Raleigh scattering + Hin tng hp th cc bc sng khc nhau

Cu trc si cp quang
V Nylon
V Thy tinh

Li Thy tinh Lp bo v

Hnh 2.27 Mt ct thc t ca si cp quang

c trng bng tch Khong cch v Bng thng

Tch Khong cch v Bng thng (MhzxKm) 5000 _

2000 _

1000 _
500 _ 200 _ 2 | | | 5| | | | | 10| 20|

Khong cch gia cc trm lp (Km) 30| 40| 50|

Hnh 2.28 Khong cch cc i gia hai trm lp ca tuyn 140 Mb/s bc sng = 0,85 m dng laser diode v avalanche photodiode

Cc v tinh thng tin

V tinh a tnh gm nhiu Transponder, mi Transponder c dung lng khong (50Mb/s)x10 hoc (36Mb/s)x12. V tinh tm thp c dung lng knh ty theo thit k, chu k quay ph thuc cao. Thi gian truyn ty thuc vo khong cch v kch thc gi.

2.2.9. Thi gian truyn dn v thi gian truyn lan

TR = TP + Tt = TP + l/C .
trong : TP thi gian truyn lan (time propagation) Tt thi gian truyn dn (time transmission) TR thi gian truyn (time transfer) C tc nh sng v l khong cch.

2.3. MODEM
VAI TR CA MODEM TRONG H THNG X L T XA NGUYN L HOT NG CA MODEM CC KHIM KHUYT DO MODEM CC TC BIT CHUN CC MODEM CHUN THIT B H TR CHO MODEM LP T V BO TR VN TNG THCH

2.3.1. VAI TR CA MODEM TRONG H THNG X L T XA

Trung gian gia DTE v ng truyn Phi phi hp c vi c hai c thit k tun theo cc chun c khuyn ngh bi CCITT.
Line

DTE

Modem

Tip ni Modem-DTE Tip ni Modem-line Hnh 2.29 Cc giao tip trong mt mch d liu

NGUYN L HOT NG CA MODEM Modem pht Modem thu S iu khin Modem theo giao tip V.24, thm nhp mng analog Th tc quay s t ng V.25 Th tc thm nhp mng s ng b X21 Th tc thm nhp mng s khng ng b X20

Kt ni qua mng in thoi

DTEA
V.24

ModemA

Series 100

Series 100 V.24

ModemB
AutoCall

DTEB

Series 200 V.25

Hnh 2.57 Kt ni qua mng tng t

S cu trc modem pht

Nguyn l hot ng ca Modem pht

M ha nhm chuyn i sang m ng dy Th d: M AMI, 5B6B, HDB3, DPCM, Grey v.v (self-clocking, DC bng 0, BER b, bng thng hn ch) Scrambler (xo trn) nhm hn ch cc chui 0 hoc 1 qu di, tri rng ph tn tn hiu trn ton b bng thng c cp pht, nhm s dng trit cng sut pht c thit k. iu ch nhm gi tn hiu ln sng mang ASK dng cho tc thp R<=1200 bauds, FSK dng cho tc trung bnh R<=2400 bauds, PSK dng cho tc cao R>=4800 bauds, QPSK, QAM Lc thng di hn ch bng tn d liu B khuch i b li suy hao ng truyn

Biu thi gian truyn d liu

S cu trc modem thu

Tn hiu c x l Modem thu

Tn hiu gc Tn hiu sau gii iu ch Mc ngng Tn hiu sau khi cn bng knh Xung ng b Tn hiu khi phc

Nguyn l hot ng ca Modem thu

Khuch i: AGC b li cc suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn, bo m SNR cho b gii iu ch hot ng. Lc: Loi tr nhiu ngoi bng. Khi phc sng mang v gii iu ch: nhm to ra sng mang ti ch c tn s v pha trng vi sng mang n (dng Phase-Lock-Loop) bo cho DTE bn thu bit rng c tn hiu gi n v sn sng nhn. Sng mang ny cng phc v cho gii iu ch COHERENT

 Cn bng knh: Tn hiu b mo pha v bin do nh hng c tnh phi tuyn ca knh v b nhiu trn ng truyn, lm cho bin dng nghim trng. B Equalizer thc cht l mt b lc s vi cc h s iu chnh c b li c tnh phi tuyn ca knh. Modem tc thp c iu chnh mt ln trc khi xut xng, Modem tc trung bnh c iu chnh bng tay trc khi thu pht, Modem tc cao c iu chnh t ng bng cc thut ton thch nghi LMS hoc RLS

 Khi phc clock v tch tn hiu: nhm bo cho DTE bit v sn sng nhn d liu theo nhp ng b. Gii xo trn (descrambler): ngc li qu trnh xo trn bn pht. Gii m: chuyn ngc t m ng dy v m PCM dng cho DTE

Biu thi gian nhn d liu

Th tc thm nhp mng tng t

DTEA
V.24

ModemA

Series 100

Series 100 V.24

ModemB
AutoCall

DTEB

Series 200 V.25

S kt ni trn mng in thoi cng cng PSTN

S iu khin V.24
Delay
Telephone line

Modulator

Differential Transformer

Transmision Clock

Receiver clock recovery

Call detection

Demodulator Signal Detection

Hnh 2.51 Giao tip Modem-DTE rt gn

CC KHIM KHUYT DO MODEM

Li do sn xung ca signal detect.

Chn linh kin CMOS thit k Modem nhm tng dc ca sn xung v hn ch li nhn cc bit d.

Li do ECHO
Dng b trit ECHO (l b khuch i 2 hng) Dng c cu chn bn trong Modem

Li do sn xung ca tn hiu pht hin ti tn

Li do ECHO

Gii php hn ch khim khuyt

CC TC BIT CHUN
Tc bit: S bit c gi i trong 1giy (bps: bits per second) Tc bauds: S k hiu c gi i trong mt giy (baud), dng cho h thng M-ary R bps = R baudsxLog2M Chun tc bao gm cc tc l 600N
Tc thp: 600 bauds, 1200 bauds Tc trung bnh: 2400, 4800 bauds Tc cao: 9.600 bauds, 14.400 bauds, 19.200 bauds

CC MODEM CHUN

THIT B H TR CHO MODEM

LP T V BO TR

VN TNG THCH

2.4. TIP NI MODEM-DTE

S CHUN HA CC TIP NI MODEM-DTE CC TIP NI IN GIAO TIP VI MNG ANALOG. TH TC V.24 TH TC GOI T NG V.25 U NI TRC TIP CC TRM U CUI CC MODEM THNG MINH

2.4.1. S CHUN HA CC TIP NI MODEM-DTE

Giao tip c

Cc khuyn ngh tng ng ca CCITT v EIA

2.4.2. CC GIAO TIP IN

Mch cn bng

Mch phi hp gia V.28 v V.11

La chn chun giao tip

2.4.3. GIAO TIP VI MNG ANALOG. TH TC V.24

DTEA
V.24

ModemA

Series 100

Series 100 V.24

ModemB
AutoCall

DTEB

Series 200 V.25

Cu trc iu khin MODEM

106 105
103 111 112 114 115 104
Transmision Clock Call detection

Delay
Telephone line

Modulator

Differential Transformer

Receiver clock recovery

Demodulator Signal Detection

109 108 107 125

Biu kt ni mch theo th tc V.24

 Ban u ngi s dng bn A dng my in thoi quay s. Tng i nhn c s quay v rung chung thu bao ch. Dy 125 (call detect) ca Modem bn B c kch hot bo cho DTE bn B bit c cuc gi n. Sau 6 hi chung nu bn B khng nhc my in thoi th h thng t ng chuyn sang ch truyn s liu v Modem c ng ln ng truyn. Tng i pht hin trng thi gim tr khng trn mch vng thu bao v lp tc ngt tn hiu rung chung. Lc dy 107 bn B c kch hot v Modem bn B pht tone 1650 Hz ln ng truyn

 Ngi s dung bn A nghe thy tone 1650 Hz v bit rng Modem bn kia c kt ni nn ng chuyn mch SW1 chuyn sang ch truyn s liu. Dy 107 c kch hoat bo cho DTE bn A bit v sn sng gi d liu, Modem bn A pht tone 980 Hz ln ng truyn. Modem bn B nhn c tone ny v kch hot dy 107 bo tin cho DTE. Hai bn trao i tone trong thi gian chun b cho n khi tn hiu ng b (111, 112,114,115) c trao i v d liu pht c gi trn dy 103, d liu thu c nhn trn dy 104

Cc mch tn hiu series 200

 u tin DTE kim tra dy 213, nu mc A l ngun c bt. DTE kim tra dy 203, nu mc I l Modem ang ri, DTE s kch hot dy 202 yu cu quay s. AutoCall chp nhn v kch hot dy 203 ln mc A. Tip theo AutoCall kch hot dy 210 yu cu ch s cn quay. DTE gi ch s trn 4 dy 206, 207, 208, 209 v kch hot dy 211 bo cho AutoCall bit tn hiu s xc lp. AutoCall c ch s trn 4 dy v m ho thnh xung quay s (pulse tone) hoc m a tn (DTMF) gi cho tng i. Sau AutoCall a dy 210 v mc I, v DTE cng a dy 211 v mc I, kt thc vic gi mt ch s. Tip theo AutoCall li kch hot dy 210 yu cu ch s tip theo, v th tc lp li cho n khi ht cc ch s cn quay. Tng i rung chung thu bao ch, v nu bn kia chp nhn cuc gi, knh c thit lp v bn kia pht li tone 2100 Hz. Dy 204 c kch hot bo cho DTE bit rng trm bn kia kt ni Tip theo l th tc V24

2.4.4. TH TC GOI T NG V.25

2.4.5. U NI TRC TIP CC TRM U CUI

2.4.6. CC MODEM THNG MINH

Modem Hayes

2.5. GIAO TIP VI CC MNG S

T CHC CHUNG GIAO TIP NG B VI MNG S CNG CNG. TH TC X.21 CC DCH V MNG X.21 GIAO TIP KHNG NG B VI MNG S CNG CNG. TH TC X.20

2.5.1. T CHC CHUNG

2.5.2. GIAO TIP NG B VI MNG S CNG CNG. TH TC X.21 Tip ni X21

Tip ni X20

 Biu trng thi

Pha ri
C 6 trng thi Trong ch trng thi 1 c chuyn sang pha thit lp mch

Biu thi gian ca th tc X21

Pha gii phng mch

Bi tp
Trng thi cuc gi in thoi Bn gi nhc my (Dial tone/Busy Tone) Bn gi quay s (PulseTone/DualToneMulti-Frequency) Ch tn hiu tr li Nu b gi bn T gi Busy Tone cho bn gi T rung chung thu bao ch (Ringing Tone) v gi hi m chung cho thu bao gi (Ringback Tone) B gi nhc my Hai bn cho nhau i thoi 13 X.21 (27DTCT) X.20

Cho tm bit
Bn gi gc my B gi gc my

i i

5 6

tpgi v Ringing B gi v Bi RingBack B gi nhc my

Cho nhau i thoi

nh8
7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Cho tm bit Bn gi gc my Cho tm bit

16 17 18 19

2.5.3. CC DCH V MNG X.21

2.5.4. GIAO TIP KHNG NG B VI MNG S CNG CNG. TH TC X.20

Lch hoc TSL

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

05T12 F106/F302

05T12 F303/F309

05T3 F309/ F309/ F309/

8-12 08DTLTF202/F307/F 202

05T3

05T12 E204

8-12 08DTLTB103