Reinforcement for Plates

Course CT4150 Lecture12 5 Jan. 2010

Normal forces in concrete plates

Only rebars in the x and y directions Equilibrium of a plate part

 Equations

nxx nsx nc n yy nsy nc cos q

2

nxy nc sin q cos q

Design Choose q such that nsx+nsy is minimal (lower bound theorem)

 Solution

Example 1
Situation nxx=1200, nyy=-200, nxy=-400 kN/m fy = 500 N/mm, fc= 30 N/mm Thickness = 100 mm Reinforcement nsx= 1200+400 = 1600 kN/m nsy= -200+400 = 200 Concrete nc= -2x400 = -800 kN/m

Asx=1600/500 = 3.20 mm = 3200 mm/m 212280 = 2p/4x12x1000/280 = 3231 OK Asy=200/500 = 0.40 mm = 400 mm/m 26500 = 2p/4x6x1000/500 = 452 OK

sc = 800/100 = 8 N/mm < fc OK

(safety factors omitted)

Example 2
Deep beam 4.7x7.5 m, 2 supports, opening 1.5x1.5 m, point load 3000 kN, fcd = 16.67 N/mm, fyd = 435 N/mm

 Forces nxx, nyy, nxy (linear elastic analysis) Principal stresses

 Reinforcement requirements (software)

 Reinforcement (engineer)

Moments in concrete plates

Only rebars in the x and y directions Equilibrium of a plate part

Result (Yield contour)

2 mxy min{(m px mxx )(m py myy ),(mpx mxx )(mpy myy )}

Example 3
Moments in a point mxx = 13, myy = -8, mxy = 5 kNm/m Moment capacities mpx = 17, mpy = 0, mpx =0, mpy = 10 Is the capacity sufficient?

5 ? min{(17 13)(0 8), (0 13)(10 8)}

2

25 ? min{32, 26}
Yes

Design of moment reinforcement

Carry the moments with the least amount of reinforcement. So, minimize mpx+ mpy+ mpx+ mpy 5 constraints mpx, mpy, mpx, mpy 0 m2 min{(m m )(m m ),(m m )(m m )} xy px xx py yy px xx py yy Solution 1 (Wood-Armer moments) m px mxx mxy mpx mxx mxy
m py m yy mxy mpy m yy mxy

Crack direction 45 to the reinforcing bars

Solution 2 (when mpx would be < 0)

m px 0 m py m yy
2 mxy

mxx

Solution 3 (when mpy would be < 0)

m px mxx m py 0
2 mxy

n yy

Solution 4 (when mpx would be < 0)

mpx 0 mpy m yy
2 mxy

mxx

Solution 5 (when mpy would be < 0)

mpx mxx mpy 0
2 mxy

m yy

Solution 6 (when mpx and mpy would be < 0)

m px 0 m py 0
Solution 7 (when mpx and mpy would be < 0)

mpx 0 mpy 0

Example 4
Moments in a point (as in example 1) mxx = 13, myy = -8, mxy = 5 kNm/m Moment capacities mpx = 13+5/8 = 16.13 mpx = 0 mpy = 0 mpy = 8+5/13 = 9.92 Amount of reinforcement is proportional to 16.13+0+0+9.92 = 26 Amount of reinforcement in example 3 17+0+0+10 = 27 (larger, so not optimal)

Example 5
Plate bridge, simply supported 4 x 8 m, point load 80 kN, thick 0.25 m

Example 5 continued
Decomposition of the load

Example 5 Torsion moment

V mxy

V mxy

1 T 2

x
1 T 2

mxy a Va 1 T 2 mxy 1 F 10 kNm/m 8

1 Fa 2

Example 5 All moments

Moments in the bridge middle
mxx
1 4

F 2a a

1 F 40 kNm/m 2

m yy 0 mxy 1 F 10 kNm/m 8

Moments at the bridge support mxx 0 m yy 0

mxy 1 F 10 kNm/m 8

Example 5 FEM moments

Example 5 Reinforcement
Middle
m py 0 10 10 mpx 40 10 0 102 mpy 0 2.5 40

Support
m py 0 10 10

Designed
m px 50 m py 10

m px 40 10 50 kNm/m m px 0 10 10

mpx 0 10 10 mpx 10 mpy 0 10 10 mpy 10

Example 5 Upper bound check

Result
4 F 6 m px 5 4 50 6 1.22 > 1 OK 5 80

Computed requirements

Conclusions
The design procedure used is 1 Compute the force flow linear elastically 2 Choose the dimensions plastically The reason for the linear elastic analysis in the first step is that it shows us how an as yet imperfect design can be improved. A plastic (or nonlinear) analysis in step 1 would shows us how the structure would collapse; but that is not what we want to know in design.
This procedure is applied to design many types of structure for the ULS.