Thermodynamics

1.) In an expansion from state 1 to state 2, the area under the curve and the work done is + 2.) In a compression, the area under the curve and the work done is -. 3.) If P remains constant, the work done by the system is W=P(V2-V1) 4.) If the volume is constant, the system does no work.

Paths Between Thermodynamic States

To go from the state (Vi, Pi) by the path (a) to the state (Vf, Pf) requires a different amount of work then by path (b). To return to the initial point (1) requires the work to be nonzero.

The work done by the system depends not only on the initial and final states, but also on the intermediate states, that is, on the path.
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1.) What is the change in the internal energy of the system if:
a.) the system does 100 J of work on the surroundings and at the same time 40 J of heat enters the system. b.) the system does 100 J of work on the surroundings and at the same time, 40 J of heat leaves the system. c.) 100 J of work is done on the system by the surroundings and at the same time 40 J of heat enters the system d.) 100 J of work done on the system by the surroundings and at the same time 40 J of heat leaves the system.

2.) In process ab, 150 J of heat are added to the system, and in process bd, 600 J of heat are added.

Find: a.)the internal energy change in process ab b.)the internal energy change in process abd c.)the total heat added in process acd.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

We observe that heat always flows spontaneously from a warmer object to a cooler one, although the opposite would not violate the conservation of energy. This direction of heat flow is one of the ways of expressing the second law of thermodynamics:

When objects of different temperatures are brought into thermal contact, the spontaneous flow of heat that results is always from the high temperature object to the low temperature object. Spontaneous heat flow never proceeds in the reverse direction.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The engine statement:

It is impossible for any system to undergo a process in which it absorbs heat from a reservoir at a single temperature and converts the heat completely into mechanical work, with the system ending in the same state in which it began.

Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle

A heat engine is a device that converts heat into work. A classic example is the steam engine. Fuel heats the water; the vapor expands and does work against the piston; the vapor condenses back into water again and the cycle repeats.

Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle

All heat engines have: a high-temperature reservoir a low-temperature reservoir a cyclical engine These are illustrated schematically here.

Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle

An amount of heat Qh is supplied from the hot reservoir to the engine during each cycle. Of that heat, some appears as work, and the rest, Qc, is given off as waste heat to the cold reservoir.

The efficiency is the fraction of the heat supplied to the engine that appears as work.

18-6 Heat Engines and the Carnot Cycle

The efficiency can also be written:

In order for the engine to run, there must be a temperature difference; otherwise heat will not be transferred.

Sample Problem: A gasoline engine in a large truck takes in 10,000 J of heat and delivers 2000 J of mechanical work per cycle. The heat is obtained by burning gasoline with heat of combustion Lc = 5.0 x 104 J/g. a.) What is the thermal efficiency of this engine? b.) How much heat is discarded in each cycle? c.) How much gasoline is burned in each cycle?