Prevalence, epidemiology, dan background (1)

purported contributing factors include the following:

improved hygiene increased exposure to allergens changes in lifestyle

the hygiene hypothesis: an inverse relationship between microbial exposure & the likelihood of developing allergic diseases

Prevalence, epidemiology, dan background (2)

In societies, the incidence of allergy has increased There has been a parallel change that implies a reduced exposure to microorganisms:
eliminate bacteria from food & drinking water AB & vaccines to control & prevent bacterial infection.

Prevalence, epidemiology, dan background (3)

Modern building techniques imply increased indoor temperature & humidity, and less ventilation the growth of the major indoor allergens: mites & molds. Carpets & other reservoirs, and the time spent indoors increases increased sensitization to indoor allergens.

Prevalence, epidemiology, dan background (4)

Changes in lifestyle also include changes in diets and a general increase in BMI. Decreased levels of vitamin D increase in the prevalence of allergic disorders.

Investigation (1)
The key issue is a relationship between allergen exposure and one or more of the typical allergic rhinitis symptoms. Other matters that should be disclosed: hereditary disposition seasonal or perennial characteristics of symptoms severity of disease medical, social, educational,and professional complications effect of previous treatment.

Investigation (2)
Skin prick testing has a sensitivity and specificity > 90% for aeroallergens. It is safe, the costs are relatively low, and results are available within 15 min, to be recommended in routine allergy investigation.

Investigation (3)
Provocationconjunctival or nasalwill yield a local response within minutes in sensitized individuals, to be useful in various settings. Potential considerable discomfort and lack of standardized extracts and procedures limit its application.

Investigation (4)
Total IgE, as a majority of patients suffering from allergic rhinitis have a total IgE within the normal range; not recommended as a diagnostic aid in allergic rhinitis. However, serum IgE greater than 100 IU/mL before age 6 years may indicate an allergic predisposition.

Investigation (5)
Specific IgE The sensitivity and specificity are comparable with skin prick testing, but the cost per allergen is considerably higher, and it takes days before patients can get results.