Hardware & Capacity

planning
Data - Communication
Data-communication is the combination of
data-processing and communication. It
includes the processing of data of program's
running on computer-systems, and the
communication over great distance where the
information is transported by using of
electrical-conductivity, radio-waves, light-
signals, etc. With data-communication it is
possible to communicate over great
distances from terminals connected on the
communication network.
Components of Data
Communication
Three Components of Data Communication

 Data

Analog: Continuous value data (sound,
light, temperature)

Digital: Discrete value (text, integers,
symbols) signal
Data
 Voice
 Images
 Digital data
 Analog data
 Text
 Digitized voice or images
Analog Signal
o Continuous waves with no discontinuity or break
in between
o They can travel long distances but they get
distorted by noise.
o In long distance travel, the strength of the signal
starts decreasing.
Digital Signals
 Discrete on-off pulses i.e. they present information in
terms of two states of signals, either one(1) or zero(0).
Any number has to be represented as a combination of
ones and zeros, called binary digits (bits).
 Digital transmission is preferred over analog signals
because of its high quality
 Digital signals are less affected by disturbances or
noise and they can be repeatedly strengthened for long
distance transmission
Advantages of Digital
Transmission
The signal is exact
Signals can be checked for errors
Noise/interference are easily
filtered out
A variety of services can be offered
over one line
Higher bandwidth is possible with
data compression
Data Transmission
A given transmission on a communications
channel between two machines can occur in
several different ways. The transmission is
characterized by:
 The direction of the exchanges

 The transmission mode: the number of bits

sent simultaneously
 Synchronization between the transmitter and

receiver
Various Transmission
Modes
A simplex connection is a connection in which the
data flows in only one direction, from the
transmitter to the receiver. This type of connection
is useful if the data do not need to flow in both
directions (for example, from your computer to the
printer or from the mouse to your computer...).
A half-duplex connection (sometimes called
an alternating connection or semi-duplex) is a
connection in which the data flows in one direction
or the other, but not both at the same time. With
this type of connection, each end of the connection
transmits in turn. This type of connection makes it
possible to have bidirectional communications
using the full capacity of the line.
A full-duplex connection is a connection in which the
data flow in both directions simultaneously. Each end
of the line can thus transmit and receive at the same
time, which means that the bandwidth is divided in two
for each direction of data transmission if the same
transmission medium is used for both directions of
transmission.
 Asynchronous
Transmission
Transmits one character at a time, with each
character followed by a start bit,
 Asynchronous transmission is inefficient because
of the additional bits required for indicating start
and stop, and an idle time between transmission
of characters,
 It is therefore normally used for low speed data
transmissions at rates below 2400 bps.
 Each character is preceded by some information
indicating the start of character transmission (the
transmission start information is called a START
bit) and ends by sending end-of-transmission
information (called STOP bit, there may even be
several STOP bits).
Synchronous Transmission

 A group of characters is sent at a time .

 The start and end of a character is
determined by a timing signal initiated by a
sending device. thus it eliminates the need
for the start and stop bits.
Communication Channel
Physical connection lines
 a) TWISTED PAIR WIRES
i) THEY ARE MADE UP OF COPPER AND A PAIR OF
WIRES TWISTED TOGATHER TO REDUCE
INTERFERENCE WITH ADJACENT WIRES.
ii) USED FOR SHORT DISTANCE (UP TO ABOUT 1KM)
DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION.
iii) INEXPENSIVE
iv) WIDELY USED AND EASY TO IMPLEMENT
v) THEIR USE IS LIMITED BECAUSE THEY EASILY PICK
UP NOISE SIGNALS, WHICH RESULT IN HIGH ERROR
RATES WHEN THE LINE LENGTH EXTENDS BEYOND
100 METERS.
b) COAXIAL WIRES

 This cable can carry much more data and is less susceptible to
electrical interference.
 It is more expensive and relatively inflexible.

c) FIBRE OPTIC LINES

Optical fiber may be used to communicate either analog or digital

signals. In analog transmission, the light intensity is varied
continuously whereas in digital transmission the light source is
turned on or off.

 This cable consists of thousands of very thin filaments of glass.

 This cable is immune to electrical interferences and hence is
more reliable
BANDWIDTH
 It is refer as Capacity To Transmit

a) NARROW BAND / LOW SPEED:

RANGE: 300-1200 BITS PER SECOND
USED FOR LOW-SPEED TERMINAL
b) VOICE BAND / MEDIUM SPEED
RANGE: 300-2400 BAUDS.
USED IN A STANDARD TELEPHONE LINE
c) BROAD BAND / HIGH SPEED
INTERVAL FROM 19,200 bps TO SEVERAL BILLIONS bps.
such capacities can be achieved with data transmission through
coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, microwave and satellite.
Need for Networking

 Exchange Files
 Share Peripherals
 Inter – office transactions
 Multiple access of data
 keeping pace with the latest technology