Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bones
are calcified connective tissue forming the major portion of the skeleton of most vertebrates more calcium than any other organ consists of a dense organic matrix and an inorganic, mineral component
and elasticity shape and support site of attachment for tendons and muscles Protects vital organs of the body Serve as a storage site for minerals provides medium for development and storage of blood cells marrow
Bones
Shape. of development.
Mode
Histologic appearance.
Classification
Long
based on shape:
Cube shaped of nearly equal length and width. Consists of spongy bone covered by thin layer of compact bone. Examples; bones of wrist and ankle.
Thin, flat ,curved with no marrow cavity. spongy bone is present between upper and lower layer of compact bone. Examples;
sternum,ribs,clavicle
Have complex shapes, notched or with ridges. Made of spongy bone covered with layer of compact bone. Examples; vertebrae,mandible, sphenoid,pelvic bones.
Endochondral bones
Intramembranous bones
Cranial and facial flat bones of the skull, mandible and clavicles.
Woven/immature
bone.
First formed bone with irregularly oriented collagen fibers of varying diameter. Present in
alveolar
67%
33%
inorganic
organic
hydroxyapatite 28%
5%
collagen
The mineral component; hydroxyapatite thin plates or leaf like structures packed closely with long axis nearly parallel to collagen fibril axis
The narrow gaps between the crystals contain water and organic macromolecules. Ions present; Carbonate,calcium phosphate,hydroxyl.
5% of the total organic content of bone matrix. Endogenous proteins produced by the bone cells. Albumin is derived from the blood and become incorporated into the bone matrix during osteosynthesis.
Osteocalcin; noncollagenous protein 15% of the noncollagenous bone protein. Also known as bone Gla protein Aminoacid gamma carboxy glutamic acid.
Osteopontin
Aspartate Potent inhibitor of hydroxy apatite crystal growth. Transcription is upregulated by vitamin D3
Glutamic acid Plays role in the intiation of mineral crystal formation. suppressed by vitamin D3
Osteonectin
25% of noncollagenous proteins bound to hydroxyapatite crystal regulation of cell adhesion proliferation and modulation of cytokine activity
Proteoglycans
A large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans Non mineralized bone matrix Small proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin(<10%) EDTA extracts of bone
Others
Lysyl oxidase(collagen cross linking) and tyrosine rich acidic matrix protein(TRAMP) Demineralised bone and bone matrix
TRAMP( dermatopontin) binds decorin and TGF-beta Regulate the cellular response to TGF beta
Dense outer sheet of compact bone and a central medullary cavity Cavity is filled with red or yellow bone marrow interrupted, particularly at the ends of long bones, by a network of bone trabeculae ie.trabecular, cancellous, or spongy bone
Circumferential lamellae;
At the periosteal and endosteal surfaces, the lamellae in parallel layers surrounding the bony surface
Concentric lamellae;
Deep to the circumferential lamellae, the lamellae are arranged in concentric layers around a central vascular canal
Interstitial lamellae: are interspersed between adjacent concentric lamellae and fill the spaces between them
Red marrow
young bone
yellow marrow
old bone
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclast
mononucleated cells synthesis and secretion of macromolecular organic constituents of bone matrix osteoprogenitor cells of mesenchymal origin
Osteoblasts
osteoblast
Osteoblasts
Formation of new bone via synthesis of various proteins and polysaccharides Regulation of bone remoldeling and mineral metabolism In the mineralization of osteoid
Osteoblasts
Receptor for these bone resorbing agents Recognize the resorptive signal and transmit it to the osteoclast
Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
In response of hypocalcemia; hormone activates the mechanism for the release of calcium from the bone
PTH does so; indirect effect mediated by PTH receptors on bone stromal cells including osteoblast
Osteoblasts
Stimulates bone resorption Essential for normal bone growth and mineralisation Promotes calcium absorption from the intestine
Osteoblasts
Parathormone and vitamin D3 enhance; bone resorption at high concentration(pharmacological) bone formation at low(physiological)
Osteoblasts
Required for attaining normal bone mass; Mediated by the local production of IGF-1 Binds to membrane growth hormone receptors on activated osteoblast
Osteoblasts
It targets osteoblast directly Stimulates bone matrix formation Mineralisation Indirectly affects bone formation through stimulation of IGF-1
Osteoblasts
Formation of new bone including; Migration Aggregation Proliferation of mesenchymal type cells Differentiation into osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts after, completing their function got entrapped in bone matrix and become osteocytes or remain on the surface as the lining cells
Osteoblasts form the bone matrix, they got entrapped within the matrix they secrete and are called as osteocytes The number of osteoblasts that become osteocytes, depend on the rapidity of bone formation
Osteocytes
Osteocytic lacunae;
within the bone matrix, the osteocyte reduce in size creating a space around it ovoid or flattened
Osteocytes
Narrow extensions of these lacunae forms channels called canaliculi Osteocytic processes are present within these canaliculi; contain bundles of microfilaments and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
At
the distal end, these processes contact the processes of adjacent cells(osteocytes) contact with osteoblasts and bone lining cells at the surface
The word osteoblast is derived from the Greek words for bone and broken Removes bone tissue by removing the mineralized matrix of bone
Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts lie in resorption bays called Howships lacunae. large cell approximately 40-100m in diameter with 15 to 20 closely packed nuclei. multinucleated osteoclast resorb more bone than with few nuclei.
Osteoclasts
The cytoplasm also microtubles which transport vesicles between golgi stacks and ruffled membrane
Cathepsin containing vesicles and vacuoles are present close to the ruffled border indicating resorptive activity of these cells
Osteoclasts
Haemopoietic cells of monocyte macrophage lineage Proliferate and differentiate into osteoclasts through a mechanism involving cell-cell interaction with osteoclast stromal cells
Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts
RANK is expressed by osteoclast precursors, a membrane bound TNF receptor that recognizes RANKL through direct cell to cell interaction with osteoblast or stromal cells
Osteoclasts
The soluble TNF receptor family member OPG is a natural RANKL antagonist ; inhibit osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Estrogen suppresses the ; production of bone resorbing cytokines including IL-1 and IL-6.
Osteoclasts
Calcitonin
inhibits; proliferation differentiation of osteoclast precursors reduces the dimension of ruffled border and dissociation into monocytic cells
Three
mechanisms
At the ends of long bones Vertebrae Ribs Head of the mandible Base of the skull
Mesenchymal cells
Hyaline
The growth of cartilage model; Intersititial growth Appositional growth Intersititial growth
Appositional growth
As the differentiation of cells move towards metaphysis. Cells organize into longitudinal sections
Zone of proliferation
Zones
of proliferation;
The cells are small and flat Constitute a source of new cells
In this bone develops directly within the soft connective tissue rather than on a cartilaginous model
At
the multiple sites within each bone of the cranial vault Maxilla Body of the mandible Midshaft of long bones
The bone spicules gradually lengthen into longer structures called as trabeculae The trabeculae extend in a radial pattern and these enclose blood vessels Woven bone;early membrane bone Periosteum ;external to woven bone, condensation of vascular mesenchyme.
In
richly vascular areas, these osteogenic cells give rise to osteoblasts that form the bone matrix areas, with no capillary blood supply, they form the chondroblasts which lay down cartilage
In
osteoblasts
Osteogenic
cells are always in superficial position repeating the process again and again
This
is appositional growth which result in build of bone tissue one layer at a time
Permit
skull and face to accommodate growing organs such as eyes and brain Same osteogenic potential as periosteum Skull bones forced apart by the growing brain-bone forms at the sutural margins, with waves of new bone cells differentiating from the cambium
Young immature bone is relatively thin, with few osteons. Its periosteal surface is undulating and forms bone rapidly Its endosteal surface is primarily for resorption.
The immature bone grows. Its periosteal surface is not as undulating and produce large number of secondary osteons. The primary osteons are resorbed.
The bone nearly matures.it is thicker still, its periosteal surface is less undulating and teritary osteons replace secondary osteons.Fragments of both primary and secondary osteons forms interstitial lamellae
It
Cutting
The leading edge of resorption it is characterized in cross section by scalloped array of Howships lacunae,each housing an osteoclast
Remodeling is the major pathway of bony changes in shape, resistance to forces, repair of wounds, and calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body.
Ten Cates Oral Histology, Development, structure and function- 2005, 5th edition.