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Politecnico di Torino School of Architecture

Fundamentals of Architectural Technology Prof. Roberto Pagani


Arch. Giulia Bonomi Arch. Zang Yu

FOUNDATIONS

Fondazioni

General definitions FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni

A foundation is a structure that transfers to the ground loads coming from the building.
They are generally broken into two categories:

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
fondazioni dirette

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
fondazioni indirette

1.1

1.2

General definitions SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni dirette

Usually embedded a meter or so into soil.


These can be used when there is a strong superficial layer of soil.

CONTINOUS FOUNDATIONS
fondazioni continue

SPLIT FOUNDATIONS
fondazioni discontinue

1.1

1.2

General definitions DEEP FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni indirette

Used to transfer a load from a structure through an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil.

1.1

1.2

General definitions

1.1

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.1 CONTINOUS WALL FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni continua in muratura

This structure is built at the bottom of a bearing wall. It transfers the loads to the ground widening the wall section.
BEARING WALL
muratura portante

TRENCH BANKS CONTINOUS WALL


muratura continua

sponde della trincea

1.1

1.1.1

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.1 CONTINOUS WALL FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni continua in muratura

TRACING FUONDATIONS

tracciamento delle fondazioni _ allineamento con picchetti

1.1

1.1.1

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.1 CONTINOUS WALL FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni continua in muratura

TRENCH WITH VERTICATL AND SLOPE BANKS


trincee a sponde verticali e inclinate

1.1

1.1.1

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.1 CONTINOUS WALL FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni continua in muratura

DEEP TRENCH

trincea profonda

1.1

1.1.1

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.1 CONTINOUS WALL FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni continua in muratura

SOIL REINFORCING

puntellamento del terreno

SOIL REINFORCING

puntellamento del terreno

VERTICAL SOIL REINFORCING


puntellamento verticale del terreno

1.1

1.1.1

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.1 CONTINOUS WALL FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni continua in muratura

MASONRY FOUNDATION
fondazione in muratura

CONCRETE FOUNDATION
fondazione in calcestruzzo

STONE FOUNDATION

fondazione a sacco in pietrame

1.1

1.1.1

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.1 CONTINOUS WALL FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni continua in muratura

MIXED FOUNDATION
fondazione mista

1.1

1.1.1

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.1 CONTINOUS WALL FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni continua in muratura

EXAMPLE OF WALL FOUNDATION


esempio di fondazione continua

1.1

1.1.1

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.2 SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a trave rovescia

BEARING WALL This structure consists of muratura portante strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which transfer the loads from walls and columns to the soil or CONCRETE PAD bedrock. They are common in residential construction that includes a basement, and in many commercial structures.
piattabanda in cls

1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.2 SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a trave rovescia

PLINTH ARMOR armatura di uno zatterone

CONCRETE BEAM FOUNDATION trave rovescia in cls

1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.2 SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a trave rovescia

CONCRETE BEAM FOUNDATION disposizione delle travi nei due sensi ortogonali

1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.2 SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a trave rovescia

ARMOR OF A SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION armatura di una fondazione a trave rovescia

1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.2 SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a trave rovescia

ARMOR OF A SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION armatura di una fondazione a trave rovescia

1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.3 SLAB ON GRADE FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a platea

BEARING WALL

muratura portante

This is a structural engineering practice in which the concrete slab is formed from a mold set into the ground. The concrete is then poured into the mold, leaving no space between the ground and the structure. CONCRETE PAD

piattabanda in cls

1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.3 SLAB ON GRADE FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a platea

This type of construction is most often seen in warmer climates, where ground freezing and thawing is less of a concern and where there is no need for heat ducting underneath the floor.

ARMOR OF A SLAB ON GRADE FOUNDATION armatura di una fondazione a platea

1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.3 SLAB ON GRADE FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a platea

The six stories of superstructure weigh approximately the same as the soil excavated for the substructure, so the stress in the soil beneath the building has not changed
SLAB ON GRADE FOUNDATION fondazione a platea

1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.3 SLAB ON GRADE FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a platea

EXAMPLE OF SLAB ON GRADE FOUNDATION esempio di fondazione a platea

1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3

1.2

1.1

Shallow continous foundations

1.1.3 SLAB ON GRADE FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a platea

ARMOR OF SLAB ON GRADE FOUNDATION armatura di fondazione a platea

1.1

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3

1.2

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.1

1.2

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.2.1 MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a plinti isolati

CONCRETE COLUMN
pilastro in calcestruzzo

This kind of foundation is used to distribute heavy column and wall loads across the entire building area, to lower the contact pressure compared to conventional spread footings.

CONCRETE MAT SLAB

plinto in calcestruzzo

1.1

1.2

1.2.1

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.2.1 MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a plinti isolati

SUBFOUNDATION
Sottofondazione PLINTH WITH SUBFOUNDATION plinto con sottofondazione

1.1

1.2

1.2.1

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.2.1 MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a plinti isolati

COLUMN ARMOR
Armatura pilastro

PLINTH ARMOR armatura plinto

1.1

1.2

1.2.1

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.2.1 MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a plinti isolati

CONCRETE COLUMN
pilastro in calcestruzzo

Mat-slab foundations can be constructed near the ground surface, or at the bottom of basements. In high-rise buildings, mat-slab foundations can be several meters thick, with extensive reinforcing to ensure relatively uniform load transfer. CONCRETE REINFORCES
rinforzi in calcestruzzo

1.1

1.2

1.2.1

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.2.1 MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a plinti isolati

REINFORCED PLINTH plinto nervato con mensole mediane

REINFORCED PLINTH

plinto nervato con mensole diagonali

1.1

1.2

1.2.1

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.2.1 MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a plinti isolati

Either the combined plinth or the cantlevered plinth is used when column footings must abut a property line. By combining the foundation for the column against the property line, at the left, with the foundation for the next interior column, to the right, in a single structural unit, a balanced footing design can be achieved.

(reinforces omitted for clarity)

1.1

1.2

1.2.1

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.2.1 MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a plinti isolati

PLINTH ARMOR FOUNDATION


pianta fondazione a plinti

1.1

1.2

1.2.1

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.2.1 MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a plinti isolati

1.1

1.2

1.2.1

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.2.1 MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a plinti isolati

1.1

1.2

1.2.1

1.2

Shallow split foundations

1.2.1 MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a plinti isolati

SIMPLE PLATE PLINTH plinto a piastra semplice

REINFORCED PLATE PLINTH plinto a piastra rinforzata 1.2.1

PLATE PLINTH WITH RIBS plinto a piastra con nervature

1.1

1.2

Deep foundations

1.1

1.2

Deep foundations 2.1 PILES FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a pali

There are different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, piers, and earth stabilized columns. The naming conventions for these kinds of foundations vary between different engineers, but they are always in the form of piles.

1.1

1.2

2.1.

Deep foundations 2.1 PILES FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a pali

Generally piles are driven into the earth. The END BEARING PILE reaches through weaker soil to bear on competent soil beneath. The FRICTION PILE derives its loadcarrying capacity from friction between the soil and the sides of the pile.

1.1

1.2

2.1.

Deep foundations 2.1 PILES FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a pali

1.1

1.2

2.1.

Deep foundations 2.1 PILES FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a pali

Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete. Sometimes these foundations penetrate bedrock.

STEEL H
ipe in acciaio

STEEL PIPE scatolato in acciaio

PRECAST CONCRETE cls prefabbricato 2.1.

WOOD legno

1.1

1.2

Deep foundations 2.1 PILES FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a pali

DIFFERENT PILE SECTIONS pali a diverse sezioni

1.1

1.2

2.1.

Deep foundations 2.1 PILES FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a pali

CONNECTION OF PILES WITH WOODEN PLATES connessione dei pali con zattere di legno

CONNECTION OF PILES WITH CONCRETE connessione dei pali con gettata in cls

1.1

1.2

2.1.

Deep foundations 2.1 PILES FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a pali

When possible the cap is poured against earth sides, as shown, for economy and for better resistance to lateral loads.

ELEVATION OF A PILE CAP, COLUMN AND FLOOR SLAB alzato di una connessione dei pali, pilastro e sottofondo per pavimento

1.1

1.2

2.1.

Deep foundations 2.1 PILES FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a pali

The caissons are concrete cylinders poured into drilled holes. The END BEARING CAISSON at the left is belled as shown when additional bearing capacity is required. The SOCKETED CAISSON is drilled into a hard stratum and transfers its load primarily by friction between the soil or rock and the sides of caisson.

1.1

1.2

2.1.

Deep foundations 2.1 PILES FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a pali

1.1

1.2

2.1.

Deep foundations 2.1 PILES FOUNDATIONS


fondazioni a pali

STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION OF A CAISSON Fasi di costruzione di un palo gettato in opera

1.1

1.2

2.1.

Deep foundations

Deep foundations

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