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FOUNDATIONS
Fondazioni
A foundation is a structure that transfers to the ground loads coming from the building.
They are generally broken into two categories:
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
fondazioni dirette
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
fondazioni indirette
1.1
1.2
CONTINOUS FOUNDATIONS
fondazioni continue
SPLIT FOUNDATIONS
fondazioni discontinue
1.1
1.2
Used to transfer a load from a structure through an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil.
1.1
1.2
General definitions
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
This structure is built at the bottom of a bearing wall. It transfers the loads to the ground widening the wall section.
BEARING WALL
muratura portante
1.1
1.1.1
1.2
1.1
TRACING FUONDATIONS
1.1
1.1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1.1
1.2
1.1
DEEP TRENCH
trincea profonda
1.1
1.1.1
1.2
1.1
SOIL REINFORCING
SOIL REINFORCING
1.1
1.1.1
1.2
1.1
MASONRY FOUNDATION
fondazione in muratura
CONCRETE FOUNDATION
fondazione in calcestruzzo
STONE FOUNDATION
1.1
1.1.1
1.2
1.1
MIXED FOUNDATION
fondazione mista
1.1
1.1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1.1
1.2
1.1
BEARING WALL This structure consists of muratura portante strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which transfer the loads from walls and columns to the soil or CONCRETE PAD bedrock. They are common in residential construction that includes a basement, and in many commercial structures.
piattabanda in cls
1.1
1.1.1 1.1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1.1 1.1.2
1.2
1.1
CONCRETE BEAM FOUNDATION disposizione delle travi nei due sensi ortogonali
1.1
1.1.1 1.1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1.1 1.1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1.1 1.1.2
1.2
1.1
BEARING WALL
muratura portante
This is a structural engineering practice in which the concrete slab is formed from a mold set into the ground. The concrete is then poured into the mold, leaving no space between the ground and the structure. CONCRETE PAD
piattabanda in cls
1.1
1.2
1.1
This type of construction is most often seen in warmer climates, where ground freezing and thawing is less of a concern and where there is no need for heat ducting underneath the floor.
1.1
1.2
1.1
The six stories of superstructure weigh approximately the same as the soil excavated for the substructure, so the stress in the soil beneath the building has not changed
SLAB ON GRADE FOUNDATION fondazione a platea
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
CONCRETE COLUMN
pilastro in calcestruzzo
This kind of foundation is used to distribute heavy column and wall loads across the entire building area, to lower the contact pressure compared to conventional spread footings.
plinto in calcestruzzo
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2
SUBFOUNDATION
Sottofondazione PLINTH WITH SUBFOUNDATION plinto con sottofondazione
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2
COLUMN ARMOR
Armatura pilastro
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2
CONCRETE COLUMN
pilastro in calcestruzzo
Mat-slab foundations can be constructed near the ground surface, or at the bottom of basements. In high-rise buildings, mat-slab foundations can be several meters thick, with extensive reinforcing to ensure relatively uniform load transfer. CONCRETE REINFORCES
rinforzi in calcestruzzo
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2
REINFORCED PLINTH
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2
Either the combined plinth or the cantlevered plinth is used when column footings must abut a property line. By combining the foundation for the column against the property line, at the left, with the foundation for the next interior column, to the right, in a single structural unit, a balanced footing design can be achieved.
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
Deep foundations
1.1
1.2
There are different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, piers, and earth stabilized columns. The naming conventions for these kinds of foundations vary between different engineers, but they are always in the form of piles.
1.1
1.2
2.1.
Generally piles are driven into the earth. The END BEARING PILE reaches through weaker soil to bear on competent soil beneath. The FRICTION PILE derives its loadcarrying capacity from friction between the soil and the sides of the pile.
1.1
1.2
2.1.
1.1
1.2
2.1.
Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete. Sometimes these foundations penetrate bedrock.
STEEL H
ipe in acciaio
WOOD legno
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
2.1.
CONNECTION OF PILES WITH WOODEN PLATES connessione dei pali con zattere di legno
CONNECTION OF PILES WITH CONCRETE connessione dei pali con gettata in cls
1.1
1.2
2.1.
When possible the cap is poured against earth sides, as shown, for economy and for better resistance to lateral loads.
ELEVATION OF A PILE CAP, COLUMN AND FLOOR SLAB alzato di una connessione dei pali, pilastro e sottofondo per pavimento
1.1
1.2
2.1.
The caissons are concrete cylinders poured into drilled holes. The END BEARING CAISSON at the left is belled as shown when additional bearing capacity is required. The SOCKETED CAISSON is drilled into a hard stratum and transfers its load primarily by friction between the soil or rock and the sides of caisson.
1.1
1.2
2.1.
1.1
1.2
2.1.
1.1
1.2
2.1.
Deep foundations
Deep foundations