Professional Documents
Culture Documents
V du ve ngoai tac
Ngoai tac tieu cc
O nhiem va un tac do o to Hang xom on ao Khoi thuoc la
Chung lam cho san xuat qua nhieu nhng hang hoa gay nen ngoai tac tieu cc va qua t oi vi nhng hang hoa gay nen ngoai tac tch cc . Chung cung dan ti s khong hieu qua cua th trng
3
Q*
Lng
MSB=D
MPC=S
Chung cung gay ra s mat hieu qua o bang tam giac mau hong
Q* Q i bang o to
5
Nha may thep xa chat thai vao dong song Toan bo th trng thep co the giam i bang cach ha thap xuat lng (ham san xuat ty le co nh) Chi ph ngoai tac bien (MEC) la chi ph ma cac ng dan ha lu phai ganh chu oi vi moi mc san xuat Chi ph xa hoi bien (MSC) la MC cong MEC.
MSC MC
Gia
Cong ty toi a hoa li nhuan san xuat tai q1 trong khi mc xuat lng hieu qua la q*.
MSCI
San lng canh tranh cua nganh la Q1 trong khi san lng hieu qua la Q*.
S = MCI
Tong chi ph xa hoi cua ngoai tac tieu cc
P* P1 P1
MECI MEC D q* q1
Xuat lng cua cong ty
Q* Q1
Li ch anh hng ra ben ngoai = MEB Ngoai tac tch cc khien cho MSB>MSC dan ti tieu dung di mc
Chung cung gay ra s mat hieu qua o bang tam giac mau hong
Q*
D
P1 P* MEB
Mot chu nha au t q1 vao sa nha do li ch rieng cua mnh. Mc hieu qua cua viec sa nha q* lai ln hn. Gia P1 cao hn lam ngi ta khong muon sa nha
MC
Lieu ngoai tac tch cc co lam nan long nghien cu va phat trien khong?
q1
q*
Mc sa nha
9
11
MSB MSC
P2 P1
MSB=D
Q*
12
MSB MSC
P2 P1
MSB=D
MPC=S Thue tren n v Thu nhap t thue nen c chi tieu nh the nao? Co nhng kha nang g?
Q*
13
MSB MSC
P2 P1
MSB=D
MPC=S
Tam giac hong bieu th li ve hieu qua co c t thue.
Q*
14
Neu thue o nhiem hay nh vay, tai sao ta khong s dung chung?
oi khi gay ra ganh nang khong can xng len cac ho thu nhap
thap.
16
QT QM
Q*
MSB=D+Tr cap
MSC=S
Q*
MSB=D+ Tr cap
MSC=S
Q*
mot phan giao duc ai hoc. Anh ch ngh ieu nay co thch hp khong?
21
Nhng cach khac e hieu chnh that bai cua th trng V du ve o nhiem Nhng cach giam mc thai xuong E*
Mc thai chuan
nh gii han hp phap ve mc thai tai E* (12) Che tai bang phat tien va hnh s Tang chi ph san xuat va ngng gia e nhap nganh
Ph thai
Ph anh vao moi n v thai
MCA
E0 0 2 4 6 8 10
E* 12 14
16
E1 18 20
22
24
26
23
Mc thai
Mc chuan thai va Le ph
o la tren n v thai
MSC
Mc chuan
MCA
E*
12
Mc thai 24
MCA1
MCA2
6 chi Giai phap toi thieu hoa ph se la giam 6 cho Cong ty 1 va 8 cho Cong ty 52 va MCA1= MCA2 = $3. 4 3.75 3 2.50 2 Chi ph giam o nhiem cua Cong ty 2 giam i 1
Tac ong cua mc chuan la giam 7 cho ca hai cong ty c minh hoa. Khong hieu qua bi v MCA2 < MCA1. Neu an nh ph $3, Cong ty 1 se giam thai khoang 6 ti 8. Cong ty 2 se giam khoang 8 ti 6. MCA1 = MCA2: giai phap hieu qua.
Mc thai
10
11
12
13
14
25
C
16 14 12
Chi ph xa hoi bien
E A D B
10
8 7 6 4 2 0 2 4 6
ABC la hieu so gia so tang trong chi ph xa hoi va so giam trong chi ph giam o nhiem
Da tren thong tin khong ay u mc chuan la 9 (giam 12,5%) ADE < ABC
8 9 10 11 12
14
16
Mc thai
26
Cau hoi
Lieu co the giai quyet van e ngoai tac ma khong can co chnh phu? Nhng giai phap da tren th trng cho van e ngoai tac: giay phep gay o nhiem Chnh sach moi trng
au tien ta can xet khai niem quyen s hu
27
Quyen s hu
Mot quyen s hu xac nh quyen chiem hu, s dung, va t bo mot th g o. Trong trng hp ngoai tac, quyen s hu co the khong c xac nh ro rang. Neu quyen s hu c xac nh ro rang, cac ben lien quan en ngoai tac co the am phan mot giai phap.
28
Ngi hut thuoc, cat thuoc i. Ngi khong hut thuoc, ci va th sau Lieu moi ngi co vui long khong? Ta nen lam g ve viec nay?
29
nh ly Coase
Th trng canh tranh at c hieu qua phan bo trong nhng trng hp lien quan en ngoai tac tieu cc neu hai ieu kien sau c thoa: Quyen s hu c xac nh ro rang Chi ph giao dch bang khong (khong ton nhieu e at c thoa thuan)
nh mc o nhiem c cho phep Tao ra quyen gay o nhiem co the am phan tren th trng Cho phep th trng ve quyen gay o nhiem tm giai phap hieu qua nhat 32
Moi ngi c tiep can t do. Co kha nang b s dung qua nhieu V du
Khong kh va nc
Ca va suc vat Khoang san
33
Tuy nhien, chi ph t nhan tnh thap hn chi ph thc. Lng ca/thang hieu qua la F* tai o MSC = MB (D) Chi ph t nhan
Cau
F*
FC
Khi nao chnh phu nen thay the cong ty trong vai tro ngi san xuat hang hoa va dch vu?
e tra li, ta can xem xet hang hoa cong
Hang hoa cong la nhng hang hoa co the c mot so ngi tieu dung cung s dung ma khong lam giam kha nang s dung mon hang cua bat c ngi nao.
35
Vi bat ky mc san xuat nao, chi ph bien e cung cap no cho them mot ngi tieu dung la bang khong. Khong loai tr
Khong the ngan ngi ta s dung hang hoa cong
Khong phai moi hang hoa do chnh phu san xuat eu la hang hoa cong Mot so tranh gianh va khong loai tr Giao duc Cong vien
36
Chi ph bien
San lng hieu qua xay ra tai MC = MB vi 2 n v san lng. MB = $1,50 + $4,00 = $5,50.
$4,00 D
$1,50 D1 0 1 2 3 4 5 D2 6 7 8 9 10
San lng
37
Khong loai tr la trng hp khong the hay vo cung at e gii han li ch cua mon hang cho mot ngi hay mot nhom.
Quoc phong
VAN E AN THEO Ngi tieu dung hay ngi san xuat khong tra tien cho mon hang khong loai tr do ky vong ngi khac se tra tien
Nhom cang ln, van e an theo cang tram trong, va do vay cang co kha
nang mon hang hoa cong khong the co tai chnh t nhng khoan ong gop
t nguyen. Nhom cang ln, cang t co kha nang mon hang hoa cong thuan tuy se c cung cap thong qua s sap at hoan toan t nguyen, ngha la, qua he thong gia ca, ngay ca khi li ch xa hoi bien cao hn chi ph xa hoi bien Hang hoa cong co the la s bien minh ung ve kinh te cho s can thiep cua chnh phu vao he thong gia.
39