CHNG 9

Ngoi tc v hng ha cng

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Ngoai tac va hang hoa cong

Ngoai tac la nhng li ch hay chi ph anh hng ra ben ngoai khong c phan anh qua gia ca.

Li ch anh hng ra ben ngoai ngoai tac tch cc

Chi ph anh hng ra ben ngoai ngoai tac tieu cc

oi khi c goi la nhng tac ong en ben th ba.

V du ve ngoai tac
Ngoai tac tieu cc
O nhiem va un tac do o to Hang xom on ao Khoi thuoc la

Ngoai tac tch cc

Phong chay Chung nga e ngan chan benh truyen nhiem Giao duc Nang cap nha

Tai sao ngoai tac lai la van e?

Chung lam cho san xuat qua nhieu nhng hang hoa gay nen ngoai tac tieu cc va qua t oi vi nhng hang hoa gay nen ngoai tac tch cc . Chung cung dan ti s khong hieu qua cua th trng
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Hieu qua th trng

MSB MSC MSB=MPB=D MSC=MPC=S

Th trng hieu qua neu MSB = MSC

Q*

Lng

Ngoai tac tieu cc va hieu qua

MSB MSC MSC=MPC + MEC

MSB=D

MPC=S

Chi ph anh hng ra ngoai = MEC

Ngoai tac tieu cc khien cho MSC > MSB dan ti tieu dung qua mc.

Chung cung gay ra s mat hieu qua o bang tam giac mau hong
Q* Q i bang o to
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Chi ph ngoai tac V du cua Pyndyck Tnh huong

Nha may thep xa chat thai vao dong song Toan bo th trng thep co the giam i bang cach ha thap xuat lng (ham san xuat ty le co nh) Chi ph ngoai tac bien (MEC) la chi ph ma cac ng dan ha lu phai ganh chu oi vi moi mc san xuat Chi ph xa hoi bien (MSC) la MC cong MEC.

Chi ph ngoai tac

Gia Khi co ngoai tac tieu cc, chi ph xa hoi bien MSC cao hn chi ph bien S chenh lech la chi ph ngoai tac bien MEC

MSC MC

Gia

Cong ty toi a hoa li nhuan san xuat tai q1 trong khi mc xuat lng hieu qua la q*.

MSCI
San lng canh tranh cua nganh la Q1 trong khi san lng hieu qua la Q*.

S = MCI
Tong chi ph xa hoi cua ngoai tac tieu cc

P* P1 P1

MECI MEC D q* q1
Xuat lng cua cong ty

Q* Q1

Xuat lng cua nganh 7

Ngoai tac tch cc va hieu qua

MSB MSC MSB=MPB+MEB MPB=D MSC=S
MSB > MSC dan ti tieu dung di mc.

Li ch anh hng ra ben ngoai = MEB Ngoai tac tch cc khien cho MSB>MSC dan ti tieu dung di mc
Chung cung gay ra s mat hieu qua o bang tam giac mau hong

Q*

Hoc sinh en trng

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Li ch ngoai tac V du cua Pyndyck

Gia tr MSB
Khi co ngoai tac tch cc (li ch cua viec sa nha oi vi hang xom), li ch xa hoi bien MSB ln hn li ch bien D .

D
P1 P* MEB

Mot chu nha au t q1 vao sa nha do li ch rieng cua mnh. Mc hieu qua cua viec sa nha q* lai ln hn. Gia P1 cao hn lam ngi ta khong muon sa nha

MC

Lieu ngoai tac tch cc co lam nan long nghien cu va phat trien khong?

q1

q*

Mc sa nha
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Ngoai tac va hieu qua

Vi hang hoa gay nen ngoai tac tieu cc, MSC > MSB va mon hang co khuynh hng c san xuat qua nhieu. Vi hang hoa gay nen ngoai tac tch cc, MSB > MSC va mon hang co khuynh hng c san xuat qua t.

Ve cong bang th sao??

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Noi bo hoa ngoai tac

Gom co ieu chnh MPB hay MPC sao cho ngi s dung xem xet MSB hay MSC thc khi quyet nh. Phai xac nh cac ben cua ngoai tac.
Phai o lng gia tr bang tien cua li ch ngoai tac bien hay chi ph ngoai tac bien.

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Thue hieu chnh

MSC = MPC + thue tren n v

MSB MSC
P2 P1

MSB=D

MPC=S Thue tren n v = MEC

Q*

San xuat thep

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Thu nhap t thue hieu chnh

MSC

MSB MSC
P2 P1

MSB=D

MPC=S Thue tren n v Thu nhap t thue nen c chi tieu nh the nao? Co nhng kha nang g?

Thu nhap t thue

Q*

San xuat thep

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Li ve hieu qua cho xa hoi

MSC

MSB MSC
P2 P1

MSB=D

MPC=S
Tam giac hong bieu th li ve hieu qua co c t thue.

Q*

San xuat thep

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Tac ong cua thue hieu chnh

Tang gia thep va giam san lng xuong en mc hieu qua Giam nhng khong xoa bo o nhiem do san xuat thep gay ra Li ve hieu qua cho xa hoi vi gia nh rang mc thue c nh ung Li ve cong bang cho nhng ngi song gan nha may thep
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Neu thue o nhiem hay nh vay, tai sao ta khong s dung chung?

Nhng van e cua thue o nhiem

Khong pho bien oi hoi nhieu thong tin e nh ung mc thue. Mot y tng mi

oi khi gay ra ganh nang khong can xng len cac ho thu nhap
thap.
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anh thue ngi gay o nhiem oc quyen

Gia

MSC = MPC + MEC

MPC Chi ph anh hng ra ben ngoai = MEC

Tac ong len gia va lng la g?

MR
D = MSB San lng
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QT QM

Tr cap hieu chnh

MSB MSC MSB=D+Tr cap tren n v MSC=S MPB=D P P* Tr cap tren n v =Li ch anh hng ra ben ngoai

Tac ong cua tr cap len so lng va mc gia la g?

Q*

Hoc sinh en trng

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Tr cap ton bao nhieu?

MSB MSC MPB=D Tr cap

MSB=D+Tr cap
MSC=S

Q*

Hoc sinh en trng

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Li ve hieu qua cho xa hoi

MSB MSC MPB=D

MSB=D+ Tr cap
MSC=S

Tam giac hong bieu th li ve hieu qua co c do tr cap.

Q*

Hoc sinh en trng

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Tac ong cua tr cap hieu chnh

Giam mc gia rong cua giao duc (hoc ph tr i tr cap) va tang so lng len en mc hieu qua Li ve hieu qua cho xa hoi vi gia nh rang tr cap c nh ung Li ve cong bang cho nhng ngi ma cha me khong the cho ho en trng neu khong co tr cap Chnh phu thng tr cap hoan toan giao duc 12 nam, nhng ch tr cap

mot phan giao duc ai hoc. Anh ch ngh ieu nay co thch hp khong?

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Nhng cach khac e hieu chnh that bai cua th trng V du ve o nhiem Nhng cach giam mc thai xuong E*
Mc thai chuan
nh gii han hp phap ve mc thai tai E* (12) Che tai bang phat tien va hnh s Tang chi ph san xuat va ngng gia e nhap nganh

Ph thai
Ph anh vao moi n v thai

au tien ta xet mc thai hieu qua

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Mc thai hieu qua

o la tren n v thai Gia s: 1) Th trng canh tranh 2) Quyet nh ve san lng va mc thai oc lap vi nhau 3) San lng toi a hoa li nhuan c chon

MSC 6 V sao mc nay hieu qua hn mc thai la zero? 4

Tai E0 chi ph bien e giam thai ln hn chi ph xa hoi bien Tai E1 chi ph xa hoi bien ln hn chi ph bien e giam thai Mc thai hieu qua la 12 (E*) tai o MCA = MSC.

MCA
E0 0 2 4 6 8 10

E* 12 14

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E1 18 20

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Mc thai

Mc chuan thai va Le ph
o la tren n v thai

MSC

Chun thi l gii hn hp php v mc thi m hng c php x ra

Ph

Mc chuan

Ph x thi l mc ph s thu trn mi n v cht thi m hng x ra

MCA

E*
12
Mc thai 24

Trng hp nen dung le ph

Ph tren n v thai

MCA1

MCA2
6 chi Giai phap toi thieu hoa ph se la giam 6 cho Cong ty 1 va 8 cho Cong ty 52 va MCA1= MCA2 = $3. 4 3.75 3 2.50 2 Chi ph giam o nhiem cua Cong ty 2 giam i 1

Tac ong cua mc chuan la giam 7 cho ca hai cong ty c minh hoa. Khong hieu qua bi v MCA2 < MCA1. Neu an nh ph $3, Cong ty 1 se giam thai khoang 6 ti 8. Cong ty 2 se giam khoang 8 ti 6. MCA1 = MCA2: giai phap hieu qua.

Chi ph giam o nhiem cua Cong ty 1 tang len

Mc thai

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Trng hp nen dung mc chuan

Ph tren n v thai

C
16 14 12
Chi ph xa hoi bien

Da tren thong tin khong ay u le ph la $7 (giam 12,5%). Thai tang len 11

E A D B

10
8 7 6 4 2 0 2 4 6

ABC la hieu so gia so tang trong chi ph xa hoi va so giam trong chi ph giam o nhiem
Da tren thong tin khong ay u mc chuan la 9 (giam 12,5%) ADE < ABC

Chi ph bien cua giam o nhiem

8 9 10 11 12

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Mc thai
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Cau hoi
Lieu co the giai quyet van e ngoai tac ma khong can co chnh phu? Nhng giai phap da tren th trng cho van e ngoai tac: giay phep gay o nhiem Chnh sach moi trng
au tien ta can xet khai niem quyen s hu
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Quyen s hu

Anh ch s hu vat nay!

Mot quyen s hu xac nh quyen chiem hu, s dung, va t bo mot th g o. Trong trng hp ngoai tac, quyen s hu co the khong c xac nh ro rang. Neu quyen s hu c xac nh ro rang, cac ben lien quan en ngoai tac co the am phan mot giai phap.
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Ta hay lam mot th nghiem!

Gia s moi ngi ben phai phong eu hut thuoc, va moi ngi ben trai phong eu khong hut thuoc.
1. Ngi hut thuoc co quyen s hu Ngi hut thuoc, cham thuoc. Ngi khong hut thuoc, ho. Lieu moi ngi co vui long khong? Ta nen lam g ve viec nay? 2. Ngi khong hut thuoc co quyen s hu

Ngi hut thuoc, cat thuoc i. Ngi khong hut thuoc, ci va th sau Lieu moi ngi co vui long khong? Ta nen lam g ve viec nay?

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nh ly Coase
Th trng canh tranh at c hieu qua phan bo trong nhng trng hp lien quan en ngoai tac tieu cc neu hai ieu kien sau c thoa: Quyen s hu c xac nh ro rang Chi ph giao dch bang khong (khong ton nhieu e at c thoa thuan)

Ket qua van y nguyen bat ke ben nao co quyen s hu.

Hay cho them v du
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Tai sao nh ly Coase oi khi that bai?

Quyen s hu khong luon c xac nh ro rang (v du: nuoi cho) Chi ph giao dch oi khi cao. Anh ch co the ngh mot vai ly do tai sao?
Ton thi gian va cong sc am phan. Ta phai xac nh ngi e trao oi.

Hp ong phai c soan thao.

Ta phai gia nh nguy c hp ong khong uc tuan thu.
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nh ly Coase va chnh sach cong

Mot ng dung cua nh ly Coase vao chnh sach cong la s thiet lap cac giay phep gay o nhiem co the chuyen nhng oi khi c goi la Quyen gay o nhiem

Quyen gay o nhiem

An

nh mc o nhiem c cho phep Tao ra quyen gay o nhiem co the am phan tren th trng Cho phep th trng ve quyen gay o nhiem tm giai phap hieu qua nhat 32

Con cac nguon lc c s hu chung th sao ? Nguon lc c s hu chung

Moi ngi c tiep can t do. Co kha nang b s dung qua nhieu V du
Khong kh va nc
Ca va suc vat Khoang san

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Cac nguon lc c s hu chung

Li ch, Ch ph ($ moi con ca)
Khong kiem soat, lng ca/thang la Fc tai o PC = MB.

Chi ph xa hoi bien

Tuy nhien, chi ph t nhan tnh thap hn chi ph thc. Lng ca/thang hieu qua la F* tai o MSC = MB (D) Chi ph t nhan

Cau

F*

FC

Lng Ca moi thang

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Hang hoa cong

Cau hoi

Khi nao chnh phu nen thay the cong ty trong vai tro ngi san xuat hang hoa va dch vu?
e tra li, ta can xem xet hang hoa cong

Hang hoa cong la nhng hang hoa co the c mot so ngi tieu dung cung s dung ma khong lam giam kha nang s dung mon hang cua bat c ngi nao.

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Hang hoa cong

ac iem hang hoa cong Khong tranh gianh

Vi bat ky mc san xuat nao, chi ph bien e cung cap no cho them mot ngi tieu dung la bang khong. Khong loai tr
Khong the ngan ngi ta s dung hang hoa cong
Khong phai moi hang hoa do chnh phu san xuat eu la hang hoa cong Mot so tranh gianh va khong loai tr Giao duc Cong vien
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Cung cap hieu qua hang hoa cong

Li ch (o la)
$7,00 $5,50 Khi mon hang khong tranh gianh, li ch xa hoi bien cua viec tieu dung ( D) c xac nh bang cach cong theo chieu thang ng cac ng cau ca nhan oi vi mon hang

Chi ph bien
San lng hieu qua xay ra tai MC = MB vi 2 n v san lng. MB = $1,50 + $4,00 = $5,50.

$4,00 D

$1,50 D1 0 1 2 3 4 5 D2 6 7 8 9 10

San lng
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Khong loai tr la trng hp khong the hay vo cung at e gii han li ch cua mon hang cho mot ngi hay mot nhom.

Phat truyen hnh

Hang hoa s dung chung

Hang hoa loai tr c Hang hoa s dung chung Hang hoa khong loai tr c

hang hoa cong khong thuan tuy

Quoc phong

Hang hoa cong thuan tuy

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VAN E AN THEO Ngi tieu dung hay ngi san xuat khong tra tien cho mon hang khong loai tr do ky vong ngi khac se tra tien
Nhom cang ln, van e an theo cang tram trong, va do vay cang co kha

nang mon hang hoa cong khong the co tai chnh t nhng khoan ong gop
t nguyen. Nhom cang ln, cang t co kha nang mon hang hoa cong thuan tuy se c cung cap thong qua s sap at hoan toan t nguyen, ngha la, qua he thong gia ca, ngay ca khi li ch xa hoi bien cao hn chi ph xa hoi bien Hang hoa cong co the la s bien minh ung ve kinh te cho s can thiep cua chnh phu vao he thong gia.
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