Protection Application - An Overview: Part 2A

Bapuji S Palki, INCRC/PowerTechnologies, 15-11-2009
Protection Application An Overview

Part 2A
ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 1
Layouts
Typical Parts of a Power Plant

Substation
Busbar in Substation HV - Breaker Main Transformer Generator Breaker Excitation Transformer Turbine valve Turbine - Generator G Excitation System Field Circuit Breaker Power plant Auxiliary Transformer
Earthing System
Generator Protection
Possible Faults

Stator Earth Faults Rotor Earth Faults Stator Short Circuits Stator/Rotor Interturn faults External faults
Generator Protection
Abnormal Operating Condition

overcurrent/overload unbalanced load overtemperature over- and undervoltage over- and underexcitation over- and underfrequency over-fluxing asynchronous running out of step generator motoring failures in the machine control system (i.e. AVR or governor failure) failures in the machine cooling system failures in the primary equipment (i.e. breaker head flashover) open phase
Following are the various protections recommended for the generator and generator transformer protection:
Type of fault GENERATOR STATOR Short Circuits
ANSI Device Protection Functions No.
87G 87GT 21G 51 / 27 G 46G 51G 64G1 64G2
Generator differential Overall differential Minimum impedance (or alternatively Over current / under voltage) Negative sequence Overload 95% stator earth fault 100% stator earth fault
Asymmetry Stator overload Earth fault stator
Loss of excitation Out of step Monitoring Blade fatigue Inter turn fault Mag. Circuits Higher voltage Accidental energisation Monitoring
40G 98G 32G / 37G 81G 95G 99G 59G 27 / 50 G 60 G
Loss of excitation Pole slip Low forward power / reverse power (double protection for large generators) Minimum frequency Over voltage or over current Overfluxing volt / Hz Over voltage Dead machine PT fuse failure
GENERATOR ROTOR Rotor ground GENERATOR TRANSFORMER Short Circuits Ground fault Overhang UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER Short circuit Ground fault
64F
Rotor earth fault
87GT 51GT 87T 51NGT 87NT 87HV
Overall differential Overcurrent Transformer differential Earth fault over-current Restricted earth fault HV winding cum overhang differential
87 UAT 51 UAT 51 UAT 64 UAT
Transformer differential Over-current Restricted over-current Restricted earth fault
50/51
Unit aux. transformer
64F
Field winding ground-fault RAGRA (RXNB4) 1) Instruments
Protection and Monitoring
REG 670 Different applications

REG 670 provides extensive protection and monitoring functionality
1ph U
The REG 670 provides protection functions and concepts for:

3ph U
Turbine (frequency, reverse power) Generator (Main1/Main2, Main/Back-up) Generator transformer/Step-up transformer Auxiliary/Station service transformer Excitation transformer
3ph I
1ph U
1ph I
3ph I
1ph U
REG 670 focus on the optimized integration and function to protect your generator
IEC 61850
A Breakthrough for Substation Automation

One world One technology One standard
IEC 61850
Combining the best properties in a new way...
Power transformers in a power system

400 kV AC Transmission
130 kV Subtransmission
Generation
MV
Distribution
LV M
315MVA Transformer
Cooling
Outer Ci rcui t H eat D i ssi pati on Pump opti onal
I nner Ci rcui t H eat Producti on (Core and Wi ndi ngs)
In principle the larger the losses in the Inner Circuit the larger the size of the Outer Circuit (coolers or radiators) There is nevertheless a limit either due to the size of the coolers or to the impossibility of cooling a certain spot (hot-spot) in the Inner Circuit A pump to move the oil is often unnecessary. The generated heat will act as a siphon
F an opti onal
Oi l i mmersed Tank
Types of Internal Faults
Earth faults Short-circuits Inter turn Faults Core Faults Tank Faults Reduced cooling
Abnormal Conditions
Overload
Over voltage
Reduced system voltage
Over excitation
Overload Capability
It is possible to overload power transformers
Older transformers may withstand 140% continuously
Overloading and loss of cooling causes overheating
Protective Relays Used ( Transformers > 5 MVA)

Gas detector relay ( Buchholz) Over load protection

Thermal relays Temperature monitoring relays
Over current protection Ground fault protection Differential protection Interturn faults Pressure relay for tap changer Oil level monitor
Protective Relays Used ( Transformers < 5 MVA)

Gas detector relay Overload protection Overcurrent protection Ground fault protection
Monitors
Monitors are very important devices which detect faults and abnormal service conditions which may develop into fault.
Transformer Monitors
Mechanical fault detectors

Sudden gas pressure protection Buchholz protection Oil level monitoring
Temperature Monitoring

The oil thermometer The winding thermometer
Transformer protection with 670/650 series

670 series optimized for generation and transmission applications provide versatile functionality, maximum flexibility and performance to meet the highest requirements of any application in generation and transmission protection systems. 650 series your best choice for subtransmission applications provide offthe-shelf, ready to use solutions for transformer protection applications primarily in sub-transmission networks.
Introduction Transformer Protection 670/650 series Openness and flexibility Reliable Operation Complementary functionality Control Capabilities Communication Offering and application examples Technology Summary Relion Summary
ABB Group November 2009 | Slide 23
Fully compliant to the IEC 61850 standard

Introduction Line Distance Protection 670/650 series Reliable Operation Complementary functionality Control Capabilities Communication Offering and application examples Technology Summary Relion Summary
Unrivalled compatibility for new and retrofit installations Designed for IEC 61850, implementing the core values of this standard Ensures open, future-proof and flexible system architectures, with state-of-the-art performance Interoperates with other IEC 61850 compliant IEDs
The reactor absorbs the capacitive power generated in long lines
Shunt Reactor
ABC
ABC
L
Lp Lp Lp
Ln
General
Shunt reactors are used in EHV systems to limit the over voltages due to capacitive VAR generation in Long Transmission Lines The shunt reactors are normally connected

Through isolators to a line Through circuit breakers to a busbar Through circuit breakers to the tertiary of a Interconnecting transformer
Different locations of reactor
Internal Faults
Faults occur in shunt reactors due to insulation breakdown, ageing of insulation, overheating due to over excitation, oil contamination and leakage
Dry air-core reactors
Phase-to-phase faults , resulting in high magnitude phase current Phase-to-earth faults ,, resulting in a low-magnitude earth-fault current, dependent upon the size of the system earthing. Turn-to-turn faults within the reactor bank, resulting in a very small change in phase current
Oil-immersed reactors
High current phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth faults. Turn-to-turn faults within the reactor winding. Miscellaneous failures such as loss of cooling or low oil
Abnormal Conditions
Inrush currents
Inrush currents flow in connection with energisation Inrush currents usually lower than 200% of rated current
Transient overvoltages Temporary overvoltages
Shunt Reactor Protections
Differential protection Distance protection Phase over current protection Restricted earth fault protection Mechanical fault detectors Oil temperature and winding temperature protection
Monitors
Monitors are very important devices which detect faults and abnormal service conditions which may develop into fault.
Reactor Monitors
Mechanical fault detectors

Sudden gas pressure protection Buchholz protection Oil level monitoring
Temperature Monitoring

The oil thermometer The winding thermometer
Shunt reactor protection and control

Protection
Introduction Transformer Protection 670/650 series Openness and flexibility Reliable Operation Complementary functionality Control Capabilities Communication Offering and application examples Technology Summary Relion Summary
Phase segregated biased differential protection Low impedance restricted earth-fault High impedance differential protection
Switching control for lines and buses
Capacitor Construction
Power PowerFactor FactorCorrection Correction

Working Power (kW) Reactive Power (kVAR)
KW is the Working Power component kVAR is the Non- Working Power or Reactive Power component to serve inductive loads, which require magnetizing current: Motors, Transformers, Lighting ballast
KVA is the Total Power required to serve a load Capacitors supply the reactive power component Power Factor is a measurement of how efficiently power is being used.
Increased IncreasedSystem SystemCapacity Capacity

Extra capacity for more KVA
released system capacity
Total Power (KVA) = Working Power (KW) Power Factor

Power Factor Real Power kW Reactive Power kVAR Total Power kVA
60% 600 800 1000
70% 600 612 857
80% 600 450 750
90% 600 291 667
100% 600 Zero 600
By supplying reactive current (kVAR) close to the load, capacitors release system capacity on the entire system and reduce costs.
Voltage VoltageStability Stability
A feeder circuit will have a voltage drop related to the impedance of the line and the power factor Adding capacitance will actually cause a voltage rise by supplying reactive current to the bus
(less current = less voltage drop)
Products Capacitors HV Products / Filter Capacitor Banks
Improving the performance, quality and efficiency of electrical systems
Capacitor banks- General

Normally used in MV networks to generate reactive power Series reactors are used to limit inrush current
Harmonic filters for thyristor controlled reactors are also variation of capacitor banks having reactance tuned to capacitance
Shunt
Capacitors-General
Shunt Capacitor Faults

Terminal shunt faults Capacitor unit failures Capacitor unit over voltages Capacitor rack arc-over
Abnormal Conditions

Inrush currents Transient over voltages Temporary over voltages Out rush currents
Capacitor Bank Protections

Short -circuit protection Ground-fault protection Under current protection Unbalance protection
(3I >>) (I ) (I/U <) (IN-N)
Overload protection(3I/U >)
Fusing Capacitor Fusing

Internally Fused Externally Fused Internal Strings Conventional
Fuse
Discharge Resistor
Fuseless
SPAJ
160 C : Unbalance , Overload and Under current functions
Bapuji S Palki, INCRC/PowerTechnologies, 15-11-2009
Protection Application An Overview

Part 2B
The Electric Utility
Power Evacuation Substation Transmission Substation Switching Substation Distribution Substation
Transmission Line
Electrical faults in the power system
Transmission lines Busbar Transformer/ Generator
85% 12% 3%
100%
Fault types
Transient faults

are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85% lightnings are the most common reason can also be caused by birds, falling trees, swinging lines etc. will disappear after a short dead interval
Persistent faults

can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down can be a tree falling on a line must be located and repaired before normal service
Measuring principles

Overcurrent protection Differential protection Phase comparison Distance protection Directional- wave protection
Overcurrent protection
Are normally used in radial networks with system voltage below 70 kV where relatively long operating time is acceptable. On transmission lines directional or nondirectional over current relays are used as back-up protections.
I>
block
I>
I>
I>
Pilot wire differential protection

Pilot wires can be in soil or on towers. The resistance in the wires will limit the use on longer lines. The use is mostly restricted to distances up to 10 km.
Digital differential communication

L1 L2 L3
DL1 DL2 DL3
Digital communication with optical fibres or by multiplexed channels
DL1 DL2 DL3
Phase comparison
load I1
> >
I2
Phase comparison relays compare the angle difference between the two currents at both ends of the line. The measured time for zero crossing is transmitted to the other end. Normally a start criteria is added to the phase angle requirement.
I1 I2
e1 e2 e1- e2
function
I2 I1 I2
The principle of distance protection
ZK=Uk/Ik
Uk
A
Uk=0
metallic fault
Zk Z<
Ik
Fault resistance
multi-phase faults
L3 L1 L2
L1 L2 L3
consist only of arc resistance
earth faults

consist of arc and tower footing resistance
Warringtons formula
Rarc =
28707 x L I
1.4
L= length of arc in meters I= the actual fault current in A
Footing resistance
Distance protection on short lines

jX
Quadrilateral characteristic improves sensitivity for higher RF/XF ratio It still has some limitations:
the value of set RF/XF ratio is limited to 5
RF XF
jX
Distance protection on long lines
Load impedance limits the reach in resistive direction High value of RF/XF ratio is generally not necessary Circular (mho) characteristic
Has no strictly defined reach in resistive direction Needs limitations in resistive direction (blinder)
t
t3 t2 t1
A
f 1 f 2
l
B
f 3
Z<
Z<
Z<
Z<
t
t3 t2 t1
l

Reach setting of zones R/ X Relation GFC (General Fault Criterion) GFC
ZL
ZL
Zb
PLCC equipment
Power Swing Blocking function

X Power swing locus
R
t
t = 40 ms
Series compensated system

jX B A X C =70% X l =100% F1 B
100%
gape flashed
B A R
gape not flashed
Consideration for line distance protections
70%
Correct direction discrim-ination at voltage reversal (negative fault reactance) variation in resulted line impedance
Line distance protection with Relion 670/650 series For maximum reliability of your power system
Introduction Line
Distance Protection series Operation
670/650 Reliable
Full scheme distance protection with independent phase selection Power swing detection Wide range of scheme communication logics Five zone distance protection

Complementary functionality Control
Capabilities
Communication Offering
and examples Summary
application
Technology Relion
Phase to phase Phase to earth faults
Summary
ABB Group November 2009 Slide 70
Fully compliant to the IEC 61850 standard

Introduction Line
Distance Protection series Operation
670/650 Reliable
Unrivalled compatibility for new and retrofit installations Designed for IEC 61850, implementing the core values of this standard Ensures open, future-proof and flexible system architectures, with state-of-the-art performance Interoperates with other IEC 61850 compliant IEDs
Complementary functionality Control
Capabilities
Communication Offering
and examples Summary
application
Technology Relion
Summary
ABB Group November 2009 Slide 71
Auto Auto reclosing reclosing Cycle Cycle

OH-lines High fault-rate (80-90%)
Fast simultaneous Fault clearing
AUTORECLOSING AUTORECLOSINGCYCLE CYCLE
OH-lines Intermittent faults (80-90%)
Successful AR-rate : High (80-90%)
Auto reclosing principles

95% of faults are transient type 3 Ph autoreclosing synchrocheck is used
Helps verify phase angles are not out of phase e.g: due to heavy power swing
1 Ph autoreclosing needs identification of faulty phase
Phase identification is difficult for high resistance faults
Single-pole Reclosing
Single-Pole Reclosing
ABC ABC
Artificial extinction of secondary arc by Fixed Four-reactor Scheme

ABC ABC
L
Lp Lp Lp
Ln
Synchronism and Energizing check

UBus
ULine
UBus
FreqDiff < 50-300 mHz o PhaseDiff < 5-75 UDiff < 5-50% Ur UHigh > 50-120% Ur ULow < 10-100% Ur
U Bus
1-ph ULine
U Line
3-ph (or 1-ph) Fuse fail
SYNC-BLOCK
Need for Busbar protection
In its absence fault clearance takes place in Zone-II of distance relay by remote end tripping This means slow and unselective tripping and wide spread black out
Effect of delayed clearance

Greater damage at fault point Indirect shock to connected equipments like shafts of Generator and windings of transformer.
Types of BB Protections

High impedance Medium impedance Low impedance Blockable O/C relay ( For radial systems in distribution systems)
High impedance bus differential relay

Basic features SETTINGVR > IF ( RCT + 2 RL) RL VR RCT B VK > 2 VR FORVRTOBEZEROFOR EXTERNALFAULT nA = n B 1 + RA / ZA 1 + RB / ZB
n=TURNSRATIO R = RCT + 2 RL Z=MAGNETIZINGIMPEDANCE

Limitations of High impedance differential relay
Puts stringent requirements on CTs

Need for dedicated CTs Identical CT ratios , magnetising impedances Aux CTs not acceptable
Inability to cope with increasing fault levels
RADSS medium impedance relay
T MD n MD Ud3
IR1
dR D2 D1
US
REB500 - Numerical Busbar and Breaker Failure Protection
ABB Network Partner AG
REB 500
C E
Distributed installation
ABB Network Partner AG REB 500 ABB Network Partner AG REB 500 ABB Network Partner AG REB 500
Central Unit
REB 500
C E
Bay Unit Bay Unit
C E
Bay Unit
E
C E
Bay Unit
E
C E
Advantages of medium/ Low impedance relays
Free from any need for Identical CT ratios or matched CTs Other relays can be included in the same CT core Increasing fault levels have no impact
700A 1000/5 200/5
200A 500/5
500A
3.5A
5A
5A
5/1
5/0.2 0.7A
5/0.5 0.2A 0.5A
Diff. relay RADSS IN SINGLE BUS

REQUIREMENTS ON THE ISOLATOR AUXILIARY CONTACTS

Isolator Aux. Contact a should close before the primary contact
a b
closes and Aux contact b closes after the primary contact opens.
C Throw-over relay
0% Main contact Aux. Contact a Aux. Contact b

100%
DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH TRANSFER BUS

BUS - A BUS - B
AUX. BUS
1- BREAKER SYSTEM
RADSS - A
L1 BUS - A L3 L5
BUS - B
L2
L4
L6
RADSS - B
Busbar Protection REB670
ABB Group April 2009 Slide 91
History - Circuit breaker development

Example: 420 kV
Air Blast
Oil Minimum
SF6 Gas
around 1960
around 1980
todays technology
Interrupters Interrupter design
Relay back-up
RELAY SYSTEM 52 52 52a 52a
CHANNEL
50
RELAY SYSTEM +
CHANNEL
Breaker back-up
5 1 2 6
Z<
7 3 4
ForunclearedfaultshownCBstobetrippedare1,3,4&6
Classical CBFP
Breaker Failure Protection
I> I> I> I>
+ if trip from relay
t trip
Introduction

Majority faults are earth faults Earth fault protection depends on type of earthing
Effectively earthed Reactance earthed High resistance earthed Resonance earthed
Measurement of earth fault current
Measurement of zero sequence voltage

L1 L2 L3
U0>
Earth fault protection in solidly earthed systems

IDMT earth fault relays are used to detect earth faults in effectively earthed system
Directional Earth Fault Relay
Directional earth fault relays are used Can use communication link Inrush current stabilization may be required for sensitive settings
Directional earth fault relay for High resistance earthed system

Directional earth fault relay used when in feed of capacitive current from an object is higher than 60% of required sensitivity Measures active component of fault current
Earth fault in resonance earthed network

A B C I01
C0
R0
I02 L RL
U0 Ief
Earth fault in isolated network

A B C I01
C0
R0
U0
I02
Ief
Directional earth fault relay
Restricted earth fault relay
What is Substation Automation ?

A combination of:

Protection Monitoring Control Communication
What is Substation Automation ?

Substitution for conventional control panels Substitution for other sub systems A more efficient way of controlling your substation
Theconventionalway
Control Board
Telecontrol RTU
Alarming
Synchronization
Busbar Protection
MARSHALING RACK
Local TELEControl
Interlocking ALARMING
Measuring NISATION
Bay BUSBAR Protection PROTECTION
The New Way
System Engineering Tool
Station HMI Gateway Station Clock
Station Monitoring System
Communication only during engineering IED Tool
Station bus Bay Control Web Client IEDs Object Protection Control & Protection Multi Object Protection Multi Bay Control
Process bus
Merging Unit
Merging Unit
Conventional Control & Protection

Fault Recording
ABB 225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01
Bay Protection
ABB 225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01 125VDC Distributuion Battery A ABB 125VDC Distributuion Battery B
Busbar Protection
ABB 225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01 125VDC Distributuion Battery A 125VDC Distributuion Battery B
SCADA RTU
ABB 225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01 125VDC Distributuion Battery A 125VDC Distributuion Battery B RTU 200 IN 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7 IN 8 OUT ON/OFF
Event Recording
ABB 225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01 125VDC Distributuion Battery A 125VDC Distributuion Battery B
Station Level
125VDC Distrib utuio n Battery A
125VDC Distrib utuion Battery B
Inda ct i c 650
nd ac tic 65 0 I
Indacti c6 50
BAY CONTROL R ELAY REC316*4
RTU 200 IN 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7 IN 8 OUT
ON/OFF
LOCAL CONTROL ABB
METERING RTU 200 IN 1 IN 2 IN 3 IN 4 IN 5 IN 6 IN 7 IN 8 OUT
ON/OFF
LINE PROTECTION R ELAY REL316*4 ABB
BUSBAR PROTECTION REB500
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1
=D04+R01
ABB
ABB
ABB
Bay Level
For each function a dedicated device and separate Panel
Control Panel
=W1
=W2
-Q1 SEL
-Q2 SEL
-Q0 SEL TESTE LAMPE
Extensive station wide cabling
OUVRIR FERMER ABB
ESC
EXE
Local Control
DISTANCE LOC
Marshalling
Process Level
Extensive bay cabling
-Q2 -Q0 -Q1 -Q9 -Q8
GIS or AIS Switchgear
Substitution of Conventional Technology

Bay Control/Protection Cubicles
Fllanden Steuerung / Schutz =AD17-KB2 Fllanden Steuerung / Schutz =AD17-KB2
MicroSCADA
Feldsteuergert REC216 mit Messung und Synchrocheck
Feldsteuergert REC216 mit Messung und Synchrocheck
Interbay bus Ethernet Switches

d gi tal di gi t al
LEITUNGSHAUPTSCHUTZ REL316*4 I 0 0 I
PRFSTECKER I 0 SCHUTZ EIN/AUS
Reset AUS
STUFENVERL. WE-BLOCK
LEITUN GSHAUPTSCHUTZ REL316*4 I 0 0 I
Reset AUS
-Q1
-Q2
COM 581
Power Automation AG ABB COM581
Communication Converter
NCC / RCC
C
-Q0
Marshalling
-Q9
Control Cubicle Relays for control / logic Transducers, Meters Switches, Lamps Annunciators, Terminals Protection Cubicle
-Q8
SER / Fault Recorder
SCADA RTU NCC / RCC
Modern Substation Automation (SA)

Bay Control/Protection Cubicles
Fllanden Steuerung / Schutz =AD17-KB2 Fllanden Steuerung / Schutz =AD17-KB2 220VDC SPAN NUNG SYS 1 220VDC SPANNUNG SYS 2
MicroSCADA
220VDC SPANNUNG SYS 1 220VDC SPANNUNG SYS 2
Feldsteuergert REC216 mit Messung und Synchrocheck I 0 VERRIEGELUNG
Feldsteuergert REC216 mit Messung und Synchrocheck I 0 VERRIEGELUNG

d gi tal di gi t al
LEITUNGSHAUPTSCHUTZ REL316*4 I 0 0 I
Reset AUS
LEITUN GSHAUPTSCHUTZ REL316*4 I 0 0 I
Reset AUS
-Q1
-Q2
SAMMELSCHIENENSCHUTZ REB500 -X1 SYNCHRONISIERUNG HAND
RESERVESCHUTZ I AUS 0 SCHUTZ EIN/AUS
SAMMELSCHIENENSCHUTZ REB500 -X1 SYNCHR ONISIERUNG HAND
RESERVESCHUTZ I AUS 0 SCHUTZ EIN/AUS
COM 581
2 x 220/24V DC/DC SPANNUNGSVERSORGUNG
2 x 220/24V DC/DC SPANNUNGSVERSORGUNG
NCC / RCC
C E
-Q0
Marshalling
-Q9
Still extensive bay cabling
-Q8
Modern SA Architecture
Station Level
Network Control Center NCC
COM581
C E
ABB
225kV L IGNE ABOBO 1
= D04+R 01
125VDC Distributuion Batt er y A

AB B
125VDC Dis tr ibutuion Batt ery B
A B B Net work P a rt n er
RE L 3 16 *4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
BAY CO NTRO L REL AY REC316*4
=D04 ABOBO 1
=W1
ABB P OW E R MONI TO R I NG UNI T
=W2
-Q1 S EL
-Q 2 SE L
-Q0 S EL
L A MP E TE S T E
OU V RI R
F E RME R DI S TA NCE
ABB
LOCAL CONTROL
AB B
ES C
EXE L OC
METERING
RE L 3 16 *4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
LINE PROTECTIO N RELAY REL316*4

A BB
R E B 5 00
A B B Ne t w o rk P art ne r
BUSBAR PROTECTIO N REB500
Process Level
-Q2 -Q0 -Q1 -Q9 -Q8
Features and Benefits
Interbay
Basic Functionality
Bus
Bay Level
Implementation of Intelligent Technology

Intelligent Primary Equipment
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01 12 5VDC Dis tr ibutuion Bat tery A
AB B
MicroSCADA
125VDC Di s tributuion Battery B
RE L31 6*4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
BAY CONTROL RELAY REC316*4
=D04 ABOBO 1
=W1
A BB
PO W E R M ON IT O R I NG UNI T
=W2
-Q1 SEL
M M M

d gi t al t di gi t al i it l
-Q2 S EL
-Q0 SEL
L AM P E T ES TE
OUV RI R
FE RME R D I S T A NCE
-Q1 -Q51
-Q2
?
AB B
ABB
LOCAL SET REMOTE OPERATION
ESC
EX E
LO C
LOCAL CONTROL
RE L31 6*4
METERI NG
PISA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
-Q1
-Q2
Drive control & monitoring circuitry
LINE PROTECTIO N RELAY REL316 *4

A BB
RE B 50 0
A B B Net work P a r t n er
COM 581
NCC / RCC
C
-Q0
Feeder Marshalling
-Q0
PISA A
Process Bus
-T1 -Q9
PISA A PISA B
-Q8
-Q9 -Q8
Sampling AD-Conversion Signal Processing Signal Filtering
Intelligent SA Architecture
Station Level
COM581
C E
ABB
2 25kV L IG NE ABOBO 1
= D0 4+R01
125VDC Distr ibutuio n Battery A
125VDC Distributuion Batt er y B
ABB
RE L 31 6 *4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
BAY CONTRO L RELAY REC31 6*4
=D04 ABOBO 1
=W1
A BB
P OW E R MO N I TORI NG U NI T
=W2
-Q1 S EL
M M M
-Q 2 S EL
-Q0 S EL
L A MP E TE S T E
OUV RI R
F E RME R DI S TA NC E
?
ABB
ABB
ESC
EXE
L OC
LOCAL CONTROL
RE L 31 6 *4
METERING
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
LINE PROTECTION RELAY REL316*4

AB B
RE B 5 00
BUSBAR PROTECTIO N REB5 00
Process B us
Process Level
PISA
-Q2
PISA A
PISA A PISA B
-Q0 -Q1 -Q51
-T1
-Q9
-Q8
Basic Functionality
Interbay
Bus
FEATURES AND BENEFITS
Bay Level
Functional Structure of Modern SA

Functions Allocation
Scalable System Extensions SCADA Remote Communication Fault evaluation Monitoring Events and alarms Supervision & Control Data Exchange
Station Level
COM581
C E
Interbay
Bus
ABB
225kV L IGNE ABOBO 1 = D04+R 01 125VDC Distributuion Batt er y A
AB B
125VDC Dis tr ibutuion Batt ery B
RE L 3 16 *4
Bay Level
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
BAY CO NTRO L REL AY REC316*4
=D04 ABOBO 1
=W1
ABB P OW E R MONI TO R I NG UNI T
=W2
-Q1 S EL
-Q 2 SE L
-Q0 S EL
L A MP E TE S T E
OU V RI R
ABB
LOCAL CONTROL
AB B
Monitoring
ES C
EXE L OC
METERING
RE L 3 16 *4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
LINE PROTECTIO N RELAY REL316*4

A BB
R E B 5 00
BUSBAR PROTECTIO N REB500
Process Level
-Q2 -Q0 -Q1 -Q9 -Q8
GIS or AIS Switchgear Instrument Transformers Power Transformers Surge Arresters
Intelligent Substation Automation Functional Structure

Station Level
Functions Allocation
Scalable System Extensions SCADA Remote Communication Fault evaluation Monitoring Events and alarms Supervision & Control Data Exchange
COM581
C E
Interbay
Bus
AB B
2 25kV L IG NE ABOBO 1 = D0 4+R 01 125VDC Dis tr ibutuion Battery A
AB B
125VDC Distr ibutuio n Batter y B
RE L 3 16 *4
Bay Level
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
BAY CO NTRO L RELAY REC316*4
=D0 4 ABOBO 1
=W1
AB B
P OW E R MO N I TORI NG U NI T
=W2
Q 1 S EL
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L A MP E TE S T E
OUV RI R
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AB B
ABB
ESC
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L OC
LOCAL CONT ROL

RE L 3 16 *4
METERING
Monitoring
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

A BB
RE B 5 00
BUSBAR PROT ECTIO N REB500
Process B us
Process Level
-Q2
-Q0 -Q1 -Q51
-T1
-Q9
-Q8
Intelligent or smart AIS / GIS Switchgear Data acquisition Sensors & Actuators Power Transformers Surge Arrestors
PISA
PISA A
PISA A PISA B
Intelligent SA: Control, Protection and Sensors

ABB
ABB
225kV LIGNE ABOBO 1 =D04+R01
PISA
PISA PISA
PISA
Actuator for isolator & earthing switch control Switches
125VDC Distributuion Battery A

ABB
ABB Network Partner
125VDC Distributuion Battery B

REL316*4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Line Protection 1 I Abgangsschutz

=D04 ABOBO 1
=W 1
BAY CONTROL RELAY REC316*4

ABB
POW ER MONITORING UNIT
=W2 -Q1 SEL
-Q2 SEL
-Q0 SEL
LAMPE TESTE
OUVRIR
FERMER DISTANCE
? ABB
Bay Controller Feldleitgert
LOCAL
SET
ESC
EXE LOC
REMOTE
OPERATION
LOCAL CONTROL
METERING
REL316*4
Actuator for circuit breaker control
ABB
ABB Network Partner
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
PISA A
Line Protection 2 II Abgangsschutz

ABB
ABB Networ k Partner
PISA A PISA B
R EB500
Sensors for current & voltage measurement
Busbar Protection
Process Bus
Interbay bus 1 Interbay bus 2
Monitoring via IEDs for Protection
Advanced analysis tools
Automatic printing Summary report
GPS
Alarm Classes
CONCISE / FAST Distance to Fault

Mo 12. 11. 96 GMT 17:02.43.305 Ayer Rajah & Labrador Feeder One
User friendly visualization Universal Time synchronization
Sequence of Events
# Of trips
C E
ABB Network Partner AG REL 316*4 ABB Network Partner AG REL 316*4 ABB Network Partner AG REL 316*4
IED Parameter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
C E
C E
C E
Station level supervision
Single Line Diagram:
Diagnostic: Fault Recording and Evaluation
Automatic fault location printout
Remote Control via Network Control Centre (NCC)
ThegoaloftheIEC61850standard
Interoperability TheabilityforIEDsfromoneorseveralmanufacturer toexchangeinformationandusetheinformationfor thetheirownfunctions.
Free Configuration Thestandardshallsupportdifferentphilosophiesand allowafreeallocationoffunctionse.g.itwillwork equallywellforcentralized(RTUlike)ordecentralized (SCSlike)systems. Long Term Stability Thestandardshallbefutureproof,i.e.itmustbeable tofollowtheprogressincommunicationtechnologyas wellasevolvingsystemrequirements.

Protection Application - An Overview: Part 2A

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Protection Application - An Overview: Part 2A

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Bapuji S Palki, INCRC/PowerTechnologies, 15-11-2009

Protection Application An Overview

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 2

Typical Parts of a Power Plant

Abnormal Operating Condition

Type of fault GENERATOR STATOR Short Circuits

ANSI Device Protection Functions No.

87G 87GT 21G 51 / 27 G 46G 51G 64G1 64G2

Asymmetry Stator overload Earth fault stator

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 6

40G 98G 32G / 37G 81G 95G 99G 59G 27 / 50 G 60 G

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 7

Rotor earth fault

87GT 51GT 87T 51NGT 87NT 87HV

87 UAT 51 UAT 51 UAT 64 UAT

Transformer differential Over-current Restricted over-current Restricted earth fault

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 8

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 9

Protection and Monitoring

REG 670 Different applications

The REG 670 provides protection functions and concepts for:

A Breakthrough for Substation Automation

One world One technology One standard

Combining the best properties in a new way...

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 12

Power transformers in a power system

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 13

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 14

Outer Ci rcui t H eat D i ssi pati on Pump opti onal

I nner Ci rcui t H eat Producti on (Core and Wi ndi ngs)

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 15

Types of Internal Faults

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 16

Reduced system voltage

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 17

It is possible to overload power transformers

Older transformers may withstand 140% continuously

Overloading and loss of cooling causes overheating

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 18

Protective Relays Used ( Transformers > 5 MVA)

Gas detector relay ( Buchholz) Over load protection

Thermal relays Temperature monitoring relays

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 19

Protective Relays Used ( Transformers < 5 MVA)

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 20

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 21

Mechanical fault detectors

Sudden gas pressure protection Buchholz protection Oil level monitoring

The oil thermometer The winding thermometer

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 22

Transformer protection with 670/650 series

ABB Group November 2009 | Slide 23

Fully compliant to the IEC 61850 standard

ABB Group November 2009 | Slide 24

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 25

The reactor absorbs the capacitive power generated in long lines

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 26

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 27

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 28

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 29

Different locations of reactor

ABB Group September 12, 2013 | Slide 30

Dry air-core reactors