Maureen A.

Bawang, RN, MPH

ethikos (original meaning custom, character) Custom (mos/moris) morality is derived Philosophical/practical science dealing with morality of human action. Generic term that is used to referring to various ways about, understanding and examining how best to live a moral life (Beuchamp & Childress).

Science of living things. Plants & animals. Animal = man or woman. Human highest form of animal life.

bio and ethics Living study of the conduct of human life.

The philosophical study of the ethical controversies brought about by advances in biology and medicine. - organ transplant, abortion, euthanasia

Division of ethics that relates to human health. Ethics for the health professional. Type of conduct or character that is approved or disapproved in terms of right and wrong relative to health care services.

Relates to professional of behavior. Obligations, practices, norms of conduct in the practice of a profession. Code of Ethics for Nurses

I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfil according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant: To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in

male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice.
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I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I

make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.

I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work.

Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves. What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be spoken about. If I fulfil this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.

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Bioethics

What should we do? Why? Case specific Depends on values of the individuals Some universal principles

CASE 1. Philip is doing research on an herb for high blood pressure. He prepares emulsion and administer it to all hypertensive patients consulting at the clinic.

CASE 2 Eric is in coma. He has a terminal cancer and is connected to a respirator. Erics family, distressed by the uselessness of health care, ask the nurse to unplug the respirator.

CASE 3 Fe is a leukemia patient needing regular blood transfusions in order to stay alive. Today Fe is scheduled to received blood. Shortly before she arrives, Arnel a 16 y/o accident victim is brought to the ER with profuse bleeding and needs blood transfusion. The hospital blood bank has only 3 units of blood. Both Fe and Arnel need all 3 units to survive.

CASE 4 Elsa sees Gilda, her classmate in Medical Technology about to leave the laboratory to extract blood from Mr. Yusay. Elsa Knows Mr. Yusay has AIDS and AIDS is transmitted by blood.

CASE 5 You are a pharmacist on duty when Gina comes to the pharmacy with a doctors prescription for an abortifacient.

CASE 6 Edna is failing in class. Greta is a high achiever. Greta sits beside Edna during an examination and allows Edna to copy her answers in order to pass.