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http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Acids.htm
http://www.chalkbored.com/lessons/chemistry-11/acid-bronsted.ppt
Guiding Questions
What is an acid? What makes acids dangerous? Is acid rain an issue for us? What does pH balanced mean?
NEUTRAL
Each step on pH scale represents a factor of 10. pH 5 vs. pH 6 pH 3 vs. pH 5 pH 8 vs. pH 13 (10X more acidic) (100X different) (100,000X different)
Sren Sorensen
(1868 - 1939)
NEUTRAL
Each step on pH scale represents a factor of 10. pH 5 vs. pH 6 pH 3 vs. pH 5 pH 8 vs. pH 13 (10X more acidic) (100X different) (100,000X different)
Different
pH < 7
pH > 7
Topic
sour taste
Topic
Related to H+ (proton) concentration
Acid
Base
bitter taste
pH + pOH = 14
Properties
electrolytes sour taste turn litmus red
react with metals to form H2 gas vinegar, milk, soda, apples, citrus fruits
electrolytes
bitter taste turn litmus blue slippery feel ammonia, lye, antacid, baking soda
ChemASAP
Acid Sour taste Turns blue litmus red Reacts with some metals to produce H2 Dissolves carbonate salts, releasing CO2
Base Bitter taste Turns red litmus blue Slippery to the touch
Acid-Base Neutralization
1+ 1-
+ H3 2O
OH H2O
H2O Water
H2O Water
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 584
Acid-Base Neutralization
1+ 1-
OHHydroxide ion
H2O Water
H2O Water
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 584
Acid Precipitation
http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/amaps2/
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
2SO3(g)
SO3(g) + H2O(l)
H2SO4(aq)
SO2(g) + H2O2(l)
H2SO4(aq)
Hydrogen ion concentration as pH from measurements made at the field laboratories during 2003 made at the Central Analytical Laboratory, 1999
The progressively darker red areas on the map indicate the lowest pH levels and areas most prone to problems from acid rain.
National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu Figure courtesy of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Champaign, Ill.
Acid Rain
Estimated sulfate ion deposition, 1999 Smoke stacks pollute SO2 into the atmosphere. This combines with water to form acid rain.
CO2 (g)
Carbon dioxide
H2O (l)
Water
H2CO3 (aq)
Carbonic acid Weak acid
Common Acids
Sulfuric Acid Nitric Acid Phosphoric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Acetic Acid Carbonic Acid H2SO4 HNO3 H3PO4 HCl CH3COOH H2CO3
Battery acid
Stomach acid
Vinegar
Carbonated water
Common Acids
Formula Name of Acid Name of Negative Ion of Salt
HF HBr HI HCl HClO HClO2 HClO3 HClO4 H2S H2SO3 H2SO4 HNO2 HNO3 H2CO3 H3PO3 H3PO4
hydrofluoric hydrobromic hydroiodic hydrochloric hypochlorous chlorous chloric perchloric hydrosulfuric sulfurous sulfuric nitrous nitric carbonic phosphorous phosphoric
fluoride bromide iodide chloride hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate sulfide sulfite sulfate nitrite nitrate carbonate phosphite phosphate
H2O water
H2SO4
oil of vitriol
HNO3
aqua fortis
N O O
A dilute solution of HCl is called muriatic acid (available in many hardware stores). Muriatic acid is commonly used to adjust pH in swimming pools and in the cleaning of masonry.
HCl(g) + H2O(l)
hydrogen chloride water
HCl(aq)
hydrochloric acid
OH1-
Common Bases
Formula NaOH KOH Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH) 2
.H O NH NH4 3OH 2
hydroxide ion
Name Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Ammonia water
Common Name lye or caustic soda lye or caustic potash milk of magnesia slaked lime household ammonia
NH41+ + OH1ammonium hydroxide
OH1-
Common Bases
Formula NaOH KOH Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH) 2
.H O NH NH4 3OH 2
hydroxide ion
Name Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Ammonia water
Common Name lye or caustic soda lye or caustic potash milk of magnesia slaked lime household ammonia
NH41+ + OH1ammonium hydroxide
The prefix hydro- is used to represent hydrogen, followed by the name of the nonmetal with its ending replaced by the suffix ic and the word acid added.
Hydrobromic acid
*The name of this compound would be hydrogen chloride if it was NOT dissolved in water.
-ous
-ic
-ite
-ate
forms
Oxyacids Oxysalts
If you replace hydrogen with a metal, you have formed an oxysalt. A salt is a compound consisting of a metal and a non-metal. If the salt consists of a metal, a nonmetal, and oxygen it is called an oxysalt. NaClO4, sodium perchlorate, is an oxysalt.
OXYACID HClO4 perchloric acid HClO3 chloric acid HClO2 chlorous acid HClO hypochlorous acid OXYSALT NaClO4 sodium perchlorate NaClO3 sodium chlorate NaClO2 sodium chlorite NaClO sodium hypochlorite
ACID
per stem ic
stem ic
SALT
changes to
changes to
stem ous
hyper stem ous
changes to
changes to
stem ite
hypo stem ite
HClO3
acid
Na1+
cation
NaClO3 + H1+
salt
Acid Definitions
Arrhenius Acids and Bases Acids release hydrogen ions in water. Bases release hydroxide ions in water.
Lewis Acid
Brnsted-Lowry
Arrhenius acids
An acid is a substance that produces hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water. Brnsted-Lowry Definitions A Brnsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor; it donates a hydrogen ion, H+. A Brnsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor; it accepts a hydrogen ion, H+.
Lewis Definitions A Lewis acid is a substance than can accept (and share) an electron pair. A Lewis base is a substance than can donate (and share) an electron pair.
Acid
H+ or H3O + producer Proton (H +) donor Electron-pair acceptor
Base
OH - producer Proton (H +) acceptor Electron-pair donor
Arrhenius Acid
Any substance that releases H+ ions as the only positive ion in the aqueous solution. 1+ 1-
HCl
hydrogen chloride (an Arrhenius acid)
H2O water
Clchloride ion
Definitions
Arrhenius - In aqueous solution
H
Cl O H H H O
+
Cl H
acid
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Definitions
Arrhenius - In aqueous solution
OH
O
+
H
H
H
base
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d+
d-
1+
1-
HCl
(acid)
H2O (base)
Clchloride ion
d+
d-
1+
1-
HCl
(acid)
H2O (base)
Clchloride ion
Definitions
Brnsted-Lowry
Acids are proton (H+) donors. Bases are proton (H+) acceptors.
HCl + H2O
acid base
Cl
+ H3
+ O
conjugate base
conjugate acid
Definitions
H3PO4 H3O+
Polyprotic
H2PO4H 2O
Neutralization
Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt (an ionic compound) and water. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) base acid Some neutralization reactions: H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq)
sulfuric acid sodium hydroxide
Na2SO4 +
sodium sulfate
2 HOH
water
2 HC2H3O2(aq) +
acetic acid
Ca(OH)2(aq)
calcium hydroxide
Ca(C2H3O2)2 + 2 HOH
calcium acetate water
strong
strong acid
NH4OH
H2SO4
H2SO4
salt of a weak base and a strong acid
2 NH4OH
ammonium ion 1+ hydroxide ion 1-
H2SO4
sulfuric acid
(NH4)2SO4
ammonium sulfate
2 HOH
water
sulfate ion
21+ 1+
1+
1-
2 NH4OH
NH4+ NH4+ OHOH-
H2SO4
H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4
(NH4)2SO4
2 H2O
HOH HOH
pH of Common Substances
vinegar 2.8 carbonated beverage 3.0 orange 3.5 apple juice 3.8 lemon juice 2.2 tomato 4.2 coffee 5.0 3 4 5 6 soil 5.5 bread 5.5 potato 5.8 urine 6.0 milk 6.4 water (pure) 7.0 drinking water 7.2 blood 7.4 detergents 8.0 - 9.0 bile 8.0 1.0 M NaOH (lye) 14.0
seawater 8.5
14
acidic
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 335
basic
pH of Common Substance
pH [H1+] [OH1-] pOH More basic
NaOH, 0.1 M Household bleach Household ammonia Lime water Milk of magnesia Borax
More acidic
Baking soda Egg white, seawater Human blood, tears Milk Saliva Rain
Black coffee Banana Tomatoes Wine Cola, vinegar Lemon juice Gastric juice
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 76 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 x 10-14 1 x 10-13 1 x 10-12 1 x 10-11 1 x 10-10 1 x 10-9 1 x 10-8 1 x 10-7 1 x 10-6 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-4 1 x 10-3 1 x 10-2 1 x 10-1 1 x 100
1 x 10-0 1 x 10-1 1 x 10-2 1 x 10-3 1 x 10-4 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-6 1 x 10-7 1 x 10-8 1 x 10-9 1 x 10-10 1 x 10-11 1 x 10-12 1 x 10-13 1 x 10-14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH Calculations
pH
pH = -log[H3O+] [H3O+] = 10-pH
[H3O+]
pH + pOH = 14
pOH
pOH = -log[OH-]
[OH-]
[OH-] = 10-pOH
pH = - log [H+]
Given: pH = 4.6 pH = - log [H+] 4.6 = - log [H+] - 4.6 = 2nd log 10x
antilog
determine the [hydronium ion] choose proper equation substitute pH value in equation multiply both sides by -1 take antilog of both sides
- 4.6 =
[H+] = 2.51x10-5 M
You can check your answer by working backwards. pH = - log [H+] pH = - log [2.51x10-5 M] pH = 4.6
Acid Dissociation
monoprotic e.g. HCl, HNO3
HA(aq) 0.03 M H1+(aq) + A1-(aq) 0.03 M 0.03 M pH = ? pH = - log [H+] pH = - log [0.03M] pH = 1.52 diprotic e.g. H2SO4 H2A(aq) 0.3 M 2 H1+(aq) + A2-(aq) 0.6 M 0.3 M pH = - log [H+]
pH = - log [0.6M]
pH = 0.22
H3PO4(aq) ?M
3 H1+(aq) + PO43-(aq) xM
H3PO4(aq) XM
Step 1) Write the dissociation of phosphoric acid Step 2) Calculate the [H+] concentration [H+] = 10-pH [H+] = 10-2.1 pH = - log [H+] 2.1 = - log [H+] - 2.1 = log [H+]
[H+] = 0.00794 M
7.94 x10-3 M
2nd
log
- 2.1 =
2nd
Step 3) Calculate [H3PO4] concentration Note: coefficients (1:3) for (H3PO4 : H+) 7.94 x10-3 M = 0.00265 M H PO 3 4 3
How many grams of magnesium hydroxide are needed to add to 500 mL of H2O to yield a pH of 10.0?
Step 1) Write out the dissociation of magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2(aq) -4 M 0.5 5 x10-5 Step 2) Calculate the pOH Mg2+(aq) + 2 OH1-(aq) 1 x10-4 M pH + pOH = 14 10.0 + pOH = 14 pOH = 4.0 Mg2+ OH1Mg(OH)2
pH Indicators
pH Paper
pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH 7
10
11
12
13
Titration
Author: J.A.Freyre
24.55 mL?
24
Titration
Titration
Analytical method in which a standard solution is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
standard solution
unknown solution
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Titration
Equivalence point (endpoint)
Point at which equal amounts of H3O+ and OH- have been added. Determined by
indicator color change
dramatic change in pH