Acids and Bases

http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Acids.htm

http://www.chalkbored.com/lessons/chemistry-11/acid-bronsted.ppt

Guiding Questions
What is an acid? What makes acids dangerous? Is acid rain an issue for us? What does pH balanced mean?

pH scale: measures acidity/basicity

ACID BASE

10x 100x 10x10x

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

NEUTRAL

Each step on pH scale represents a factor of 10. pH 5 vs. pH 6 pH 3 vs. pH 5 pH 8 vs. pH 13 (10X more acidic) (100X different) (100,000X different)

pH scale: measures acidity/basicity

ACID BASE

Sren Sorensen
(1868 - 1939)

10x 100x 10x10x

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

NEUTRAL

Each step on pH scale represents a factor of 10. pH 5 vs. pH 6 pH 3 vs. pH 5 pH 8 vs. pH 13 (10X more acidic) (100X different) (100,000X different)

Acid vs. Base

Different Alike
Affects pH and litmus paper

Different

pH < 7

pH > 7

Topic
sour taste

Topic
Related to H+ (proton) concentration

Acid

Base

bitter taste

react with metals

pH + pOH = 14

does not react with metals

Properties
electrolytes sour taste turn litmus red
react with metals to form H2 gas vinegar, milk, soda, apples, citrus fruits

electrolytes
bitter taste turn litmus blue slippery feel ammonia, lye, antacid, baking soda
ChemASAP

Acid Sour taste Turns blue litmus red Reacts with some metals to produce H2 Dissolves carbonate salts, releasing CO2

Base Bitter taste Turns red litmus blue Slippery to the touch

Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Common Acids and Bases

Strong Acids (strong electrolytes) HCl HNO3 HClO4 H2SO4 hydrochloric acid nitric acid perchloric acid sulfuric acid Strong Bases (strong electrolytes) NaOH KOH Ca(OH)2 sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide calcium hydroxide

Weak Acids (weak electrolytes) CH3COOH H2CO3 acetic acid carbonic

Weak Weak Base Base (weak (weak electrolyte) electrolyte) NH OH NH 43 ammonia

NH3 + H2O NH4OH

Kotz, Purcell, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 1991, page 145

Acid + Base Salt + Water

Orange juice + milk bad taste Evergreen shrub + concrete dead bush Under a pine tree + fertilizer white powder

HCl + NaOH NaCl + HOH

salt water

Acid-Base Neutralization
1+ 1-

+ H3 2O

OH H2O

H2O Water

H2O Water

Water ion Hydronium

Hydroxide Water ion

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 584

Acid-Base Neutralization
1+ 1-

H3O+ Hydronium ion

OHHydroxide ion

H2O Water

H2O Water

Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter 3rd Edition, page 584

Acid Precipitation

http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/amaps2/

Formation of Sulfuric Acid

SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)

2SO2(g) + O2(g)

2SO3(g)

+ Sulfuric acid Catalyzed by atmospheric dust

SO3(g) + H2O(l)

H2SO4(aq)

SO2(g) + H2O2(l)

H2SO4(aq)

Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A World of Choices 1999, page 302

Hydrogen ion concentration as pH from measurements made at the field laboratories during 2003 made at the Central Analytical Laboratory, 1999

The progressively darker red areas on the map indicate the lowest pH levels and areas most prone to problems from acid rain.

National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu Figure courtesy of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Champaign, Ill.

Acid Rain
Estimated sulfate ion deposition, 1999 Smoke stacks pollute SO2 into the atmosphere. This combines with water to form acid rain.

CO2 (g)
Carbon dioxide

H2O (l)
Water

H2CO3 (aq)
Carbonic acid Weak acid

Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Common Acids
Sulfuric Acid Nitric Acid Phosphoric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Acetic Acid Carbonic Acid H2SO4 HNO3 H3PO4 HCl CH3COOH H2CO3
Battery acid

Used to make fertilizers and explosives Food flavoring

Stomach acid

Vinegar

Carbonated water

Common Acids
Formula Name of Acid Name of Negative Ion of Salt

HF HBr HI HCl HClO HClO2 HClO3 HClO4 H2S H2SO3 H2SO4 HNO2 HNO3 H2CO3 H3PO3 H3PO4

hydrofluoric hydrobromic hydroiodic hydrochloric hypochlorous chlorous chloric perchloric hydrosulfuric sulfurous sulfuric nitrous nitric carbonic phosphorous phosphoric

fluoride bromide iodide chloride hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate sulfide sulfite sulfate nitrite nitrate carbonate phosphite phosphate

Formation of Hydronium Ions

1+ 1+ 1+

H+ hydrogen ion (a proton)

H2O water

H3O+ hydronium ion

Sulfuric Acid, H2SO4

Sulfuric acid is the most commonly produced industrial chemical in the world. Uses: petroleum refining, metallurgy, manufacture of fertilizer, many industrial processes: metals, paper, paint, dyes, detergents

Sulfuric acid is used in automobile batteries.

H2SO4
oil of vitriol

Nitric Acid, HNO3

Nitric acid stains proteins yellow (like your skin). Uses: make explosives, fertilizers, rubber, plastics, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.

HNO3
aqua fortis

N O O

Hydrochloric Acid, HCl

The stomach produces HCl to aid in the digestion of food. Uses: For pickling iron and steel. Pickling is the immersion of metals in acid solution to remove surface impurities.

A dilute solution of HCl is called muriatic acid (available in many hardware stores). Muriatic acid is commonly used to adjust pH in swimming pools and in the cleaning of masonry.

HCl(g) + H2O(l)
hydrogen chloride water

HCl(aq)
hydrochloric acid

OH1-

Common Bases
Formula NaOH KOH Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH) 2
.H O NH NH4 3OH 2

hydroxide ion

Name Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Ammonia water

Common Name lye or caustic soda lye or caustic potash milk of magnesia slaked lime household ammonia
NH41+ + OH1ammonium hydroxide

OH1-

Common Bases
Formula NaOH KOH Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH) 2
.H O NH NH4 3OH 2

hydroxide ion

Name Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Ammonia water

Common Name lye or caustic soda lye or caustic potash milk of magnesia slaked lime household ammonia
NH41+ + OH1ammonium hydroxide

Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

Acid perchloric hydrogen chloride nitric sulfuric hydronium ion hydrogen sulfate ion phosphoric acetic carbonic hydrogen sulfide ammonium ion hydrogen carbonate ion water ammonia hydrogen Formula HClO4 HCl HNO3 H2SO4 H3O+ HSO4H3PO4 HC2H3O2 H2CO3 H2S NH4+ HCO3H2O NH3 H2 acid Conjugate base Formula ClO4ClNO3HSO4H2O SO42H2PO4C2H3O2HCO3HSNH3 CO32OHNH2Hperchlorate ion chloride ion nitrate ion hydrogen sulfate ion water sulfate ion dihydrogen phosphate ion acetate ion hydrogen carbonate ion hydro sulfide ion ammonia carbonate ion hydroxide ion amide ion hydride ion conjugate base + H+

Metcalfe, Williams, Catska, Modern Chemistry 1966, page 229

Decreasing Base Strength

Decreasing Acid Strength

Binary Hydrogen Compounds

of Nonmetals When Dissolved in Water
(These compounds are commonly called acids.)

The prefix hydro- is used to represent hydrogen, followed by the name of the nonmetal with its ending replaced by the suffix ic and the word acid added.

Examples: *HCl HBr Hydrochloric acid

Hydrobromic acid

*The name of this compound would be hydrogen chloride if it was NOT dissolved in water.

Naming Ternary Compounds from Oxyacids

The following table lists the most common families of oxy acids. one more oxygen atom most common one less oxygen two less oxygen HClO4 perchloric acid HClO3 chloric acid HClO2 chlorous acid HClO hypochlorous acid H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid H3PO3 phosphorous acid H3PO2 hypophosphorous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid (HNO)2 hyponitrous acid

An acid with a name ending in

A salt with a name ending in

forms

-ous
-ic

-ite
-ate

forms

Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 1999, page 60

Oxyacids Oxysalts
If you replace hydrogen with a metal, you have formed an oxysalt. A salt is a compound consisting of a metal and a non-metal. If the salt consists of a metal, a nonmetal, and oxygen it is called an oxysalt. NaClO4, sodium perchlorate, is an oxysalt.
OXYACID HClO4 perchloric acid HClO3 chloric acid HClO2 chlorous acid HClO hypochlorous acid OXYSALT NaClO4 sodium perchlorate NaClO3 sodium chlorate NaClO2 sodium chlorite NaClO sodium hypochlorite

ACID
per stem ic
stem ic

SALT
changes to
changes to

per stem ate

stem ate

stem ous
hyper stem ous

changes to
changes to

stem ite
hypo stem ite

HClO3
acid

Na1+
cation

NaClO3 + H1+
salt

Acid Definitions
Arrhenius Acids and Bases Acids release hydrogen ions in water. Bases release hydroxide ions in water.

Lewis Acid
Brnsted-Lowry
Arrhenius acids

An acid is a substance that produces hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water. Brnsted-Lowry Definitions A Brnsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor; it donates a hydrogen ion, H+. A Brnsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor; it accepts a hydrogen ion, H+.

Lewis Definitions A Lewis acid is a substance than can accept (and share) an electron pair. A Lewis base is a substance than can donate (and share) an electron pair.

Acid Base Systems

Type
Arrhenius BrnstedLowry Lewis

Acid
H+ or H3O + producer Proton (H +) donor Electron-pair acceptor

Base
OH - producer Proton (H +) acceptor Electron-pair donor

Arrhenius Acid
Any substance that releases H+ ions as the only positive ion in the aqueous solution. 1+ 1-

HCl
hydrogen chloride (an Arrhenius acid)

H2O water

H3O+ hydronium ion

Clchloride ion

Definitions
Arrhenius - In aqueous solution

Acids form hydronium ions (H3O+)

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl

H

H
Cl O H H H O

+
Cl H

acid
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Definitions
Arrhenius - In aqueous solution

Bases form hydroxide ions (OH-)

NH3 + H2O NH4 +

+
H H N H H H O H N

OH
O

+
H

H
H

base
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Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Acid = any substance that donates a proton. Base = any substance that accepts a proton.

d+

d-

1+

1-

HCl
(acid)

H2O (base)

H3O+ hydronium ion

Clchloride ion

Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Acid = any substance that donates a proton. Base = any substance that accepts a proton.

d+

d-

1+

1-

HCl
(acid)

H2O (base)

H3O+ hydronium ion

Clchloride ion

Definitions
Brnsted-Lowry

Acids are proton (H+) donors. Bases are proton (H+) acceptors.

HCl + H2O
acid base

Cl

+ H3

+ O

conjugate base

conjugate acid

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Definitions

Give the conjugate base for each of the following: HF F-

H3PO4 H3O+
Polyprotic

H2PO4H 2O

- an acid with more than one H+

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Neutralization
Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt (an ionic compound) and water. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) base acid Some neutralization reactions: H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq)
sulfuric acid sodium hydroxide

NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) salt water

Na2SO4 +
sodium sulfate

2 HOH
water

2 HC2H3O2(aq) +
acetic acid

Ca(OH)2(aq)
calcium hydroxide

Ca(C2H3O2)2 + 2 HOH
calcium acetate water

ACID + BASE SALT + WATER

strong

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

strong neutral

HC2H3O2 + NaOH NaC2H3O2 + H2O

weak strong basic

Salts can be neutral, acidic, or basic.

Neutralization does not mean pH = 7.

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weak base NH3 (NH4) 2 SO4

strong acid

NH4OH

H2SO4

H2SO4
salt of a weak base and a strong acid

2 NH4OH
ammonium ion 1+ hydroxide ion 1-

H2SO4
sulfuric acid

(NH4)2SO4
ammonium sulfate

2 HOH
water

sulfate ion
21+ 1+

1+

1-

2 NH4OH
NH4+ NH4+ OHOH-

H2SO4
H2SO4

(NH4)2SO4
(NH4)2SO4

2 H2O
HOH HOH

pH of Common Substances
vinegar 2.8 carbonated beverage 3.0 orange 3.5 apple juice 3.8 lemon juice 2.2 tomato 4.2 coffee 5.0 3 4 5 6 soil 5.5 bread 5.5 potato 5.8 urine 6.0 milk 6.4 water (pure) 7.0 drinking water 7.2 blood 7.4 detergents 8.0 - 9.0 bile 8.0 1.0 M NaOH (lye) 14.0

gastric juice 1.6 1.0 M HCl 0

milk of magnesia 10.5 ammonia 11.0 bleach 12.0 10 11 12 13

seawater 8.5

14

acidic
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 335

neutral [H+] = [OH-]

basic

pH of Common Substance
pH [H1+] [OH1-] pOH More basic
NaOH, 0.1 M Household bleach Household ammonia Lime water Milk of magnesia Borax

More acidic

Baking soda Egg white, seawater Human blood, tears Milk Saliva Rain
Black coffee Banana Tomatoes Wine Cola, vinegar Lemon juice Gastric juice

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 76 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 x 10-14 1 x 10-13 1 x 10-12 1 x 10-11 1 x 10-10 1 x 10-9 1 x 10-8 1 x 10-7 1 x 10-6 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-4 1 x 10-3 1 x 10-2 1 x 10-1 1 x 100

1 x 10-0 1 x 10-1 1 x 10-2 1 x 10-3 1 x 10-4 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-6 1 x 10-7 1 x 10-8 1 x 10-9 1 x 10-10 1 x 10-11 1 x 10-12 1 x 10-13 1 x 10-14

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Calculations
pH
pH = -log[H3O+] [H3O+] = 10-pH

[H3O+]

pH + pOH = 14

[H3O+] [OH-] = 1 x10-14

pOH

pOH = -log[OH-]

[OH-]
[OH-] = 10-pOH

pH = - log [H+]
Given: pH = 4.6 pH = - log [H+] 4.6 = - log [H+] - 4.6 = 2nd log 10x
antilog

determine the [hydronium ion] choose proper equation substitute pH value in equation multiply both sides by -1 take antilog of both sides

log [H+] log [H+]

- 4.6 =

[H+] = 2.51x10-5 M

Recall, [H+] = [H3O+]

You can check your answer by working backwards. pH = - log [H+] pH = - log [2.51x10-5 M] pH = 4.6

Acid Dissociation
monoprotic e.g. HCl, HNO3
HA(aq) 0.03 M H1+(aq) + A1-(aq) 0.03 M 0.03 M pH = ? pH = - log [H+] pH = - log [0.03M] pH = 1.52 diprotic e.g. H2SO4 H2A(aq) 0.3 M 2 H1+(aq) + A2-(aq) 0.6 M 0.3 M pH = - log [H+]

pH = - log [0.6M]
pH = 0.22

polyprotic e.g. H3PO4

H3PO4(aq) ?M

3 H1+(aq) + PO43-(aq) xM

Given: pH = 2.1 find [H3PO4] assume 100% dissociation

H3PO4(aq) XM

3 H1+(aq) + PO43-(aq) 0.00794 M

Given: pH = 2.1 find [H3PO4] assume 100% dissociation

Step 1) Write the dissociation of phosphoric acid Step 2) Calculate the [H+] concentration [H+] = 10-pH [H+] = 10-2.1 pH = - log [H+] 2.1 = - log [H+] - 2.1 = log [H+]

[H+] = 0.00794 M
7.94 x10-3 M

2nd

log

- 2.1 =

2nd

log log [H+]

[H+] = 7.94 x10-3 M

Step 3) Calculate [H3PO4] concentration Note: coefficients (1:3) for (H3PO4 : H+) 7.94 x10-3 M = 0.00265 M H PO 3 4 3

How many grams of magnesium hydroxide are needed to add to 500 mL of H2O to yield a pH of 10.0?
Step 1) Write out the dissociation of magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2(aq) -4 M 0.5 5 x10-5 Step 2) Calculate the pOH Mg2+(aq) + 2 OH1-(aq) 1 x10-4 M pH + pOH = 14 10.0 + pOH = 14 pOH = 4.0 Mg2+ OH1Mg(OH)2

Step 3) Calculate the [OH1-]

pOH = - log [OH1-]

[OH1-] = 10-OH [OH1-] = 1 x10-4 M

Step 4) Solve for moles of Mg(OH)2

x mol mol -5 5 x10 M M 0.5 L L Step 5) Solve for grams of Mg(OH)2

x g Mg(OH)2 = 2.5 x 10-5 mol Mg(OH)2

x = 2.5 x 10-5 mol Mg(OH)2

58 g Mg(OH)2 = 0.00145 g Mg(OH)2 1 mol Mg(OH)2

pH Indicators

pH Paper
pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

pH 7

10

11

12

13

Indicator Colors in Titration

Red Cabbage Indicator

Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Titration

Author: J.A.Freyre

How to read a buret volume

23

24.55 mL?

23.45 mL (not 24.55 mL)

24

Titration
Titration
Analytical method in which a standard solution is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
standard solution

unknown solution
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Titration
Equivalence point (endpoint)
Point at which equal amounts of H3O+ and OH- have been added. Determined by
indicator color change

dramatic change in pH

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