1

PETE 411

Well Drilling
Lesson 36

Torque and Drag Calculations
2
Torque and Drag Calculations
Friction
Logging
Hook Load
Lateral Load
Torque Requirements
Examples
3
Assignments:
PETE 411 Design Project
due December 9, 2002, 5 p.m.

HW#18 Due Friday, Dec. 6
4
Friction - Stationary
Horizontal surface
No motion
No applied force
E F
y
= 0

N = W
N
W
N= Normal force = lateral load = contact force = reaction force
5
Sliding Motion
Horizontal surface

Velocity, V > 0
V = constant
Force along surface

N = W
F = N = W
N
W
F
N
6
Frictionless, Inclined, Straight Wellbore:
1. Consider
a section
of pipe
in the
wellbore.


In the absence of FRICTION the forces acting on the
pipe are buoyed weight, axial tension and the reaction
force, N, normal to the wellbore.
7
Frictionless, Inclined, Straight Wellbore:
pipe. ROTATING for used are equations
(2) : wellbore to 0
(1) : wellbore along 0
ar
These
F
F

=
= I cos W T = A
I sin W N =
8
Effect of Friction (no doglegs):
2. Consider Effect of Friction ( no doglegs):








9
Effect of Friction (no doglegs):
Frictional Force, F = N = W sin I

where 0 < < 1 ( is the coeff. of friction)
usually 0.15 < < 0.4 in the wellbore

(a) Lowering: Friction opposes motion, so


(3)
I sin W I cos W T
F I cos W T
f
= A
= A
10
Effect of Friction (no doglegs):
(b) Raising: Friction still opposes motion,

so
I sin W I cos W T
F I cos W T
f
+ = A
+ = A
(4)
11
Problem 1
What is the maximum hole angle (inclination
angle) that can be logged
without the aid of drillpipe, coiled tubing or
other tubulars?
(assume =0.4)

12
Solution
From Equation (3) above,
(3)

When pipe is barely sliding down the wellbore,
I sin W I cos W T = A
0 T ~ A
I sin W 4 . 0 I cos W 0 =
13
Solution
This is the maximum hole angle
(inclination) that can be logged
without the aid of tubulars.

Note:

68.2 I
2.5 I or tan 4 . 0 I cot
=
= =
I cot =
14
Problem 2
Consider a well with a long horizontal section. An
8,000-ft long string of 7 OD csg. is in the hole.
Buoyed weight of pipe = 30 lbs/ft. = 0.3

(a) What force will it take to move this pipe
along the horizontal section of the wellbore?

(b) What torque will it take to rotate this pipe?
15
Problem 2 - Solution - Force
(a) What force will it take to move this pipe along
the horizontal section of the wellbore?
F = ? F = 0
N
W
N = W = 30 lb/ft * 8,000 ft = 240,000 lb
F = N = 0.3 * 240,000 lb = 72,000 lb
Force to move pipe, F = 72,000 lbf
16
Problem 2 - Solution - Force
(b) What torque will it take to rotate this pipe?
As an approximation, let us
assume that the pipe lies on
the bottom of the wellbore.


Then, as before,
N = W = 30 lb/ft * 8,000 ft = 240,000 lbf
Torque = F*d/2 = Nd/2 = 0.3 * 240,000 lbf * 7/(2 * 12) ft
Torque to rotate pipe, T = 21,000 ft-lbf
F
T
d/2
17
Problem 2 - Equations -
Horizontal
Torque, T = Wd/(24 ) = 21,000 ft-lbf
F = N
T = F * s
N = W
W
Force to move pipe, F = W = 72,000 lbf
An approximate equation, with W in lbf and d in inches
( s=d/24 )
18
Horizontal - Torque
A more accurate equation for torque in a horizontal
wellbore may be obtained by taking into consideration
the fact that a rotating pipe will ride up the side of the
wellbore to some angle |.


Taking moments about the point P:

Torque, T = W * (d/2) sin | in-lbf
Where | = atan = atan 0.3 = 16.70
o

T = 240,000 * 7/24 * 0.2873 = 20,111 ft-lbf
F
T
d/2 |
P
W
19
Problem 3
A well with a measured depth of 10,000 ft. may be
approximated as being perfectly vertical to the kick-off
point at 2,000 ft. A string of 7 OD csg. is in the hole;
total length is 10,000 ft. The 8,000-ft segment is inclined at
60 deg. Buoyed weight of pipe = 30 lbs/ft. = 0.3
20
Problem 3
Please determine the following:

(a) Hook load when rotating off bottom
(b) Hook load when RIH
(c) Hook load when POH
(d) Torque when rotating off bottom

[ ignore effects of dogleg at 2000 ft.]
21
Solution to Problem 3
(a) Hook load when rotating off bottom:
22
Solution to Problem 3 - Rotating
When rotating off bottom.
lbf 120,000 lbf 000 , 60
60 cos * ft 8000 *
ft
lb
30 ft 2000 *
ft
lb
30
HL HL HL
5 . 0
8000 2000
+ =
+ =
+ =
+

lbf 000 , 180 HL=

23
Solution to Problem 3 - lowering
2 (b) Hook load when RIH:
The hook load is decreased by friction in the
wellbore.

In the vertical portion,


Thus,
0 F
0 o sin * 2000 * 30 N
2000
o
=
= =
N F
f
=
0
o

24
Solution to Problem 3 - lowering
In the inclined section,

N = 30 * 8,000 * sin 60
= 207,846 lbf
25
Solution to Problem 3 - Lowering
HL = W
e,2000
+ W
e,8000
- F
2000
- F
8000
= 60,000

+ 120,000

- 0

- 62,354

Thus, F
8000
= N
= 0.3 * 207,846 = 62,352 lbf

HL = 117,646 lbf while RIH

26
Solution to Problem 3 - Raising
2(c) Hood Load when POH:
HL = W
e,2000
+ W
e,8000
+ F
2000
+ F
8000
= 60,000

+ 120,000

+ 0

+ 62,354

HL = 242,354 lbf POH

27
Solution to Problem 3 - Summary
2,000
10,000
MD
ft
60,000 120,000 180,000
240,000
RIH
ROT
POH
0
28
Solution to Problem 3 - rotating
2(d) Torque when rotating off bottom:
In the Inclined Section:
N F
I sin W N
=
=
2
d
* F
Arm * Force
Torque
f
=
=
29
Solution to Problem 3 - rotating
(i) As a first approximation, assume the pipe
lies at lowest point of hole:
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
12
1
*
2
7
* 60 sin * 8000 * 30 * 3 . 0
2
d
I sin W
2
d
N
2
d
F Torque
f

lbf - ft 187 , 18 Torque =
30
Solution to Problem 3 - rotating
(ii) More accurate evaluation:
Note that, in the above figure, forces are not balanced;
there is no force to balance the friction force F
f
.
The pipe will tend
to climb up the
side of the
wellboreas it
rotates
31
Solution to Problem 3 - Rotating
Assume Equilibrium
at angle | as shown.
| = =

sin I sin W F F
f Tangent Along
0
| = =

cos I sin W N F
Tangent to . Perpend
0
(7)
| = sin I sin W N
(6)
| = cos I sin W N
32
Solution to Problem 3 - rotating
Solving equations (6) & (7)



(8)

) ( tan
tan
cos I sin W
sin I sin W
N
N

1
|
|
|
|

=
=
=
33
Solution to Problem 3 - rotating
(ii) continued
Taking moments about the center of the pipe:


Evaluating the problem at hand:

From Eq. (8),
2
d
* F T
f
=

70 . 16
) 3 . 0 ( tan ) ( tan
1 1
=
= =

|
|
34
Solution to Problem 3 - rotating
Evaluating the problem at hand:

From Eq. (6),
lbf 724 . 59 F
70 . 16 sin * sin60 * 8000 * 30
sin I sin W F
f
f
=
=
=

|
35
Solution to Problem 3 - rotating
Evaluating the problem at hand:

From Eq. (9),

lbf - ft 420 , 17 Torque
12
1
*
2
7
* 59,724
2
d
* F T
f
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
36
Solution to Problem 3
2 (d) (ii) Alternate Solution:
37
Solution to Problem 3
Taking moments about tangent point,
24
7
* 70 . 16 sin * sin60 * 8000 * 30
2
d
sin I sin W T

=
O =
lbf - ft 420 , 17 T =
38
Solution to Problem 3
Note that the answers in parts (i) & (ii) differ
by a factor of cos |

(i) T = 18,187
(ii) T = 17,420

cos | = cos 16.70 = 0.9578
39
Effect of Doglegs
(1) Dropoff Wellbore angle dogleg = o
40
Effect of Doglegs
A. Neglecting Axial Friction
(e.g. pipe rotating)
0 N
2
sin T
2
sin sT I sin W
0 N
2
sin T
2
sin ) T T ( I sin W : F
normal along
= A + +
= + A + +

o o
o o
(10)
2
sin T 2 I sin W N
o
+ ~
W sin I + 2T
41
Effect of Doglegs
A. Neglecting Axial Friction
(11) 1
2
cos
I cos W
2
cos T
0
2
cos T I cos W
2
cos ) T T ( : F
tangent along

= A
= A +

o
o
o o
I cos W T ~ A
42
Effect of Doglegs
B. Including Friction (Dropoff Wellbore)

While pipe is rotating


(10)&(11)
WcosI T
2
sin T 2 I sin W N
= A
+ =
o
43
Effect of Doglegs
B. Including Friction
While lowering pipe (RIH)

(as above)



i.e. (12)

2
sin T 2 I sin W N
o
+ =
N I cos W T = A
)
2
sin T 2 I sin W ( I cos W T
o
+ = A
44
Effect of Doglegs
B. Including Friction
While raising pipe (POH)



(13)


(14)
N I cos W T + = A
)
2
sin T 2 I sin W ( I cos W T
o
+ + = A
)
2
sin T 2 I sin W (
2
d
2
d
N Torque
o
+
|
.
|

\
|
~
|
.
|

\
|
=
45
Effect of Doglegs
(2) Buildup Wellbore
angle dogleg = o
46
Effect of Doglegs
A. Neglecting Friction
(e.g. pipe rotating)
( ) 0 N
2
sin T
2
sin T T I sin W : F
normal along
=
o

o
A +

2
sin T 2 I sin W N
o
~
0 N
2
sin T
2
sin T 2 I sin W =
o
A
o

47
Effect of Doglegs
A. Neglecting Axial Friction
(16) 1
2
cos
I cos W
2
cos T
0
2
cos T I cos W
2
cos ) T T ( : F
tangent along

= A
= A +

o
o
o o
I cos W T ~ A
48
Effect of Doglegs
B. Including Friction (Buildup Wellbore)
When pipe is rotating


(15)&(16)
WcosI T

2
sin T 2 I sin W N
= A
=
o
49
Effect of Doglegs
B. Including Friction
While lowering pipe (RIH)

(15)



(17)



2
sin T 2 I sin W I cos W T
N I cos W T
2
sin T 2 I sin W N
o

o
= A
= A
=
50
Effect of Doglegs
While raising pipe (POH)



(18)


(19)





2
sin T 2 I sin W
2
d
2
d
N Torque
2
2Tsin - WsinI WcosI T . e . i
N I cos W T
o

o

|
.
|

\
|
~
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ = A
+ = A
51
Problem #4 - Curved Wellbore with Friction
In a section of our well, hole angle drops at the
rate of 8 degrees per 100 ft.
The axial tension is 100,000 lbf at the location
where the hole angle is 60 degrees.
Buoyed weight of pipe = 30 lbm/ft

= 0.25
52
Problem
# 4
- Curved
Wellbore
with
Friction
T = 100,000 lbf
53
Evaluate the Following:
(a) What is the axial tension in the pipe 100 ft. up the hole
if the pipe is rotating?

(b) What is the axial tension in the pipe 100 ft up the hole if
the pipe is being lowered into the hole?

(c) What is the axial tension in the pipe 100 ft up the hole if
the pipe is being pulled out of the hole?

(d) What is the lateral load on a centralizer at incl.=64 if
the centralizer spacing is 40 ft?

54
Solution 4(a) - Rotating
Axial tension 100 ft up hole when pipe is rotating :







Pipe is rotating so frictional effect on axial load may be
neglected.
2
68 60
I
AVG
+
=
o
AVG
64 I =
55
Solution 4(a) - Rotating
From equation (11),
315 , 1 000 , 100 T
lbf 1,315

64 cos * ft 100 *
ft
lb
30

I cos W T
68
+ =
=
=
= A

rotating lbf 315 , 101 T

68
=

T
60
= 100,000 lbf
T
68
= 101,315 lbf
56
Solution 4 (b)
(b) Tension in pipe 100 ft Up-Hole when Pipe is being
lowered:
From equation (10):
lbf 16,648 N
13,951 2,696
4 sin * 000 , 100 * 2 64 sin * 100 * 30 N
2
sin T 2 I sin W N
=
+ =
+ =
+ =

o
57
Solution 4 (b)
From equation 10,





From equation 12,
N I cos W T = A
lbf 162 , 4 F
16,648 * 0.25 N Force Friction
f
=
= =
58
Solution 4(b) - Lowering
From equation 12,
T) (T 867 , 2 000 , 100 T
68
A + =

lbf 153 , 97 T
68
=

-2,847
162 , 4 ) 64 cos * 100 * 30 ( T
=
= A

T
60
= 100,000 lbf
T
68
= 97,153 lbf
59
Solution 4 (c)
(c) Tension in Pipe 100 ft Up-Hole when pipe is being
raised:
From equation (10),
lbf 16,648 N
13,951 2,696
4 sin * 000 , 100 * 2 64 sin * 100 * 30 N
2
sin T 2 I sin W N
=
+ =
+ =
+ =

o
60
Solution 4 (c)
lbf 162 , 4 F
16,648 * 0.25 N Force Friction
f
=
= =
From equation 12,
N I cos W T + = A
61
Solution 4(c) - Raising
From equation 12,
T) (T 5477 000 , 100 T
lbf 5477
162 , 4 ) 64 cos * 100 * 30 ( T
68
A + + =
=
+ = A

lbf 477 , 105 T

68
=

T
60
= 100,000 lbf
T
68
= 105,477 lbf
62
Solution 4(a, b and c)
SUMMARY

Rot 100,000 101,315
RIH 100,000 97,153
POH 100,000 104,477
T
60
T
68

63
Solution 4 (d)
(d) Lateral load on centralizer if spacing = 40 ft. (after
pipe has been rotated):

From above,




This is for 100 ft distance
lbf 648 , 16 N
64 at
=
=

u
64
Solution 4 (d)
for 40 ft distance,



i.e., Lateral load on centralizer,

lbf 6,659
100
40
* 648 , 16 N
. centr
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
lbf 1200
ft
lb
30 * pipe of ft 40 : Note
lbf 659 , 6 N
. centr
=
=
65
Alternate Approach
(d) Lateral load on centralizer if spacing = 40 ft.
(after pipe has been rotated)

From above,
From above,

So, 30 ft up-hole,
lbf 101,315 T , 68 at
lbf 100,000 T , 60 at
= =
= =

u
u
lbf 395 , 100 T
lbf ) 100 / 30 ( * 315 , 1 000 , 100 T
=
+ =
66
Alternate Approach

From Eq. (10),





for 40 ft centralizer spacing,
lbf 6,685 N
5,606 1,079
40/100} * {4
) 6 . 1 sin( * 395 , 100 * 2 64 sin * 40 * 30 N
2
sin T 2 I sin W N
=
+ =
+ =
+ =

o
lbf 685 , 6 N
. centr
=

67
Centralizer