SPM 7 FORM 5 CHAPTER 2

ELECTRICITY
7.2 ELECTRIC CURRENT AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Electric Charge

Electric Field

Electric Current

ELECTRICITY

Potential difference

Ammeter & Voltmeter

Ohms Law

Superconductors

Electric Charge

Electric Field

Electric Current

ELECTRICITY

Potential difference

Ammeter & Voltmeter

Ohms Law

Superconductors

Potential Difference

IDEAS OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

higher

P difference

Potential Difference

IDEAS OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

higher

difference

Potential Difference

SIMILIARITY
Electric field region B

Which point has higher potential?

Please define it

Potential Difference

SIMILIARITY
lower potential
+B

500V

(+) work(W)

higher potential 0V
+

1C (-)

Potential Difference
+ -

500V

(+)

work(W)
+

0V

1C (-)
higher potential

V = Potential difference

lower potential

work

move

charge

Potential Difference
FORMULA

W V =Q
charge (C) potential difference / voltage (V) (J C-1)

work done (J)

W V =Q

The OF work done toDIFFERENCE, move one coulomb of charge DEFINITION POTENTIAL V
from one point to another

Potential Difference

240J 6000V

35000J 5 x 108 V

Electric Charge

Electric Field

Electric Current

ELECTRICITY

Potential difference

Ammeter & Voltmeter

Ohms Law

Superconductors

Ammeter & Volmeter

A Measure electric current

Measure potential differential

In parallel

In series A

Ampere (A)

Voltage (V)

Ammeter & Volmeter

Ammeter Y

voltmeter

Ammeter Y has smaller division scale, than ammeter X

To adjust the resistance and control the current passing through it.

Electric Charge

Electric Field

Electric Current

ELECTRICITY

Potential difference

Ammeter & Voltmeter

Ohms Law

Superconductors

Ohms Law
To determine relationship between the potential difference and the electric current flowing through ohmic conductor and non ohmic conductor Hypothesis : When the current that passes through a metal wire increase, the potential difference across the metal wire increase Repeated by adjusting the rheostat to fix the current at I = 0.2A, 0.3A, 0.4A, 0.5A, 0.6A, and 0.7A Replacing the constantan wire (ohmic conductor) with an electric bulb (non ohmic conductor)

R = V/I

R constant ; wire/conductor

R not constant ; light bulb

Ohms Law

Ohms Law
FORMULA

V = IR
potential difference (V)

current (A)

resistance ()

V R= I

Resistance of a conductor = the ratio of potential DEFINITION RESISTANCE, R difference,OF V across the conductors to the current, I flowing through it.

Ohms Law
current
potential difference directly proportional constant

ratio I

Ohms Law

2.5 V

60

(a) 24
(b) 0.625 A

Ohms Law

8.57

(a) 5
(b) 2 A

4A

(c) 1600 V

Ohms Law

Factors Affecting Resistance Type of material of conductor

0.5 A

For a fixed length and thickness of a conducting wire is used, its resistance is affected by the type of material The measure of a materials ability to oppose current flow resistivity,

Ohms Law

Factors Affecting Resistance Length of the conductor

0.5 A

For a same type material and thickness of wire, its resistance increase with its length.

Ohms Law

Factors Affecting Resistance Cross sectional / Area of conductor, A

0.5 A

s.w.g. 34 s.w.g. 30

s.w.g. 24

For a same type material and length of wire, the thicker of the wire, the smaller the resistance.

Ohms Law

Factors Affecting Resistance Temperature of the filament bulb

0.1A,0.2A,0.3A,0.4A,0.6A bulb

0.5V,1.2V,2.0V,3.0V,5.0V

When the temperature of the filament bulb increase, its resistance increase.

Electric Charge

Electric Field

Electric Current

ELECTRICITY

Potential difference

Ammeter & Voltmeter

Ohms Law

Superconductors

Superconductor
magnet

Superconductor conducts electricity without resistance of wire

Certain metals become superconductor when their resistance becomes 0 at very low temperature near absolute zero K (-273oC) Due to the continues flow of induced current.

TAKE A BREAK - VIDEO

R/

R/

The metals super conduct only when below a critical temperature, Tc

T/K

T/K

Tc = critical temperature

Superconductor

zero resistance wire

low temperature

Review
The work done to move one coulomb of charge from one point to another Instruments to measure electric current and potential difference

ELECTRICITY

Potential difference

Ammeter & Voltmeter

Ohms Law

Superconductors

Electric current passing through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to potential difference between its end, when temperature and others physical factors keep constant

Conducts electricity without resistance of wire

SPM 2009 / Paper 2 / Section C / Q12

(a) The potential difference betweenAnswer(a) two points is the word done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to the other. When increase , V increase. Resistance is the gradient of the graph. As the current Answer(b)(i) increase, the gradient increase. This is due to the temperature and resistance increase. When the current decrease, theAnswer(b)(ii) energy dissipated decrease.

(b) (i)

(b) (ii)

(c )

- Filament must me made of from tungsten wire. This is because tungsten wire has higher resistance than copper wire and higher melting point. - A thin tungsten wire is used. A thin wire has greater resistance because it has a small cross-sectional area and can be hot faster. - The tungsten wire is coiled. A coiled wire is longer and can be fitted into the glass bulb to produce a brighter light. Answer(c) - The glass lamp is filled with low pressure nitrogen gas. So that the light bulb will not explode at high temperature and the tungsten filament can be used for a longer period of time. - The lamp that can produce the brightest light is R. This is because R has thin tungsten wire, is coiled and contain low nitrogen pressure.

SPM 2009 / Paper 2 / Section C / Q12

(a) (i) The length of the wire, Answer(a)(i) Answer(a)(ii)

(a) (ii) (a) (iii)

The resistance of the wire, R

The diameter of the wire/the type of the wire/the value of the current, Answer(a)(iii)

(b) (i)(ii)(iii)

Answer(b)(i)(ii)(iii)

SPM 2009 / Paper 2 / Section C / Q12

Answer(c)

(d) R is directly proportional to length ,

Answer(d)