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Stoichiometry
Contents
Elements Atomic number, mass number, atomic mass Mole concepts, Avogadros number Conversions between mole and number of atoms Relationship between mole and mass Molar mass Percent composition Empirical formula, molecular formula
2
Stoichiometry is:
Study of the quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions Mole/mass relationships between reactants and products
Atomic number, Z
the number of protons in the nucleus the number of electrons in a neutral atom the integer on the periodic table for each element
Mass Number, A
integer representing the approximate mass of an atom equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Masses of Atoms
Carbon-12 Scale Masses of the atoms are compared to the mass of C-12 isotope having a mass of 12.0000 amu The masses of all other atoms are given relative to this standard
Mass Spectrometer
the most accurate methods for comparing masses of atoms
The Mole
a unit of measurement, quantity of matter present The number equal to the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure C-12 (6.022 1023) Avogadros Number 6.022 1023 particles
10
11
Chemical PackagesMoles
Mole = Number of things equal to the number of atoms in 12 g of C-12.
1 atom of C-12 weighs exactly 12 amu. 1 mole of C-12 weighs exactly 12 g.
Molar mass = ( 2 x molar mass of H ) + (1 x molar mass of O) =2( g)+ g = g g H2O = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of water = 1 mole H O 132
Molar Mass
The mass in grams of one mole of molecules or formula units of a substance, also called molar mass or molecular weight Molar mass of: C - 12.01 g/mole O - 16.00 g/mole Fe 55,85 g/mole
15
1 mol S 32.07 g
18.02 g 1 mol H 2 O
16
Example 1. A Silver Ring Contains 1.1 x 1022 Silver Atoms. How Many Moles of Silver Are in the Ring?
Given: Find: Solution Map: 1.1 x 1022 atoms Ag moles Ag atoms Ag mol Ag
1 mol 6.022 10 23 atoms
Relationships: Solution:
1.1 10
22
Example: A silver ring contains 1.1 x 1022 silver atoms. How many moles of silver are in the ring? Write down the given quantity and its units.
Given:
18
Example: A silver ring contains 1.1 x 1022 silver atoms. How many moles of silver are in the ring?
Find: ? moles
19
Example: A silver ring contains 1.1 x 1022 silver atoms. How many moles of silver are in the ring?
20
Example: A silver ring contains 1.1 x 1022 silver atoms. How many moles of silver are in the ring?
Information: Given: 1.1 x 1022 Ag atoms Find: ? moles Conversion Factor: 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023
21
Example: A silver ring contains 1.1 x 1022 silver atoms. How many moles of silver are in the ring? Apply the solution map:
Information: Given: 1.1 x 1022 Ag atoms Find: ? moles Conversion Factor: 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 Solution Map: atoms mole
23
Relationships: Solution:
Check:
Weight of 1 mole
1.008 g 12.01 g 16.00 g 32.06 g 40.08 g 35.45 g 63.55 g
gS
1 mol S 32.07 g
mol S
Check:
28
Example: Calculate the number of moles of sulfur in 57.8 g of sulfur. Write down the given quantity and its units.
Given:
57.8 g S
29
Find: ? moles S
30
31
gS
moles S
1 mole S 32.07 g S
32
Information: Given: 57.8 g S Find: ? moles S Conversion Factor: 1 mole S = 32.07 g Solution Map: g moles
= 1.80 moles S
33
34
Practice 2 How Many Copper Atoms Are in a Penny Weighing 3.10 g?, Continued
Given: Find: Solution Map: 3.10 g Cu atoms Cu g Cu
1 mol 63.55 g
mol Cu
atoms Cu
Relationships: Solution:
2.94 10 22 atoms Cu Check: Since the given amount is much less than 1 mol Cu, the number makes sense.
35
g H2O
H 2 1.01 amu O 1 16.00 amu H 2O 18.02 amu
Check: Since the given amount is more than 1 mol, the mass being > 18 g makes sense.
37
Practice 3 How Many Formula Units Are in 50.0 g of PbO2? (PbO2 = 239.2), Continued
Given: Find: Solution Map: 50.0 g PbO2 formula units PbO2 g PbO2
1 mol 239.2 g
mol PbO2
units PbO2
Relationships: Solution:
1 mol PbO 2 6.022 10 23 units 50.0 g PbO 2 239.2 g PbO 2 1 mol 1.26 10 23 units PbO 2
Check: Since the given amount is much less than 1 mol PbO2, the number makes sense.
38
Wednesday, October14.
Percent composition Empirical formula Molecular formula Chemical equation Balancing chemical equation Mass - to - mass conversion
39
Percent Composition
Percentage of each element in a compound.
By mass. The formula of the compound. The experimental mass analysis of the compound.
Relationships:
Check: Since the percentage is less than 100 and Cl is much heavier than the other atoms, the number makes 41 sense.
2 molar mass Cl 2(35.45 g/mol) 70.90 g/mol molar mass CaCl2 1(40.08) 2(35.45) 110.98 g/mol 40.08 g/mol Mass % Ca 100% 36.11% 110.98 g/mol 70.90 g/mol Mass % Cl 100% 63.88% 110.98 g/mol
42
Empirical Formulas
The simplest, whole-number ratio of atoms in a molecule is called the empirical formula.
Can be determined from percent composition or combining masses.
MMB
moles A moles B
moles B
43
45
3. Write a pseudoformula using moles as subscripts. 4. Divide all by smallest number of moles. 5. Multiply all mole ratios by number to make all whole numbers, if necessary.
a. If ratio ?.5, multiply all by 2; if ratio ?.33 or ?.67, multiply all by 3, etc. b. Skip if already whole numbers after Step 4.
47
48
Example: A laboratory analysis of aspirin determined the following mass percent composition. Find the empirical formula. C = 60.00% H = 4.48% O = 35.53%
49
Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition. Write down the given quantity and its units. Given: C = 60.00% H = 4.48% O = 35.53% Therefore, in 100 g of aspirin there are 60.00 g C, 4.48 g H, and 35.53 g O.
50
Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition.
51
Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition.
52
Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition. Write a solution map:
gC mol C
Information: Given: 60.00 g C, 4.48 g H, 35.53 g O Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz Conversion Factors: 1 mol C = 12.01 g; 1 mol H = 1.01 g; 1 mol O = 16.00 g
gH
gO
mol H
mol O
pseudoformula
mole ratio
empirical formula
53
Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition. Apply the solution map:
Information: Given: 60.00 g C, 4.48 g H, 35.53 g O Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz Conversion Factors: 1 mol C = 12.01 g; 1 mol H = 1.01 g; 1 mol O = 16.00 g Solution Map: g C,H,O mol C,H,O mol ratio empirical formula
Calculate the moles of each element. 1 mol C 60 .00 g C 4.996 mol C 12.01 g C 1 mol H 4.48 g H 4.44 mol H 1.01 g H 1 mol O 35.53 g O 2.221 mol O 16.00 g O
54
Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition. Apply the solution map:
Write a pseudoformula.
Information: Given: 4.996 mol C, 4.44 mol H, 2.221 mol O Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz Conversion Factors: 1 mol C = 12.01 g; 1 mol H = 1.01 g; 1 mol O = 16.00 g Solution Map: g C,H,O mol C,H,O mol ratio empirical formula
C4.996H4.44O2.221
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Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition. Apply the solution map:
Information: Given: C4.996H4.44O2.221 Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz Conversion Factors: 1 mol C = 12.01 g; 1 mol H = 1.01 g; 1 mol O = 16.00 g Solution Map: g C,H,O mol C,H,O mol ratio empirical formula
C 2.25H 2O1
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Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition. Apply the solution map:
Information: Given: C2.25H2O1 Find: empirical formula, CxHyOz Conversion Factors: 1 mol C = 12.01 g; 1 mol H = 1.01 g; 1 mol O = 16.00 g Solution Map: g C,H,O mol C,H,O mol ratio empirical formula
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Example: Find the empirical formula of oxide of titanium with the given elemental analysis. Write a solution map:
g Ti mol Ti
Information: Given: 3.24 g Ti, 5.40 g compound Find: empirical formula, TixOy Conversion Factors: 1 mol Ti = 47.88g;1 mol O = 16.00g
pseudoformula
gO mol O
mole ratio
empirical formula
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Molecular Formulas
The molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula. To determine the molecular formula, you need to know the empirical formula and the molar mass of the compound.
Molar massreal formula = Factor used to multiply subscripts Molar massempirical formula
60
ExampleDetermine the Molecular Formula of Cadinene if it has a Molar Mass of 204 g and an Empirical Formula of C5H8.
ExampleDetermine the Molecular Formula of Cadinene if it has a Molar Mass of 204 g and an Empirical Formula of C5H8, Continued. 3. Divide the given molar mass of the compound by the molar mass of the empirical formula. Round to the nearest whole number.
ExampleDetermine the Molecular Formula of Cadinene if it has a Molar Mass of 204 g and an Empirical Formula of C5H8, Continued. 4. Multiply the empirical formula by the factor above to give the molecular formula. (C5H8)3 = C15H24
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H
1.008
H
1.008
He
4.0026 10
3 2
Li
6.939
Be
9.0122
B
10.811
C
12.011
N
14.007
O
15.999
F
18.998
Ne
20.183
11 3
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Na
22.99
Mg
24.312
Al
26.982
Si
28.086
P
30.974
S
32.064
Cl
35.453
Ar
39.948
19 4
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
K
39.102
Ca
40.08
Sc
44.956
Ti
47.89
V
50.942
Cr
51.996
Mn
54.938
Fe
55.847
Co
58.932
Ni
58.71
Cu
63.54
Zn
65.37
Ga
69.72
Ge
72.59
As
74.922
Se
78.96
Br
79.909
Kr
83.8
37 5
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb
85.468
Sr
87.62
Y
88.906
Zr
91.224
Nb
92.906
Mo
95.94
Tc
* 98
Ru
101.07
Rh
102.91
Pd
106.42
Ag
107.9
Cd
112.41
In
114.82
Sn
118.71
Sb
121.75
Te
127.61
I
126.9
Xe
131.29
55 6
56
57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Cs
132.91
Ba
137.33
**La
138.91
Hf
178.49
Ta
180.95
W
183.85
Re
186.21
Os
190.2
Ir
192.22
Pt
195.08
Au
196.97
Hg
200.29
Tl
204.38
Pb
207.2
Bi
208.98
Po
* 209
At
* 210
Rn
* 222
87 7
88
89
104
105
106
107
108
109
110 * 269 63
111 * 272 64
112 * 277 65
114
116
118
Fr
* 223
Ra ***Ac
226.03 227.03
Rf
* 261
Ha
* 262 58
Sg
* 263 59
Ns
* 262 60
Hs
* 265 61
Mt
* 268 62
Uuq
Uuh
70
Uuo
*293
S.M.Condren 2001
71
* Designates that **Lanthanum all isotopes are Series radioactive *** Actinium Series
Ce
140.12
Pr
140.91
Nd
144.24
Pm
* 145
Sm
150.36
Eu
151.96
Gd
157.25
Tb
158.93
Dy
162.51
Ho
164.93
Er
167.26
Tm
168.93
Yb
173.04
Lu
174.97
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Th
232.04
Pa
231.04
U
238.03
Np
237.05
Pu
* 244
Am
* 243
Cm
* 247
Bk
* 247
Cf
* 251
Es
* 252
Fm
* 257
Md
* 258
No
* 259
Lr
* 260
64
Color Change
Emission of Light
Formation of a Gas
Chemical Equations
Short-hand way of describing a reaction. Provides information about the reaction.
Formulas of reactants and products. States of reactants and products. Relative numbers of reactant and product molecules that are required. Can be used to determine masses of reactants used and products that can be made.
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Conservation of Mass
Matter cannot be created or destroyed.
Therefore, the total mass cannot change. And the total mass of the reactants will be the same as the total mass of the products.
In a chemical reaction, all the atoms present at the beginning are still present at the end.
If all the atoms are still there, then the mass will not change.
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Chemical Equations
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g) CH4 and O2 are the reactants, and CO2 and H2O are the products. The (g) after the formulas tells us the state of the chemical. The number in front of each substance tells us the numbers of those molecules in the reaction.
Called the coefficients.
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3.
Leave elements that are free elements somewhere in the equation until last.
Balance free elements by adjusting the coefficient where it is a free element.
71
5. Multiply each count by a factor to make it equal to the LCM. 6. Use this factor as a coefficient in the equation.
If there is already a coefficient there, multiply it by the factor. It must go in front of entire molecules, not between atoms within a molecule.
Example 1
When magnesium metal burns in air, it produces a white, powdery compound magnesium oxide. Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s)
2. Count the number of atoms on each side.
Example 1, Continued
Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s) 3. Pick an element to balance. Do free elements last. Since Mg already balanced, pick O. 4. Find the LCM of both sides 5. and multiply each side by factor so it equals LCM. LCM of 2 and 1 is 2.
1x
x2
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Example 1, Continued
Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s) 6. Use factors as coefficients in front of the compound containing the element.
We do not write 1 as a coefficient, its understood.
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Example 1, Continued
When magnesium metal burns in air, it produces a white, powdery compound magnesium oxide.
Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s) RecountMg not balanced nowThats OK!
7.
Example 2
Under appropriate conditions at 1000C, ammonia gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce gaseous nitrogen monoxide and steam 1. write the skeletal equation a) first in words identify the state of each chemical ammonia(g) + oxygen(g) nitrogen monoxide(g) + water(g) b) then write the equation in formulas identify diatomic elements identify polyatomic ions determine formulas
Example 2, Continued
NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + H2O(g)
2) count the number of atoms of on each side
78
Example 2, Continued
Under appropriate conditions at 1000C ammonia gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce gaseous nitrogen monoxide and gaseous steam NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + H2O(g) avoid element in multiple compounds on same side - O
Example 2, Continued
6) use factors as coefficients in front of compound containing the element
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Example 2, Continued
7) Recount N & O not balanced 2 NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + 3 H2O(g) 2 N 1 6H6 2O1+3 7) and Repeat attack the N 2 NH3(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) + 3 H2O(g) 2 N 1 x 2 6H6 2O1+3
81
Example 2, Continued
7) Recount Again Still not balanced and the only element left is O! 2 NH3(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) + 3 H2O(g) 2 N 2 6H6 2O2+3
82
Example 2, Continued
7) and Repeat Again
A trick of the trade - when you are forced to attack an element that is in 3 or more compounds find where it is uncombined. You can find a factor to make it any amount you want, even if that factor is a fraction! 2 NH3(g) + ? O2(g) 2 NO(g) + 3 H2O(g) 2 N 2 6H6 2O2+3 We want to make the O on the left equal 5, therefore we will multiply it by 2.5
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Example 2, Continued
7) You cant have a coefficient that isnt a whole number. Multiply all the coefficients by a number to eliminate fractions
If ?.5, then multiply by 2; if ?.33, then 3; if ?.25, then 4
Example 3
When aluminum metal reacts with air, it produces a white, powdery compound called aluminum oxide.
Reacting with air means reacting with O2: Aluminum(s) + oxygen(g) aluminum oxide(s)
85
Example 3, Continued
When aluminum metal reacts with air, it produces a white, powdery compound called aluminum oxide.
Reacting with air means reacting with O2: Aluminum(s) + oxygen(g) aluminum oxide(s)
Al(s) + O2(g) Al2O3(s) 2Al(s) + O2(g) Al2O3(s) 2Al(s) + 1.5O2(g) Al2O3(s) {2Al(s) + 1.5O2(g) Al2O3(s)}x2 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)
86
Example 4
Acetic acid reacts with the metal aluminum to make aqueous aluminum acetate and gaseous hydrogen.
Acids are always aqueous. Metals are solid except for mercury. Al(s) + HC2H3O2(aq) Al(C2H3O2)3(aq) + H2(g) Al(s) +3 HC2H3O2(aq) Al(C2H3O2)3(aq) +1.5 H2(g) {Al(s) +3 HC2H3O2(aq) Al(C2H3O2)3(aq) +1.5 H2(g)}x2 2 Al(s) + 6 HC2H3O2(aq) 2 Al(C2H3O2)3(aq) + 3 H2(g)
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Example 5
Combustion of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) in flamb (a brandied flaming dessert).
Combustion is burning, and therefore, reacts with O2. Combustion of compounds containing C and H always make CO2(g) and H2O(g) as products.
88
Example 5, Continued
Combustion of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) in flamb (a brandied flaming dessert).
Combustion is burning, and therefore, reacts with O2. Combustion of compounds containing C and H always make CO2(g) and H2O(g) as products.
C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) +3H2O(g) C2H5OH(l) +3O2(g) CO2(g) 3H2O(g) C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
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Example 6
Combustion of liquid butane (C4H10) in a lighter.
90
Example 6 Continued
Combustion of liquid butane (C4H10) in a lighter.
C4H10(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g) C4H10(l) + O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g) C4H10(l) +6.5 O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g) {C4H10(l) +6.5 O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g)}x2 2 C4H10(l) + 13 O2(g) 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)
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mol CaCO3
mol O
Check:
mol C10H14O
Relationships: Solution:
O 1 1 mol C10H14O = 150.2 g, 1 mol C = 12.01 g, C10 H14O 10 mol C : 1 mol C10H14O
mol C
gC
1 mol C10 H14O 10 mol C 12.01 g C 55.4 g C10 H14O 44.3 g C 150.2 g 1 mol C10 H14O 1 mol C
Check:
Since the amount of C is less than the amount of C10H14O, the answer makes sense.
94
ExampleHow Many Moles of NaCl Result from the Complete Reaction of 3.4 Mol of Cl2? 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2 NaCl
Given: Find: Solution Map: 3.4 mol Cl2 mol NaCl mol Cl2
2 mol NaCl 1 mol Cl2
mol NaCl
2 mol NaCl 3.4 mol Cl2 1 mol Cl2 6.8 mol NaCl
.
96
Mass-to-Mass Conversions
We know there is a relationship between the mass and number of moles of a chemical. 1 mole = Molar Mass in grams. The molar mass of the chemicals in the reaction and the balanced chemical equation allow us to convert from the amount of any chemical in the reaction to the amount of any other.
97
Example How Many Grams of Glucose Can Be Synthesized from 58.5 g of CO2 in Photosynthesis? Photosynthesis: 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) The equation for the reaction gives the mole relationship between amount of C6H12O6 and CO2, but we need to know the mass relationship, so the solution map will be:
g CO2 mol CO2 mol C6H12O6
98
g C6H12O6
Example: How many grams of glucose can be synthesized from 58.5 g of CO2 in the reaction? 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) 6 O2(g) + C6H12O6(aq)
Information: Given: 58.5 g CO2 Find: g C6H12O6 Conversion Factors: 1 mol C6H12O6 = 180.2 g 1 mol CO2 = 44.01 g 1 mol C6H12O6 6 mol CO2
mol CO2
mol C6H12O6
1 mol C6 H12O 6 6 mol CO2
g C6H12O6
99
Example: How many grams of glucose can be synthesized from 58.5 g of CO2 in the reaction? 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) 6 O2(g) + C6H12O6(aq)
Information: Given: 58.5 g CO2 Find: g C6H12O6 Conversion Factors: 1 mol C6H12O6 = 180.2 g 1 mol CO2 = 44.01 g 1 mol C6H12O6 6 mol CO2 Solution Map: g CO2 mol CO2 mol C6H12O6 g C6H12O6
Carvone (C10H14O) is the main component in spearmint oil. It has a pleasant odor and mint flavor. It is often added to chewing gum, liqueurs, soaps, and perfumes. Find the mass of carbon in 55.4 g of carvone.
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Information: Given: 55.4 g C10H14O Find: g C Conversion Factors: 1 mol C10H14O = 150.2 g 1 mol C10H14O 10 mol C 1 mol C = 12.01 g
mol C
12.01 g C 1 mol C
g C
102
Information: Given: 55.4 g C10H14O Find: g C Conversion Factors: 1 mol C10H14O = 150.2 g 1 mol C10H14O 10 mol C 1 mol C = 12.01 g Solution Map: g C10H14O mol C10H14O mol C g C
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Example What Is the Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield When 0.552 Mol of Al React with 0.887 Mol of Cl2? 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) 2 AlCl3
Given: Find: Solution Map: 0.552 mol Al, 0.887 mol Cl2 mol AlCl3 mol Al mol AlCl3
Pick least Limiting 2 mol AlCl 3 amount reactant 2 mol Al and Relationships: mol Cl2 mol AlCl3 theoretic 2 mol AlCl 3 al 3 mol Cl2 yield 3 mol Cl 2 AlCl ; 2 mol Al 2 mol AlCl
2 3 3
2 mol AlCl 3 Solution: Limiting 0.552 mol Al 2 mol Al Reactant 0.552 mol AlCl 3
Yield
105
Example: What is the limiting reactant and theoretical yield when 0.552 mol of Al react with 0.887 mol of Cl2? 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) 2 AlCl3 Write a solution map:
mol Al
2 mol AlCl 3 2 mol Al
Information: Given: 0.552 mol Al, 0.877 mol Cl2 Find: limiting reactant, theor. yield Conversion Factors: 2 mol AlCl3 2 mol Al, 2 mol AlCl3 3 mol Cl2
mol AlCl3
mol Cl2
mol AlCl3
Example: What is the limiting reactant and theoretical yield when 0.552 mol of Al react with 0.887 mol of Cl2? 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) 2 AlCl3 Apply the solution map:
Information: Given: 0.552 mol Al, 0.877 mol Cl2 Find: limiting reactant, theor. yield Conversion Factors: 2 mol AlCl3 2 mol Al, 2 mol AlCl3 3 mol Cl2 Solution Map: mol each reactant mol AlCl3
Limiting reactant = Al
2 mol AlCl 3 2 mol AlCl 3 0.877 mol Cl2 0.552 mol Al 3 mol Cl2 2 mol Al 0.552 mol AlCl 3 0.5847 mol AlCl 3
Smallest amount Theoretical yield = 0.552 mol AlCl3
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PracticeHow Many Grams of N2(g) Can Be Made from 9.05 g of NH3 Reacting with 45.2 g of CuO? 2 NH3(g) + 3 CuO(s) N2(g) + 3 Cu(s) + 3 H2O(l) If 4.61 g of N2 Are Made, What Is the Percent Yield?, Continued
Given: Find:
Solution Map: g NH 3
1 mol 17.03 g
1 mol N 2 2 mol NH 3
g CuO
1 mol 79.55 g
mol CuO
mol N2
smallest g N2
1 mol 28.02 g
PracticeHow Many Grams of N2(g) Can Be Made from 9.05 g of NH3 Reacting with 45.2 g of CuO? 2 NH3(g) + 3 CuO(s) N2(g) + 3 Cu(s) + 3 H2O(l) If 4.61 g of N2 Are Made, What Is the Percent Yield?, Continued
Solution:
1 mol CuO 1 mol N 2 28.02 g N 2 45.2 g CuO 5.30 g N 2 79.55 g CuO 3 mol CuO 1 mol N 2 Theoretical
yield
Since the percent yield is less than 100, the answer makes sense.
REACTION YIELDS
The amount of product calculated in the last three examples are not the amounts that would be produced if the reactions were actually done in the laboratory. In each case, less product would be obtained than was calculated. There are numerous causes. Some materials are lost during transfers from one container to another and side reactions take place that are different from the one that is intended to take place. The amount of product calculated in the examples is called the theoretical yield. The amount of product actually produced is called the actual yield. These two quantities are used to calculate the percentage yield using the following equation:
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Example: Suppose the mixture of reactants calculated earlier to give 73.7 g SO2 was done in the laboratory and only 42.7 g of SO2 was collected. What is the percentage yield of the reaction?
Solution:
111