Lenses

Concave Convex Eye Double Lenses

Reading Question
A paraxial ray 1. moves in a parabolic path. 2. is a ray that has been reflected from parabolic mirror. 3. is a ray that moves nearly parallel to the optical axis. 4. is a ray that moves exactly parallel to the optical axis.

Reading Question
A paraxial ray 1. moves in a parabolic path. 2. is a ray that has been reflected from parabolic mirror. 3. is a ray that moves nearly parallel to the optical axis. 4. is a ray that moves exactly parallel to the optical axis.

Reading Question
A virtual image is

1. the cause of optical illusions. 2. a point from which rays appear to diverge. 3. an image that only seems to exist. 4. the image that is left in space after you remove a viewing screen.

Reading Question
A virtual image is

1. the cause of optical illusions. 2. a point from which rays appear to diverge. 3. an image that only seems to exist. 4. the image that is left in space after you remove a viewing screen.

Reading Question
The focal length of a converging lens is

1. the distance at which an image is formed. 2. the distance at which an object must be placed to form an image. 3. the distance at which parallel light rays are focused. 4. the distance from the front surface to the back surface.

Reading Question
The focal length of a converging lens is

1. the distance at which an image is formed. 2. the distance at which an object must be placed to form an image. 3. the distance at which parallel light rays are focused. 4. the distance from the front surface to the back surface.

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On the table you will find a light box and a converging and diverging lens. Turn on the light box and set the window so that you have 5 light rays. Place one of the lenses in the path of the rays and observe the rays emerging from the lens. Now do the other lens. From your observations can you see why one lens is called a converging lens and the other a diverging lens? Discuss this in your group. Which lens is called a convex lens, the converging or diverging lens? Explain.

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From your observations can you see why one lens is called a converging lens and the other a diverging lens? Discuss this in your group. Which lens is called a convex lens, the converging or diverging lens? Explain.

Light box

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Converging or convex lens

Diverging or concave lens

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Measure the focal length of both the convex and concave lens. convex f = __________ concave f = __________

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Just as for the mirrors we use the three principal rays to find the image. Discuss the three principal rays in your group and describe the rays.

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Just as for the mirrors we use the three principal rays to find the image. Discuss the three principal rays in your group and describe the rays. A parallel ray passes through the focal point. A ray passing through the focal point is parallel. A ray through the center is undeviated.

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Now we will check out the principal rays one at a time. Draw a straight line across the center on a clean sheet of paper in the long direction. Place the converging lens on the line so that it passes through the center of the lens and is normal to the lens as shown on the next page. Trace the lens outline and mark the focal point on both sides of the lens. Draw an object (arrow) about 3 focal lengths from the lens object on the left.
focal point

image

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Trace the lens outline and mark the focal point on both sides of the lens. Draw an object (arrow) about 2 or 3 focal lengths from the lens on the left.

object focal point

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First we will check out the principal parallel ray. Adjust the light box so that you have one ray. Place the light box so that the beam pass over the tip of the object and is parallel to the center line of the lens. Trace the incident ray and the refracted ray (by the lens). Does this ray pass through the focus?
object

Light box focal point

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First we will check out the principal parallel ray. Adjust the light box so that you have one ray. Place the light box so that the beam pass over the tip of the object and is parallel to the center line of the lens. Trace the incident ray and the refracted ray (by the lens). Does this ray pass through the focus?
object

Light box focal point

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Now do the same for the other two principal rays. Does the central principal ray pass straight through the lens? Does the ray passing through the focus emerge from the lens parallel to the central line of the lens?

object Light box focal point

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Now do the same for the other two principal rays. Does the central principal ray pass straight through the lens? Does the ray passing through the focus emerge from the lens parallel to the central line of the lens?

object focal point

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Now do the same for the other two principal rays. Does the central principal ray pass straight through the lens? Does the ray passing through the focus emerge from the lens parallel to the central line of the lens?

object focal point

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Finally.

object

focal point

image

Now do the same thing for the concave or divergent lens.

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Next we will do the same for the divergent lens. Below is the drawing for a divergent lens with the object 2 or 3 focal lengths away. Use a single ray from the light box to find the image. Start with the parallel principal rays.

object focal point

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Below is the drawing for a divergent lens with the object 2 or 3 focal lengths away. Use a single ray from the light box to find the image. Start with the parallel principal rays.

object Light box focal point

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Below is the drawing for a divergent lens with the object 2 or 3 focal lengths away. Use a single ray from the light box to find the image. Start with the parallel principal rays.

object focal point

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Below is the drawing for a divergent lens with the object 2 or 3 focal lengths away. Use a single ray from the light box to find the image. Start with the parallel principal rays.

object focal point

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Below is the drawing for a divergent lens with the object 2 or 3 focal lengths away. Use a single ray from the light box to find the image. Start with the parallel principal rays.

object focal point image

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Convex Lenses Again we will use the program RAYTRACE to study lenses. Open the program and create a converging lens by Create > Element > Converging thin lenses. Make the lens as large as you can and set the focal length to 5 grid spacing or 100 units.

Use the Tape measure to draw an object about 3 focal lengths from the lens. Draw the object from the center line of the lens to about as tall as the lens (see figure on the next page).

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Use Ray from the Simulation menu to draw the three principle rays. Locate the image and use the Line tool to draw the image. Use the Length tool to measure the object distance (the distance from the lens to the object) and the image distance (the distance from the lens to the image). Dont forget to use the sign convention. Object distance __________ Image distance __________

Use the lens equation to calculate the focal length. Focal length _________

How does the calculated focal length compare to the focal length you set?

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Below is a converging lens with the object placed between 3 and 4 focal lengths from the lens. Use the three principal rays to find the image.

object

focal point

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Below is a converging lens with the object placed between 3 and 4 focal lengths from the lens. Use the three principal rays to find the image.

object

focal point

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Below is a converging lens with the object placed between 3 and 4 focal lengths from the lens. Use the three principal rays to find the image.

object

focal point

image

Is the image real or imaginary? Explain.

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Below is a converging lens with the object placed between 3 and 4 focal lengths from the lens. Use the three principal rays to find the image.

object

focal point

image

Is the image real or imaginary? Explain. Real. The rays pass through the image point.

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Below is a converging lens with the object placed between one focal length and two focal lengths from the lens. Use the three

principal rays to find the image.

object

focal point

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Below is a converging lens with the object placed between one focal length and two focal lengths from the lens. Use the three

principal rays to find the image.

object

focal point

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Below is a converging lens with the object placed between one focal length and two focal lengths from the lens. Use the three

principal rays to find the image.

object

focal point

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Below is a converging lens with the object placed between one focal length and two focal lengths from the lens. Use the three

principal rays to find the image.

object

focal point image

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Now try this one. The object is placed within one focal length of a converging lens. Use the three principal rays to find the image and draw it on the diagram.
object

focal point

focal point

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Now try this one. The object is placed within one focal length of a converging lens. Use the three principal rays to find the image and draw it on the diagram.

focal point object

focal point

Is the image real or virtual? Explain

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Now try this one. The object is placed within one focal length of a converging lens. Use the three principal rays to find the image and draw it on the diagram.

focal point object

focal point

Is the image real or virtual? Explain

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Now try this one. The object is placed within one focal length of a converging lens. Use the three principal rays to find the image and draw it on the diagram.

focal point image object

focal point

Is the image real or virtual? Explain

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You can also use the lens equation to find the image position. A nail is placed 3 cm in front of a converging lens with a focal length of 10 cm. Find the image of the nail. The first thing to do is think about the sign convention for lenses. Is the focal length positive or negative?

What about the object distance?

Use the lens equation to find the image position.

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You can also use the lens equation to find the image position. A nail is placed 3 cm in front of a converging lens with a focal length of 10 cm. Find the image of the nail. The first thing to do is think about the sign convention for lenses. Is the focal length positive or negative? Positive for a convex lens

What about the object distance?

Use the lens equation to find the image position.

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You can also use the lens equation to find the image position. A nail is placed 3 cm in front of a converging lens with a focal length of 10 cm. Find the image of the nail. The first thing to do is think about the sign convention for lenses. Is the focal length positive or negative? Positive for a convex lens

What about the object distance? Positive when on the incident side.

Use the lens equation to find the image position.

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You can also use the lens equation to find the image position. A nail is placed 3 cm in front of a converging lens with a focal length of 10 cm. Find the image of the nail. The first thing to do is think about the sign convention for lenses. Is the focal length positive or negative? Positive for a convex lens

What about the object distance? Positive when on the incident side.

Use the lens equation to find the image position. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 30 + = = - = = - cm -1 l ' = - cm l l' f l' f l l ' 10cm 3cm 30 7

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Is the image length positive or negative? What does a negative image length tell you? Discuss this in your group

Find the magnification.

Is the magnification positive or negative? What does a negative magnification tell you.

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Is the image length positive or negative? What does a negative image length tell you? Discuss this in your group Negative. It tells you the image is on the incident side.

Find the magnification.

Is the magnification positive or negative? What does a negative magnification tell you.

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Is the image length positive or negative? What does a negative image length tell you? Discuss this in your group Negative. It tells you the image is on the incident side.

Find the magnification.

M = h/h = - l/l = - (-30cm/7)/3cm) = 10/7 ~ 1.45

Is the magnification positive or negative? What does a negative magnification tell you.

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Is the image length positive or negative? What does a negative image length tell you? Discuss this in your group Negative. It tells you the image is on the incident side.

Find the magnification.

M = h/h = - l/l = - (-30cm/7/3cm) = 10/7 ~ 1.45

Is the magnification positive or negative? What does a negative magnification tell you. Positive. It tell you that the image is virtual. If h, the image height is negative then the image is inverted.

Class Question
A lens produces a sharplyfocused, inverted image on a screen. What will you see on the screen if the lens is removed?

1. The image will be as it was, but much dimmer. 2. The image will be right-side-up and sharp. 3. The image will be right-side-up and blurry. 4. The image will be inverted and blurry. 5. There will be no image at all.

Class Question
A lens produces a sharplyfocused, inverted image on a screen. What will you see on the screen if the lens is removed?

1. The image will be as it was, but much dimmer. 2. The image will be right-side-up and sharp. 3. The image will be right-side-up and blurry. 4. The image will be inverted and blurry. 5. There will be no image at all.

Class Question
Which of these actions will move the image point P further from the boundary?

1. Increase the radius of curvature R. 2. Increase the index of refraction n. 3. Increase the object distance s. 4. Decrease the radius of curvature R.

Class Question
Which of these actions will move the image point P further from the boundary?

1. Increase the radius of curvature R. 2. Increase the index of refraction n. 3. Increase the object distance s. 4. Decrease the radius of curvature R.

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Concave Lenses It is a little harder to find the image for a concave or diverging lens but you use the same three principal rays. These three rays should always diverge or spread out as they leave the lens.

Set this problem up using the RAYTRACE program. Set the focal length to 4 units. Draw an object (arrow) about three focal lengths away from the lens. Draw the three principal rays. One ray should go through the center of the lens. A second should head for the focal length on the opposite side of the lens from the object. The third parallel ray should diverge from the lens in a direction that appears to come from the focal point on the same side as the object.

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Do the rays cross as before? If the image is virtual the rays do not cross but they diverge from a common point. That common point is the image point and the image is virtual. Use the Line tool to find the point from which the rays diverge. This is the image point. Use Line to draw the image.

Measure the object and image distance.

Object distance __________ Image distance __________

Use the lens equation to find the focal length.

Focal length __________

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Concave Lenses It is a little harder to find the image for a concave or diverging lens, but you use the same three principal rays. These three rays should always diverge or spread out as they leave the lens.
object

focal point

focal point

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Below is a diverging lens with an object greater than two focal lengths from the lens. Draw the three principal ray for the object and locate the image.
object

focal point

focal point

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Below is a diverging lens with an object greater than two focal lengths from the lens. Draw the three principal ray for the object and locate the image.
object

focal point

focal point

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Below is a diverging lens with an object greater than two focal lengths from the lens. Draw the three principal ray for the object and locate the image.
object

focal point

focal point

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Below is a diverging lens with an object greater than two focal lengths from the lens. Draw the three principal ray for the object and locate the image.

object

focal point
image

focal point

Is the image real or virtual?

How do you know? Discuss this in your group and explain.

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Below is a diverging lens with an object greater than two focal lengths from the lens. Draw the three principal ray for the object and locate the image.
object

focal point image

focal point

Is the image real or virtual? Virtual. Not all the rays pas through the image point.

How do you know? Discuss this in your group and explain.

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Again we can also use the lens equation to find the image. Here is an example. A nail is placed 20 cm in front of a concave lens with a focal length of 15 cm. Find the image position using the lens equation. Again recall the sign convention. Is the focal length positive or negative?

Is the object distance positive or negative?

Now use the lens equation to find the image length.

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Again we can also use the lens equation to find the image. Here is an example. A nail is placed 20 cm in front of a concave lens with a focal length of 15 cm. Find the image position using the lens equation. Again recall the sign convention. Is the focal length positive or negative? Negative for a concave or divergent lens.

Is the object distance positive or negative?

Now use the lens equation to find the image length.

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Again we can also use the lens equation to find the image. Here is an example. A nail is placed 20 cm in front of a concave lens with a focal length of 15 cm. Find the image position using the lens equation. Again recall the sign convention. Is the focal length positive or negative? Negative for a concave or divergent lens.

Is the object distance positive or negative? Positive. The object is on the incident side.

Now use the lens equation to find the image length.

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Again we can also use the lens equation to find the image. Here is an example. A nail is placed 20 cm in front of a concave lens with a focal length of 15 cm. Find the image position using the lens equation. Again recall the sign convention. Is the focal length positive or negative? Negative for a concave or divergent lens.

Is the object distance positive or negative? Positive. The object is on the incident side.

Now use the lens equation to find the image length. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -5 12 + = = - = = l ' = - cm l l' f l' f l l ' 15cm 20cm 12cm 5

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Is the image positive or negative? What does a negative image length tell you? Discuss this in your group and explain. Negative. It tells you that the image is on the incident side.

Find the magnification. M = h/h = - l/l = - (20cm/(-12cm/5)) = 100/12 ~ 8.4

Is the magnification positive or negative? What does this tell you?

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Now lets use the three principal ray to check our answer. Draw the object and the three principal rays on the diagram on the next page.
object

focal point

focal point

Does you drawing agree with the results from the lens equation?

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Now lets use the three principal ray to check our answer. Draw the object and the three principal rays on the diagram on the next page.
object

focal point

focal point

Does you drawing agree with the results from the lens equation?

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Now lets use the three principal ray to check our answer. Draw the object and the three principal rays on the diagram on the next page.
object

focal point

focal point

Does you drawing agree with the results from the lens equation?

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Now lets use the three principal ray to check our answer. Draw the object and the three principal rays on the diagram on the next page.
object

focal point image

focal point

Does you drawing agree with the results from the lens equation?

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Finally find the image for an object inside one focal length.

Diagram with object inside focal point.

Student Workbook

Student Workbook

Student Workbook

Student Workbook

Student Workbook

Student Workbook

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The Compound Microscope Open a new work area and lets create a microscope. Create the objective lens first. Place the lens on the left side and set the focal length to 2 units. Draw an object (a small arrow) just outside the focal length on the left. Draw the three rays for the object.

Now create the eyepiece lens. Create the eyepiece with a focal length of 8 units and place the eyepiece so that the image from the objective lens is inside the focal length for the eyepiece. Click on Update and you should see the rays pass through the eyepiece and diverge. Use the Line tool to find the virtual image. The image should be much larger than the object.
In lab we will study the formation of images in optical instruments like a microscope.

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Projector

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Telescope.

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Pictures from text of a microscope.