TRANSMISSION

AND

DISTRIBUTION

BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS IN SUBSTATIONS

In electrical power distribution, a busbar is a strip or bar of copper, brass or aluminium that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, battery bank or other electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to conduct electricity, not to function as a structural member.

 SINGLE BUS SCHEME DOUBLE BUS WITH DOUBLE BREAKER DOUBLE BUS WITH SINGLE BREAKER

MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS

BREAKER AND A HALF WITH TWO MAIN BUSES

RING BUS
DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH BYPASS ISOLATORS

A circuit breaker is a device whose main purpose is to break the circuit carrying load current or fault current.
As the breaker is opened then current is interrupted in the circuit

But it is not safe to work with opened breaker as one or both sides of the breaker terminals may be still energised
The isolators are used to isolate the breaker or circuit.

when the circuit is to be made on, first the isolators on both sides of a breaker are closed then breaker is closed to allow current flow.

When the circuit is to be made off or interrupted, first the breaker is opened(tripped), hence load current is interrupted.

Then to isolate the breaker, isolators are opened. Isolators are designed to interrupt small current

. Breakers are designed to interrupt large load current and heavy fault current.

SINGLE BUS SCHEME

FEATURE

COMMONLY USED SCHEME FOR A VOLTAGE OF 33KV OR LOWER USED IN SMALL OUTDOOR SUBSTATIONS WITH FEW OUTGOING OR INCOMING FEEDERS All the circuits are connected to this bus. A fault on the bus or between the bus and a breaker results in the outage of the entire bus or substation.

SIMPLE DESIGN LOW COST ADVANTAGE

The system can be easily expanded. This configuration requires less area

DISADVANTAGE

DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN CAN BE USED WHERE LOADS CAN BE INTERRUPTED DEPENDENCE ON SINGLE BUS CAN CAUSE SERIOUS OUTAGE IN EVENT OF BUS FAILURE Maintenance of any circuit breaker requires shutdown of the corresponding circuit/line and maintenance of bus requires complete shutdown of the bus.

DOUBLE BUS WITH DOUBLE BREAKER

USEFUL FOR MOST OF THE PURPOSED WHERE THE LOADS NEED CONTINUITY OF IN POWER SUPPY

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

FLEXIBLE AS TWO FEEDER CIRCUITS CAN BE CONNECTED TO EITHER BUS

MOST EXPENSIVE SCHEME

ANY BREAKER CAN BE TAKEN OUT FOR MAINTENANCE

MAY LOSE HALF THE CIRCUITS FOR BREAKER FAILURE IF CIRCUITS ARE NOT CONNECTED TO BOTH THE BUSES

MORE RELIABLE THAN SINGLE BUS

DOUBLE BUS WITH SINGLE BREAKER

USES TWO BUSES WITH TWO DISCONNECTING SWITCHES A BUS TIE CIRCUIT BREAKER IS USED AS IT ENABLES LOAD CHANGE OVER FROM ONE BUS TO ANOTHER Many EHV transmission substations use this scheme with an additional transfer bus.

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

EITHER OF BUS1 OR BUS 2 CAN BE ISOLATED FOR MAINTENANCE

BUS TIE BREAKER FAULT MAKES ENTIRE SUBSTATION OUT OF SERVICE

CIRCUIT CAN BE TRANSFERRED READILY BY USE OF BUS TIE BREAKER AND ISOLATORS

HIGH EXPOSURE TO BUS FAULT

DOESNT PERMIT BREAKER MAINTENANCE WITHOUT STOPPAGE OF SUPPLY

MAIN AND TRANFER BUS

One MORE CIRCUIT BREAKER CALLED TIE CIRCUIT BREAKER IS USED

When the tie breaker is present, for maintenance of a breaker the transfer bus is energised by closing the tie breaker. Then the isolator near the transfer bus of the breaker of circuit to be maintained is closed

Now the breaker to be maintained is opened. Then corresponding isolators on both sides of breaker are opened. The breaker is removed for maintenance. The circuit is transferred to transfer bus.

the tie breaker protects the circuit in place of removed breaker. In this scheme the relay setting is quite complex due to the requirement of the tie breaker to handle each situation for maintenance of any of the other breakers.

USED MOSTLY IN DISTRIBUTING SUBSTATIONS

TRANSFER BUS IS A STANDBY FOR EMERGENCY PURPOSE SEVERAL CIRCUIT BREAKERS ARE SAVED

ANY BREAKER CAN BE TAKEN OUT OF SERVICE FOR MAINTENANCE

FAILURE OF A BUS OR ANY CIRCUIT BREAKER RESULTS IN THE SHUTDOWN OF ENTRIE SUBSTATION

RING BUS

ALSO KNOWN AS MESH SCHEME EACH OUTGOING CIRCUIT HAS TWO SOURCES OF SUPPLY

ADVANTAGES

LOW INTITAL COST REQUIRES ONLY ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT

ADV.

BREAKER MAINTENANCE WITHOUT INTERRUPTING LOAD EACH CIRCUIT FED BY TWO BREAKERS

DOES NOT USE MAIN BUS

ADV.

DISADVANTAGES

AUTOMATIC RECLOSING AND PROTECTIVE RELAYING CIRCUITRY IS COMPLEX

DISADV.

BREAKER FAILURE DURING A FAULT ON ONE OF CIRCUIT CAUSES LOSS OF ONE ADDITIONAL CIRCUIT OWING TO OPERATION OF BREAKER FAILURE RELAY

BREAKER AND A HALF WITH TWO MAIN BUSES

*IMPREOVEMENT OF DOUBLE BUS DOUBLE BREAKER *SAVES COST OF BREAKERS *THREE BREAKERS IN SERIES BETWEEN TO MAIN BUSES *UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS ALL BREAKERS ARE CLOSED AND MAIN BUSES ARE ENERGISED

ADVANTAGES

MOST FLEXIBLE OPERATION HIFH RELIABILITY SWITCHING DONE WITH BREAKERS

ADV.

BUS FAILURE DOESNT REMOVE FEEDER CIRCUIT FROM SERVICE BREAKER FAILURE OF BUS SIDE REMOVES OVLY ONE CIRCUIT FROM SERVICE

DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH BYPASSS ISOLATOR

Similar to main and transfer bus

Any breaker can be taken out of service

Simple and economical