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Todays lecture is brought to you by marshmallows
Announcements
- Final exam day events:
50-point multiple choice end-material test (covering
assigned sections from chapters 33-36). You get a free 8-
point question to make up for my incompetence.*
200 point cumulative final exam, all problems (no multiple
choice), with about 50% emphasis on chapters 33-36.
You may take neither, one, or both of these tests. Your
choice. Your grade. No one admitted after 8:15 am!
You may spend your two hours however you see fit (all on
end-material, all on final exam, some mix).
*Assuming I exhibit some incompetence! Missing boardwork can wreck your grade!
Know the exam time!
Find your room ahead of time!
If at 8:00 on test day you are lost, go to 104 Physics and check the exam
room schedule, then go to the appropriate room and take the exam there.
- Physics 24 Final Room Assignments, Spring 2012:

Coming soon.
Final Exam is
8:00 am,
Thursday,
May 3.

No one
admitted after
8:15 pm!

Quiz time (for points!)


Todays agenda:

Review of Waves.
You are expected to recall facts about waves from Physics 23.

Youngs Double Slit Experiment.
You must understand how the double slit experiment produces an interference pattern.

Conditions for Interference in the Double Slit Experiment.
You must be able to calculate the conditions for constructive and destructive interference
in the double slit experiment.

Intensity in the Double Slit Experiment.
You must be able to calculate intensities in the double slit experiment.

Interference
Review of Waves
This section is a review of material you learned in your
previous physics course (probably Physics 23).
Consider a wave described by
y(x,t) A sin (kx t) . =
The phase of this wave is
(x,t) kx t . =
Also
d dx
k .
dt dt
=
y
x
If u is constant with time (i.e., du/dt=0), then we are moving
with the wave, and
dx
.
dt k
e
=
The phase velocity, v
p
, is given by
p

v .
k
=
Imagine yourself riding on any point on this
wave. The point you are riding moves to the
right. The velocity it moves at is v
p
.
If the wave is moving from left to right then e/k must be positive.
y
x
When waves of the same nature travel past some point at the
same time, the amplitude at that point is the sum of the
amplitudes of all the waves
The amplitude of the electric field at a point is found by adding
the instantaneous amplitudes, including the phase, of all
electric waves at that point.
In Physics 23 you may have learned that power (or intensity)
is proportional to amplitude squared. The intensity of the
superposed waves is proportional to the square of the
amplitude of the resulting sum of waves.
Superpositiona Characteristic of All Waves
Constructive Interference: If the waves are in phase, they
reinforce to produce a wave of greater amplitude.
Destructive Interference: If the waves are out of phase,
they reinforce to produce a wave of reduced amplitude.
Interferencea Result of the Superposition of Waves

Todays agenda:

Review of Waves.
You are expected to recall facts about waves from Physics 23.

Youngs Double Slit Experiment.
You must understand how the double slit experiment produces an interference pattern.

Conditions for Interference in the Double Slit Experiment.
You must be able to calculate the conditions for constructive and destructive interference
in the double slit experiment.

Intensity in the Double Slit Experiment.
You must be able to calculate intensities in the double slit experiment.

This experiment demonstrates the
wave nature of light.

Consider a single light source, and
two slits. Each slit acts as a
secondary source of light.
Light waves from secondary slits
interfere to produce alternating
maxima and minima in the
intensity.
Reference and toys: fsu magnet lab, colorado
light cannon, wave interference, double slit.
Youngs Double Slit Experiment
Interesting reading: the double slit experiment and quantum mechanics.
How does this work?
Light waves from the two slits arriving at the detection screen in
phase will interfere constructively and light waves arriving out of
phase will interfere destructively. Another applet.
In phase
constructive.
Out of phase
destructive.
How does this work?
Light waves from the two slits arriving at the detection screen in
phase will interfere constructively and light waves arriving out of
phase will interfere destructively.
Heres a video, with some teasers about quantum mechanics.
Disclaimer! The video ends up heading towards shaky ground.

See, for example, Schrdingers Cat:

One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the
following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter there
is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms
decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and
through a relay releases a hammer which shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this
entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has
decayed. The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat
(pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.Erwin Schrdinger

The idea of a particle existing in a superposition of possible states, while a fact of quantum mechanics, is
a concept that does not scale to large systems (like cats), which are not indeterminably probabilistic in
nature.Wikipedia

Electron double slit applet.
To avoid streaming that video, Ill play this in class.


A note on course grades:
sample.xls

More examples next Monday,
including examples crucial for borderline grades!


Todays agenda:

Review of Waves.
You are expected to recall facts about waves from Physics 23.

Youngs Double Slit Experiment.
You must understand how the double slit experiment produces an interference pattern.

Conditions for Interference in the Double Slit
Experiment.
You must be able to calculate the conditions for constructive and destructive interference
in the double slit experiment.

Intensity in the Double Slit Experiment.
You must be able to calculate intensities in the double slit experiment.

Conditions for Interference
Sources must be monochromatic-
of a single wavelength.
Sources must be coherent--
must maintain a constant phase
with respect to each other.
Heres the geometry I will use
in succeeding diagrams.
u
d
L
2

L
1

AL = L
2
L
1
= d sin u
For an infinitely distant* screen:
u
P
S
2

S
1

AL
R
y
L
1

L
2

u
d
tan
y
R
u =
u
*so that all the angles labeled
u are approximately equal
Destructive Interference:
Constructive Interference:
The parameter m is called the order of the interference
fringe. The central bright fringe at u = 0 (m = 0) is known
as the zeroth-order maximum. The first maximum on either
side (m = 1) is called the first-order maximum.
u
d
L
2

L
1

AL = L
2
L
1
= d sin u
u
, , , A = u = L d sin m m=0 1 2...
, , ,
| |
A = u =
|
\ .
1
L d sin m+ m=0 1 2...
2
u
P
S
2

S
1

AL
R
y
L
1

L
2

u
d
tan
y
R
u =
= u ~ u y R tan R sin
Bright fringes:
= u m d sin
=
y
m d
R

=
R
y m
d
This is not a starting
equation!
Do not use the small-angle
approximation unless it is valid!
u
P
S
2

S
1

AL
R
y
L
1

L
2

u
d
tan
y
R
u =
= u ~ u y R tan R sin
Dark fringes:
This is not a starting
equation!
| |
+ = u
|
\ .
1
m d sin
2
| |
+ =
|
\ .
1 y
m d
2 R

| |
= +
|
\ .
R 1
y m
d 2
Do not use the small-angle
approximation unless it is valid!
Example: a viewing screen is separated from the double-slit
source by 1.2 m. The distance between the two slits is 0.030
mm. The second-order bright fringe (m = 2) is 4.5 cm from
the center line. Determine the wavelength of the light.
= u ~ u y R tan R sin
Bright fringes:
= u m d sin
=
y
m d
R
=
yd
Rm
( ) ( )
( ) ( )


= = =
-2 -5
7
4.5 10 m 3.0 10 m
5.6 10 m 560 nm
1.2 m 2
u
P
S
2

S
1

AL
R
y
L
1

L
2

u
tan
y
R
u =
d
Example: a viewing screen is separated from the double-slit
source by 1.2 m. The distance between the two slits is 0.030
mm. The second-order bright fringe (m = 2) is 4.5 cm from
the center line. Find the distance between adjacent bright
fringes.
= u ~ u y R tan R sin
Bright fringes:
= u m d sin
=
y
m d
R

=
R
y m
d
( )
( )
( )
( )


= + = = = =

7
2
m+1 m
-5
5.6 10 m 1.2 m
R R R
y -y m 1 m 2.2 10- m 2.2 cm
d d d
3.0 10 m
u
P
S
2

S
1

AL
R
y
L
1

L
2

u
tan
y
R
u =
d
Example: a viewing screen is separated from the double-slit
source by 1.2 m. The distance between the two slits is 0.030
mm. The second-order bright fringe (m = 2) is 4.5 cm from
the center line. Find the width of the bright fringes.
Define the bright fringe width to be
the distance between two adjacent
destructive minima.
| |
+ = u =
|
\ .
dark
y 1
m d sin d
2 R

| |
= +
|
\ .
dark
R 1
y m
d 2
( )
( )
( )

= =

7
dark,m+1 dark,m
-5
5.6 10 m 1.2 m
y -y 2.2 cm
3.0 10 m
u
P
S
2

S
1

AL
R
y
L
1

L
2

u
tan
y
R
u =
( )

| | | |
= + + + =
| |
\ . \ .
dark,m+1 dark,m
R 1 R 1 R
y -y m 1 m
d 2 d 2 d
d

Todays agenda:

Review of Waves.
You are expected to recall facts about waves from Physics 23.

Youngs Double Slit Experiment.
You must understand how the double slit experiment produces an interference pattern.

Conditions for Interference in the Double Slit Experiment.
You must be able to calculate the conditions for constructive and destructive interference
in the double slit experiment.

Intensity in the Double Slit Experiment.
You must be able to calculate intensities in the double slit experiment.

Intensity in the Double Slit Experiment
Our equations for the minima
and maxima intensity positions
are for the centers of the
fringes.
In this section, we calculate
distribution of light intensity in
the double-slit interference
pattern.
The derivation of the double-slit intensity equation is not
particularly difficult, so study it if you find derivations helpful
for your understanding.
A path length difference
AL= corresponds to a
phase difference of |=2t.

A path length difference
AL=m corresponds to a
phase difference of |=2tm.
In general, for non-integral m, the phase difference at P
between the waves from S
1
and S
2
is



A u
u
L d sin 2
= = = d sin
2 x x x

A
2
= L is also "official"
Your text writes the equation for the intensity distribution in the
double-slit experiment in terms of the phase difference on the
previous slide.
Your starting equation for the
intensity is

| |
|
2
\ .
2
0
I =I cos
where I
0
is 4 times the peak
intensity of either of the two
interfering waves:
0 single wave
I =4I
Why did my previous diagrams show this?

Demo: Dont be a Nitro Mike.

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