Basic Hand Tools

ELT COLLISION REPAIR

Goals
identify and describe use of common hand tools identify and describe use of vices and clamps identify and describe use of selected specialty tools describe safe use of tools describe maintenance and storage of tools
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 Inch Drive
Available in 6 or 12 point sockets Shallow, semi-deep and deep sockets available Maximum torque range is approx. 20 ft lbs.
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3/8 Drive
Sockets come in 6 and 12 point varieties Shallow, semi deep, and deep sockets Maximum torque range is approx. 60 ft lbs.
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Universals
Come in all sizes, , 3/8, and Impact or chrome finish Allow access to difficult to reach fasteners

Sockets
Shallow Semi-deep Deep 6 point 12 point Impact Chrome

Sockets
Available in shallow, semi-deep and deep configurations Impact or chrome finish 6, 8, or 12 point types

Identify Basic Hand Tools

Wrenches
Top quality wrenches are forged from fine-grade tool steel, machined to close tolerances, hardened and tempered for long service life. Types include open-end, box- end, combination box/open end, adjustable, socket and locking grip styles.
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Box open

Double open ended

Double box end

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Offset wrench

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6 and 12 point ends

See how much greater flexibility a 12 point box end gives the operator 12 point gives the advantage of moving the fastener in 30 degree increments as opposed to 60 for the 6 point

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Box-end Wrenches
Made to grip all sides of nut or bolt head Prevents slippage Must be slipped over the end of nut or bolthead Box end wrenches will normally have two different sizes per wrench Size of wrench refers to nut or bolt head dimensions
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Box-end Wrenches
Available as 6 or12 point design 6 point gives better grip 12 point gives more versatility as it is only required to turn 300 to its next available position while 6 point must turn 600 Available as ratchet design
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Open-end wrenches
do not provide as strong a grip as a boxended wrench slip on the nut or bolt head from the side two flat surfaces parallel to each other hold onto parallel sides of nut or bolt-head tend to slip or round the corners if too much pressure is required easier to use most instances
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Double Open End

Wrench angle may vary from 15-80 degrees Wrench will have two different sizes listed on the handle

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Combination Wrench
box end on one end and open end on the other both ends will usually be the same size gives the advantage of wrench that will not slip as easily to start a nut, but one that is easier to slide on and off the nut once it has been loosened
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Adjustable Wrench
(crescent wrench) has provision for adjusting the opening for different size nuts or bolt heads length of wrench will correspond with jaw capacity do not use where components are tight and will require sizeable force to break them free
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Adjustable Wrench
unless jaw is tightened to nut, etc, there is potential for slipping on fastener, which will usually damage fastener do not use on brass or soft material

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Adjustable Wrench
for light loads can be used in either direction greatest strength is with pressure being applied to side of wrench with fixed jaw adjustment mechanism should be cleaned periodically and lightly oiled

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Tubing Wrench
half way between a box-end and combination wrench designed to grab on five of the six sides of a fitting especially designed for used on line fittings always use for brass and copper fittings less chance of damage to fitting
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Socket Wrench
come in a great variety designed to fit around the fastener and give force to all sides will fit into recesses have swivel attachments deep sockets where longer number of threads are showing
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Socket Wrench
different number of points available 4 and 8 point sockets are designed for 4 sided fasteners 6 and 12 point sockets are designed for 6 sided fasteners 4 and 6 point sockets will be stronger because of the amount of metal
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Socket Wrench two types of construction - regular and

impact impact sockets are designed for use with impact wrenches thicker walls and heavier construction allow them to absorb the shock of an impact gun impact sockets are not chrome plated as the plating may crack and flake off never use regular sockets with impact tool

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Socket Wrench
sockets attach to a handle with a square drive common drive sizes range from 1/4 to 3/4 drive handle are the same for both metric and imperial several types of handles available flex handle, ratchet, speed many adapters available extensions, u-joints etc.
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Pipe Wrench
used for turning pipe and other round objects teeth on the jaw will dig into the the material being tightened and may damage it do not use a pipe wrench to turn a bolt or a nut unless the components is already damaged do no use on hardened surfaces - may dull or chip the jaw teeth

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Hexagon Key Wrench (Allen Wrench)

Six sides - L-shaped fit into a hexagon hole in a Allen screw available as imperial or metric sized according to distance between parallel sides available as socket style wrenches

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Hexagon Key Wrench (Allen Wrench)

use the short end of the wrench on the screw for breaking loose or final tightening use the long end of the wrench in the screw to spin the tools quickly for fast removal and install of allen screw Allen screws usually need to be only released one or two turns to loosen the part they are holding
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Maintaining Wrenches
Keep clean - dirty wrenches can slip and cause damage and contamination of the work piece Always use the correct size and type of wrench for the job Do not use a hammer on a wrench Do not use a pipe or other means of extending a wrench for greater leverage
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Maintaining Wrenches (contd)

Adjustable wrenches and pipe wrenches should be cleaned and lightly oiled Do not use a wrench as a hammer Do not use a socket as a bushing driver Hexagon or Allen wrenches can be reconditioned when the tip becomes damaged Grind back to obtain a true hexagon shape
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Maintaining Wrenches (contd)

Hexagon or Allen wrenches can be reconditioned when the tip becomes damaged Grind back to obtain a true hexagon size and shape Keep cool during grinding to avoid removing temper
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Pliers
pliers available as many different types and sizes used for holding, gripping, cutting, and crimping usually forged from hardened steel and then machined

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Slip-joint Pliers
most common general purpose pliers adjusted to two size of jaw openings jaws have hardened cross teeth to help in gripping the object jaws can damage soft materials never use pliers for turning nuts or bolts teeth will round off corners and damage bolt or nut
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Interlocking Slip-joint Pliers

commonly referred to as water pump pliers or channel locks can be opened to a number of positions while keeping the jaws parallel with each other longer handles to aid in gripping when opened for larger objects
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Needle-nose Pliers
available in a variety of sizes some incorporate a wire cutter used to hold objects that are in tight confines, etc. available as round nose pliers useful for bending wires into curves

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Side Cutting Pliers

diagonal cut head or face hardened steel cutting edges allow to cut wire etc. close to the surface

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Locking Pliers
commonly called vise-grips useful for holding panels or sheet metal in place can hold objects in place when you are working alone and cannot reach both inside and outside at same time Very common in Collision Repair straight, curved, needle nose, flat
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Specialized Pliers
many different types of pliers available electrical pliers (cutters, strippers and crimpers) battery terminal pliers ignition pliers snap ring pliers

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Electrical Pliers
Cutters, strippers and crimpers available for different types of wire some are multi-function better quality units are individual such as stripper or cutter only

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Snap Ring Pliers

two types - external snap rings and external snap rings internal snap rings require contracting jaws external snap rings require expanding jaws some will have serrated jaw surfaces to prevent the snap ring from slipping, while others have tips on the end of the jaws to fit in holes in the snap rings
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Metal Cutting Snips

Available in several different styles Aviation snips come in red, green and yellow red and green typically to cut curves red and green cutting different directions of curve

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Metal Cutting Snips (contd)

Using these snips the jaws are curved so that the metal being cut off will curve up out of the way the whole snip, except lower jaw will be above the material being cut this will mean that you do need both red and green depending on the direction that you are cutting through the material
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Metal Cutting Tools

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Metal Cutting Tools

Aviation Shears

Tin Snips
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Maintaining Pliers
Pliers are not made to withstand pressures greater than normal hand pressure Never attempt to cut large screws or bolts with electrical or side cutter pliers Never attempt to cut hardened material with pliers Never put excessive side pressure on needlenose pliers
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Maintaining Pliers (contd)

Never use pliers for turning nuts and bolts, as the teeth will round off the corners and damage the nut or bolt Lubricate the swivel point with a light oil Keep the pliers clean

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Screwdrivers
great variety of screwdrivers types and sizes available length of screwdriver is measured form to to where handle joins the blade shorter screwdrivers known as stubbies most screwdrivers bits available for screw guns or as socket wrenches
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Blade Screwdrivers
blade screwdrivers are made to fit screws with a single slot size of screw head and slot are the deciding factors for the screwdriver selection screwdriver blade should fit the slot both in width and depth
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Blade Screwdrivers
too thin of a blade is likely to damage the screwdriver too thick of a blade is likely to damage the screw too wide of a blade is likely to damage the material around the screw head too narrow of a blade is likely to damage the screwdriver
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Phillips Screwdrivers
tip is shaped as an X or cross the size of the screwdriver blade must correspond to the size of the screw head sizes 0, 1, 2, 3, & 4 available 0 being the smallest and 4 being the largest using the wrong size screwdriver may damage screw, screwdriver and surface

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Robertson Screwdrivers
tips in the shape of a square with screw having a recess for tip size of screwdriver must correspond to the size of screw sizes 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, & 4 available handles are color coordinated for ease of selection
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Robertson Screwdrivers
orange yellow green red black black 00 0 1
3 4

no. no. no. 2 no. no.

1 & 2 screws 3 & 4 screws 5, 6, & 7 screws no. 8, 9, & 10 screws 12 & 14 screws 16 & larger
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Clutch Screwdrivers
screwdriver head and tip must match not common in the automotive industry some U.S. built RV coaches use them available in 6 sizes from 3/32 to 5/16

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Torx Screwdrivers
screw head and screwdriver tip must match looks like an allen wrench will fit, but they are not compatible very strong type of head available as socket wrenches for a more positive drive even with impact drivers
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Maintaining Screwdrivers
Always use the right type of screwdriver for the screw Always use the right size of screwdriver head for the screw Never use a screwdriver as a punch, prying tool, scraper of chisel screwdrivers that are damaged or the wrong size or type may damage the user or the material being worked on or the screw head

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Maintaining Screwdrivers (contd)

Screwdriver bits are available for use in reversible drills Screwdriver bits are also available as sockets, to enable you to put more torque on a fitting

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Drill bits
Drill bits are available in clockwise and counter clockwise rotation for different applications
boring holes, bolt extraction

Other types may have specific applications for cutting different materials
metal, plastic, wood
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Common Body Shop Drill Bits

Conventional bit

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Stepped Drill Bit

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Twist drill

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lip clearance angle

flute

margin land flute cutting lip

dead centre

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Twist Drill

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