Bao Ve Role

Chng 7
EXIT
7.1. NHNG VN C BN CA BO V RLE
7.5. BO V MY BIN P IN LC
7.4. BO V CHM T TRONG LI C DNG CHM T NH
7.3. BO V QU DNG IN CT NHANH BV CHO NG DY
7.2. BO V QU DNG IN CC I BO V CHO NG DY
7.1.1. Mc ch ca bo v rle
7.1.2. Cc s c trong thit b in v li
7.1.3. Cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng
7.1.4. Cc phn t ca bo v rle
7.1.5. Biu din rle trn bn v
7.1.6. Cc yu cu c bn i vi bo v rle
7.1.7. Cc dng c tnh ca bo v rle
7.1.8. S ni dy ca mch bo v rle
7.1.9. Cc s ni my bin dng v cun dy rle
7.1.10. S phn b dng khi ngn mch hai pha sau my bin p
7.1.11. Ngun thao tc
EXIT
7.1. NHNG VN C BN CA BO V RLE HTCC 2

EXIT
Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng cung cp in khng th trnh khi cc s c v cc ch
lm vic khng bnh thng ca cc phn t trong h thng. Hu qu dn n:
Cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng do in p v tn s gim xung s nh hng ti cc
ch lm vic bnh thng ca cc thit b in v c nguy c lm mt n nh ca h thng.
Dng in tng ln s sinh ra lc in ng v nhit qu mc cho php, lm h hng
cc thit b in v tr s c v gy nguy him cho cc thit b in khc c dng s c
chy qua
in p gim xung s ph hu s lm vic bnh thng ca cc h tiu th, s n nh
ca cc my pht in ang lm vic song song cng nh ton h thng.
7.1.1. Mc ch ca bo v rle.
EXIT
Nhng hu qu nguy him trn c th khc phc c nu pht hin kp thi cc s c, cc ch
lm vic khng bnh thng v c bin php s l nhanh chng. thc hin nhim v trn
ngi ta s dng cc thit b bo v nh cu ch, p t mt, v tin b nht l bo v rle.
Bo v rle l mt dng c bn ca t ng ho, thiu n h thng cung cp in khng th lm
vic bnh thng v tin cy.
Bo v rle thc hin vic kim tra lin tc cc trng thi v cc ch lm vic ca cc phn t
trong h thng c nhng phn ng thch hp khi xut hin s c hay nhng ch lm vic
khng bnh thng:

EXIT
Trong h thng in hin i bo v rle gn lin vi cc h thng t ng ho nhm phc hi
nhanh chng ch lm vic bnh thng ca cc h tiu th.
Cc h thng t ng ho thng gp nh:
Thit b t ng ng lp li.
Thit b t ng ng ngun d phng v cc thit b d phng.
Thit b t ng gim ti theo tn s.
Khi xut hin s c, bo v rle s nhanh chng hn ch sc tn ph ca n bng cch c lp
im s c hoc loi tr cc phn t b s c ra khi mng in sau mt khong thi gian
nh k t khi pht hin.
Khi xut hin ch lm vic khng bnh thng, tu theo tng mc m bo v rle tin
hnh nhng thao tc cn thit phc hi ch lm vic bnh thng hoc bo tn hiu cho
cng nhn vn hnh bit tnh trng lm vic khng bnh thng ca mng in hoc thit b
in.

EXIT
Phn ln cc s c trong h thng in l ngn mch.
Nguyn nhn c bn ca s c l do:
Cch in lm vic lu ngy b gi ci
Khng bo m ng khong cch gia cc pha
Qu in p
Cc tc ng v c l (t dy, chm chp dy dn)
Sai lm ca nhn vin thao tc (ng ct cu dao cch ly khi c ti hoc ngn mch cha
c gii tr ht ...).

EXIT
1. Ngn mch.
Q
N
= 0,24.I
2
N
.r.t
N

Ngn mch l mt dng s c nguy him nht. Ngn mch c th xy ra gia cc pha, ngn
mch gia cc pha km theo chm t, ngn mch mt pha. Trong my pht in v my bin
p ngoi cc dng s c trn cn c dng ngn mch gia cc vng dy trong mt pha.
Hu qu ca ngn mch c th tm tt nh sau:
Khi dng ngn mch chy qua cc phn t ca mng in trong thi gian tN gy ra mt
lng nhit theo nh lut Jun Lenx:
Nhit lng ny v h quang in ti v tr s c c th ph hu cc thit b ti cc v tr
s c, sc ph hu cng ln nu dng ngn mch cng ln v thi gian tN tn ti cng
di. Mt khc dng ngn mch ln cn gy nguy him cho cc phn t khng s c
nhng c dng ny chy qua.

EXIT
Khi ngn mch in p ca mng gim xung ph hu s lm vic bnh thng ca cc h
tiu th, phn ln cc thit b dng in l cc ng c khng ng b. M men quay ca cc
ng c t l vi bnh phng in p cp n u cc ca n:
V vy khi in p gim nhiu s lm cho tc ca ng c gim xung di tc nh
mc thm ch c th b dng li.
M = k.U
2

Cc thit b chiu sng l mt phn ng k th hai ca cc h tiu th in, khi in p gim
xung cng ph hu s lm vic bnh thng ca n. c bit nhy cm vi s gim in p
l cc my tnh in t v cc thit b in t.

EXIT
Hu qu nguy him nht ca ngn mch l ph hu ch lm vic song song n nh ca
cc my pht, dn n mt n nh v tan gi h thng.
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng m men quay ca tuabin bng vi m men cn in t
do tc quay ca tt c tuc bin ca cc my pht khng thay i v ng b, khi ngn
mch ti im K trn thanh ci ca nh my in A, in p trn thanh ci gim xung bng
khng do ph ti in t v m men cn in t trn trc my pht gim xung bng
khng,
Trong thi gian ny lng hi nc (hoc nc) vo tuabin cha gim kp do tc quay
ca tuabin tng vt ln (hin tng lng tc) dn n qu in p u cc my pht nh
my in A.

EXIT
Hnh 7.1. nh hng ca s gim in p khi ngn mch
M
N
Ph ti
N
A
B
(a)
(b)

EXIT
Mt khc cc my pht in ca nh my in B xa im ngn mch N, v vy in p trn
thanh ci ca n gn bng nh mc. Do tt c cc my pht ca nh my in A khng mang
ti v l do trn hoc BVRL tc ng loi tr n ra khi li, tt c ph ti ca h thng chuyn
sang nh my in B, lm cho cc my pht ca nh my in B b qu ti v tc quay ca
chng gim xung. Do ngn mch lm cho tc quay ca cc my pht hai nh my in
A v B khc nhau (mt ng b).
Khi ngn mch lu c th ph hu s lm vic n nh ca cc ng c khng ng b. Khi in
p gim, tc quay ca ng c gim. (nu h s trt tng ti h s trt ti hn) th ng c
i vo vng lm vic khng n nh v c th tc ng c gim nhanh v dng hn. Cng vi
s tng h s trt, cng sut phn khng m ng c tiu th cng tng ln, do c th dn
n ch l sau khi ngn mch c loi tr c s thiu ht cng sut phn khng, lm cho in
p ca h thng gim t ngt, gy nh hng n s lm vic bnh thng ca ng c.
Ngn mch l mt s c rt nguy him, nn ngn mch cn c gii tr mt cch nhanh chng.

EXIT
2. Chm t mt pha trong li c trung tnh cch in vi t.
Khi chm t mt pha trong li c trung tnh cch in vi t th dng chm t mt pha rt nh
ch bao gm thnh phn dng in in dung ca cc phn t, do vy n khng lm lch, mo
in p gia cc pha. Song in p ca hai pha khng s c so vi t tng ln bng in p dy
uy hip cch in ca cc pha khng s c.

Do chm t mt pha khng cn ct nhanh nhng cng khng c tn ti qu lu.

EXIT
1. Qu ti.
Qu ti lm cho dng in chy qu thit b ln hn dng nh mc, thit b s b pht nng qu
mc cho php, lm tng hao mn cch in v c th dn ti ch h hng thit b. ngn
nga s c ca thit b khi qu ti cn phi p dng cc bin php gim ti hoc l ct thit b
khi li.
2. Gim tn s
Nguyn nhn lm cho tn s gim l cng sut ca ngun nh hn cng sut tiu th do ct t
ngt mt s my pht ang lm vic. Khi tn s gim, lm gim tc quay ca c cu sn xut
c th dn ti ph v qu trnh cng ngh ca nhng t my, dy truyn sn xut c yu cu tc
quay khng i ca cc ng c in.

EXIT
3. in p tng cao.
in p tng cao qu gi tr cho php thng xut hin cc my pht thu in khi ct t
ngt ph ti. Khi ct ti cc my pht thu in lm tng tc quay, tng sc in ng ca
my pht n tr s nguy him cho cch in ca n. bo v my pht cn phi gim dng
kch thch hoc l ct my pht
Qu p gy nguy him cho thit b c th xut hin khi ng hoc ct mt pha ng dy
truyn ti in nng di c dung dn ln.
Cc hu qu nguy him trn c th c loi tr bng bo v rle.

EXIT
H thng bo v rle thng gm mt s cc kh c in v mt s rle, ghp ni thnh mt s
s thng nht. Cu trc ca mt s BVRL c th chia thnh 3 khi chnh nh sau:
Khi o lng: l cc thit b o lng, cc b cm bin chuyn i thnh tn hiu in
nh MBD, MBAL, cc sens ... N thng xuyn theo di mt thng s no ca
mch in nh dng, p, nhit ... bin i thnh tn hiu phn nh ln rle.
Khi lgic: l cc rle tip nhn tn hiu ca khi o lng, n s tc ng (tc thi hoc
c duy tr thi gian) nu tn hiu theo di vt qu ngng ci t. Cc r le c th gm
nhiu tng ghp ni c thm chc nng chn lc, tng hp, khuych i...
Khi chp hnh: l cc kh c chuyn mch v thng dng nht l my ct.

EXIT
Rle tc ng khi cc tr s m n phn ng tng ln gi l rle cc i, cn ngc li l
rle cc tiu. Rle tn s phn ng vi tn s tng ln hoc gim xung.
Rle nhit phn ng khi tr s nhit ca i tng theo di tng ln.
Cc rle ph gm: Rle thi gian dng duy tr thi gian tc ng ca bo v, rle ch th
dng tn hiu ho v xc nh tc ng ca bo v, rle trung gian dng truyn t
tc ng ca cc rle c bn n my ct v dng lin h ng thi gia cc phn t
ca bo v.

EXIT
C hai cch biu din rle trn bn v.
1. Cch th nht.
Rle c biu din di dng hnh ch nht c na vng trn pha trn. Cun dy rle c
hiu ngm l t phn di (trong phn ch nht) v thng khng v, tip im ca rle
c v phn trn (phn na vng trn). Rle trong s bo v cn c cc u vo. Loi
rle c k hiu bng ch ci u ca tn rle v c ghi vo phn ch nht hoc c ghi
bng k hiu (hnh 7-2a).
2. Cch th hai.
Rle c biu din di dng khai trin (hnh 7-2b). Cun dy rle v tip im c v ring
bit trong nhng phn khc nhau ca s v c k hiu bng cc ch ci tng ng. Cch
biu din ny c u im l d c, nht l i vi nhng s phc tp.

EXIT
Hnh 7.2. Bieu dien rle tren s o nguyen ly

EXIT
1. Tc ng nhanh
Ct ngn mch cn phi c tin hnh vi kh nng nhanh nht hn ch tc hi do dng
ngn mch gy ra:
nng cao hiu qu ng t ng ng dy v thanh ci d phng
gim nh thi gian cc h tiu th phi lm vic vi in p gim thp
bo ton s lm vic n nh ca h thng in.
Trong h thng in hin i bo ton tnh n nh yu cu thi gian ct ngn mch rt nh.
Th d vi ng dy truyn ti in nng (300500) kV cn phi ct s c sau khong
(0,10,2)s k t khi xut hin ngn mch, vi ng dy (110220)kV sau khong (0,150,3)s,
vi li phn phi (610)kV xa ngun thi gian ct ngn mch cho php khong (1,53)s v
chng khng nh hng n tnh n nh ca h thng

EXIT
Tuy nhin i vi ch lm vic khng bnh thng yu cu v thi gian tc ng ca bo v
khng c qu nhanh. Bi v cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng c tnh cht tm thi v
c tnh t loi tr, th d nh qu ti ngn hn khi khi ng ng c khng ng b. Ct qu
nhanh trong trng hp ny s dn ti ch ct nhm cc h tiu th.

V vy ct cc thit b khi xut hin cc ch khng bnh thng gy nguy him cho thit b
phi c tin hnh vi thi gian chm cn thit.

EXIT
2. Tc ng chn lc
bo m tin cy cung cp in cho cc h tiu th th bo v rle phi tc ng chn lc.
Bo v rle c gi l c chn lc nu n ch ct phn t b s c ra khi li in v bo ton
s lm vic bnh thng ca cc h tiu th khc.
V d:
Trn (hnh 7.3), khi ngn mch ti N1 bo v cn phi ct ng dy b s c bng my ct
MC7, ngha l bng my ct gn v tr s c nht.
Khi ngn mch ti N2 ch cho php my ct MC4 v my ct MC6 tc ng, ct ng dy s
c 1, cn ng dy 2 tip tc lm vic cung cp in cho h tiu th.

EXIT
Hnh 7.3. S biu din im s c ngn mch

EXIT
3. Phi c nhy cao.
Bo v phi tc ng khi xut hin s c trong vng tc ng ca n v vng bo v ca
bo v ngay sau n nu bo v ny v mt l do no khng tc ng.
bo m tin cy cung cp in cho cc h tiu th th bo
V d: (hnh v 7.4)
Hnh 7.4. Vng tc ng ca bo v

EXIT
Bo v I phi tc ng khi xut hin s c trn bt k im no on 1 v phi tc ng khi
xut hin s c trn bt k im no on 2 nu bo v II v mt l do no khng tc ng.
Bo v I khng cn tc ng khi xut hin s c trn on 3 v nu bo v III t chi tc ng
th bo v II phi tc ng.

Bo v d phng l mt yu cu quan trng, nu khng c bo v d phng th c th dn ti
ch ngng cung cp in cho tt c cc h tiu th.

C mt s loi bo v khng tc ng khi xut hin s c on mch tip theo. bo v d
phng cho on mch ln cn cn phi t thm bo v ph.

EXIT
I
Nmin
l dng ngn mch nh nht chy qua bo v khi ngn mch cui vng bo v.
I
kdbv
l dng khi ng ca bo v.
nhy ca bo v c c trng bng h s nhy. i vi bo v phn ng vi dng
ngn mch.
Trong :
Bo v c gi l c nhy nu knh tnh ton ln hn hoc bng knh yu cu i vi tng
loi bo v.
kdbv
min N
nh
I
I
k =
nh.tt nh.yc
k k >

Bo v rle khng c t chi tc ng khi ngn mch trong vng bo v ca n v khng
c tc ng nhm ln. Yu cu v tin cy rt quan trng bi v t chi lm vic hay tc
ng sai ca mt bo v no u dn ti ch ct sai mt s h tiu th.
Khi ngn mch ti N (hnh 7.5) m bo v I khng lm vic th bo v III s lm vic v dn ti
ch ct sai trm B v trm C. Nu v mt l do no m bo v IV tc ng nhm ln th dn
ti ch ngng cung cp in hon ton cho h tiu th.
tin cy ca bo v ph thuc vo cht lng rle, cng tc t v cc thit b khc trong s
v vo kt cu ca s .
EXIT
4. Phi tc ng tin cy.
Hnh 7.5. S bo v ng dy nhiu cp

Trong qu trnh vn hnh cc thng s ca li in lun lun thay i do ta ng hoc ct
cc my pht, cc my bin p, cc ng dy vo hoc ra khi mng in, do dng ngn
mch cng thay i, nhng bo v rle phi tc ng mt cch chc chn khi c ngn mch.
EXIT
5. Phi tc ng c lp vi iu kin vn hnh ca li in

EXIT
1. c tnh c lp (Hnh 7.6)
Bo v loi ny c thi gian tc ng kh chnh xc, nhng c nhc im l bo m iu
kin tc ng chn lc th thi gian tc ng ca bo v cp trn qu ln, khng bo m yu
cu tc ng nhanh. i vi bo v c c tnh c lp th thi gian tc ng ca bo v c
thc hin trn rle thi gian, khng ph thuc vo dng chy qua rle dng.
Nu dng in chy qua bo v
cha vt qu dng chnh nh
I
kd
th bo v khng tc ng.
Khi dng in chy qua bo v
ln hn hoc bng dng khi
ng th bo v s tc ng vi
thi gian c nh ttd khng ph
thuc vo dng in chy qua
n.
Hnh 7.6. c tnh tc ng c lp

EXIT
2. c tnh ph thuc. (Hnh 7.7)
u im ca bo v ny l c th bo v c qu ti, cho php tng cng ct nhanh khi
ngn mch u on ng dy c bo v tc l s c cng nng n th thi gian tc ng
cng nhanh, s bo v n gin v khng dng cc rle thi gian, trung gian v tn hiu.
Nhc im ca bo v l phi hp thi gian tc ng chn lc ca bo v ny phc tp v vy
n ch c dng trong nhng trng hp phc tp
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v
ph thuc vo dng in chy
qua n. Dng in chy qua
bo v cng ln th thi gian tc
ng cng nh.
Hnh 7.7. c tnh tc ng ph thuc

EXIT
3. c tnh ph thuc hn ch. (Hnh 7.8)
Va c u nhc im ca bo v c c tnh ph thuc, va c u nhc im ca bo v c
c tnh c lp.
Hnh 7.8. c tnh ph thuc hn ch

Rle s cp l rle dng in hay in p thng thng u trc tip vo dng in hay in p
mch s cp ca phn t c bo v.
u im ca rle s cp l khng cn my bin dng v bin p o lng, khng cn ngun thao
tc v cp khng ch.
Rle th cp l rle c mc vo cun th cp ca my bin dng hay my bin p o lng.
Rle th cp c s dng rng ri v n c u im hn rle s cp l cch ly vi mng in
p cao, t xa phn t c bo v, thun tin trong vn hnh, c th tiu chun ho vi dng
nh mc 1A hoc 5A hay in p nh mc 100V, khng ph thuc vo dng v p mch s cp.
EXIT
1. Theo cch ni rle c chia ra:

EXIT
2. Theo phng php tc ng n c cu ngt ca thit b ng ct mch in chia ra:
Rle tc ng trc tip: Cng l rle dng in hay in p thng thng, tc ng trc tip vo
c cu ngt ca thit b ct mch in. Rle tc ng trc tip c th l rle s cp hoc th
cp.
Rle tc ng trc tip khng cn ngun thao tc nhng rle ny c ch to c lc tc ng
ln. V vy rle tc ng trc tip c chnh xc khng cao v tiu th cng sut ln.
Rle tc ng gin tip: L rle dng tip im ca mnh khng ch mch iu khin my ct
hay bo tn hiu.
Bo v c rle tc ng gin tip cn phi c ngun thao tc, nhng lc tc ng ca rle loi
ny khng cn ln lm v vy chng c chnh xc cao hn v cng sut tiu th nh hn rle
tc ng trc tip. Ngy nay bo v rle c rle th cp tc ng gin tip c s dng rng
ri nht

EXIT
Cch biu din vc t dng th cp
Chiu ca vc t dng th cp
I2 trn biu vc t ph thuc
vo chiu dng quy c ca
dng in c ly i vi cun
dy s cp.
Phng php biu din th hai n gin thun tin hn phng php u, n cho php khi
xy dng biu vc t, chiu ca vc t dng s v th cp c v trng nhau. V vy
phng php th hai c s dng v biu vc t cc phn tip theo.
y, khi xy dng biu vc t ta b qua sai s v gc pha ca my bin dng
Hnh 7.10. Biu din vc t dng th cp.

EXIT
H s s
cung cp cho mch bo v rle ngi ta thng s dng cc my bin dng. Tu theo
cc s ni cun dy th cp my bin dng v cun dy rle m dng in chy trong
cun th cp ca my bin dng v dng in chy qua cun dy rle c th ging hoc
khc nhau. k n yu t ny ngi ta a ra h s s k
sd
:
Trong :
I
R
l dng in chy qua cun dy rle.
I
tc
l dng in chy qua cun th cp ca my bin dng.
tc
R
sd
I
I
k =

EXIT
1.S ni my bin dng v cun dy rle theo hnh sao .
My bin dng c t trn tt c cc pha. Cc cun dy th cp ca my bin dng v cc
cun dy ca rle c ni theo hnh sao v cc im trung tnh ca chng c ni lin vi
nhau bng mt dy dn gi l dy trung tnh (dy dn tr v).
Hnh 7.11. S u my bin dng theo s sao

EXIT
Rle R4 khng tc ng v dng in chy qua rle 4 l tng dng in pha:
0 I 3 I I I I
0 c b a 4 R
= = + + =
Trng hp ny cc rle u c k
s
=1
BI
A
a 1 R
n
I
I I = =
BI
B
b 2 R
n
I
I I = =
BI
C
c 3 R
n
I
I I = =
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ba pha dng in chy qua rle 1,
2, 3 l dng in pha.
Kho st cc ch :
Trong thc t do sai s ca cc my bin dng khc nhau nn trong rle 4 vn c dng chy
qua gi l dng khng cn bng: IN4 = Ikcb = 0.
Hnh 7.12. th vc t dng in khi lm vic
bnh thng v khi ngn mch 3 pha

EXIT
Khi ngn mch hai pha.
Dng ngn mch ch chy trong hai pha b s c v tng ng c dng chy trong cc rle ni
vo my bin dng t trong pha s c, cn pha khng s c khng c dng ngn mch chy
qua.
Gi s khi ngn mch hai pha A v B.
Hai pha A v B c dng ngn mch, cn pha C khng c:
I
A
=I
(N)A
; I
B
= I
(N)B
= - I
A
; I
C
= 0
tng ng c: I
a
= - I
b
v I
c
= 0
BI
A
a 1 R
n
I
I I = =
BI
B
b 2 R
n
I
I I = =
I
R3
= I
c
= 0
Hai rle R
1
v R
2
c K
s
=1
Rle R
3
c K
s
= 0
Dng chy qua rle 4:
I
R4
= I
R1
+ I
R2
= I
a
+ I
b
= 0
Nh vy rle 4 mc vo dy dn tr v s khng tc ng khi ngn mch gia hai pha.
Hnh 7-13: th vc t dng
in khi ngn mch 2 pha

EXIT
Khi ngn mch hai pha ng thi chm t trong h thng c trung tnh ni t
Gi s khi ngn mch hai pha A v B ng thi chm t. Ch hai pha A v B c dng ngn
mch chy qua v lch pha vi nhau 1200, tng t dng chy qua rle 1 v rle 2 cng
lch pha nhau 1200.
I
R1
= I
a
, I
R2
= I
b
, I
R3
= 0
Ba rle R
1
, R
2
v R
4
c k
s
=1
Rle R
3
c k
s
=0
60 j
a
e . I

I
R4
= I
R1
+ I
R2
= I
a
+ I
b
=
Hnh 7.14. th vc t dng in khi
ngn mch 2 pha chm t

EXIT
Ch ring pha A c dng ngn mch chy qua:
IA = IN ; IB =0; IC = 0
Dng trong rle:
IR1 = IR4 = Ia
Ba rle R1 v R4 c ks =1
Rle R2, R3 c ks =0
Nhn xt chung: Ta thy mi dng ngn mch u c dng in chy qua t nht l 2 rle
vi ks = 1. S ny c s dng bo v trong h thng c trung tnh ni t
Khi ngn mch mt pha, gi s pha A.
Hnh 7.15. th vc t dng in
khi ngn mch 1 pha


EXIT
I
C
I
B

I
A

I
c
I
b

I
a

khi lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch 3 pha
I
B

I
A

I
a

I
b

I
R4

I
A

I
a

I
A

I
a

I
b

I
B

khi ngn mch 2 pha
khi ngn mch 1 pha

khi ngn mch 2 pha chm t

7.1.9. Cc s ni my bin dng v cun dy
rle
EXIT
2. S ni my bin dng v cun dy rle theo s sao thiu
My bin dng c t trn hai pha, gi s pha A v C:
Hnh 7.16a. S u my bin dng theo s sao thiu

7.1.9. Cc s ni my bin dng
v cun dy rle
EXIT
Kho st cc ch :
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ba pha
BI
A
a 1 R
n
I
I I = =
BI
C
c 2 R
n
I
I I = =
I
R4
= I
a
+ I
c
= - I
b
Cc rle c k
s
= 1
Hnh 7-16b: th vct in p khi lm vic bnh thng
v khi ngn mch 3 pha
Khi ngn mch hai pha c t my bin dng (A v C)
I
A
= - I
C
, I
B
= 0 nn:
I
R1
= I
a
, I
R2
= I
c
= - I
a
I
R4
= I
a
+ I
c
= 0
Cc rle R
1
, R
2
c k
s
=1
Rle R
4
c k
s
= 0
Hnh 7.16c. th vc t dng in
khi ngn mch 2 pha A v C

EXIT
I
B
= I
(N)
, I
A
=0, I
C
= 0, I
R1
= I
R2
= I
R4
= 0
Khi ngn mch hai pha gia pha c t my bin dng v
pha khng t my bin dng
Gi s ngn mch hai pha A v B.
I
A
= - I
B
, I
C
= 0
I
R1
= I
a
, I
R2
= I
c
= 0
I
R4
= I
R1
= I
a
Cc rle R
1
, R
4
c k
s
=1 Rle R
2
c k
s
= 0
Khi ngn mch mt pha khng t my bin dng (pha B):
Nh vy khi ngn mch mt pha pha khng t my bin dng th cc rle khng c dng
chy qua, nn bo v khng tc ng. Do s ny ch dng bo v ngn mch gia
cc pha (ba pha v hai pha). N c dng bo v trong h thng c trung tnh khng ni
t l h thng c dng ngn mch mt pha.
Hnh 7.16d. th vc t dng in

EXIT
Hnh 7.16d. th vc t dng in
Hnh 7-16b: th vc t dng in khi lm vic bnh
thng v khi ngn mch 3 pha
Hnh 7.16c. th vc t dng in

EXIT
3. S hai my bin dng v mt rle mc vo hiu s dng hai pha: (cn gi l s hiu
s, hay s s 8)
My bin dng c t trn hai pha (gi s hai pha A v C), cc u khc tn ca cun dy th
cp ca hai my bin dng c ni vi nhau v c ni vo cun dy rle (hnh 7.17a).
I
A
I
a
I
c
I
C
Hnh 7-17c: th vc t dng in khi
ngn mch 2 pha c t my bin dng2
I
R
Hnh 7.17a. S u my bin dng theo s hiu s

EXIT
BI
A
a
n
I
I =
BI
C
c
n
I
I =
Dng chy qua rle: IR = Ic - Ia
vi
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ba pha
150 j
a
e . I . 3 I
R
= I
c
- I
a
=
3
I
I
k
tc
R
sd
= =
Khi ngn mch hai pha c t my bin dng
I
A
= - I
C
; I
B
= 0
Tng ng: I
a
= - I
c
I
R
= I
c
- I
a
= I
c
- (-I
c
) = 2I
c
c k
s
= 2
Hnh 7.17b. th vc t dng in
khi lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch 3 pha
Hnh 7.17c. th vc t dng in khi
ngn mch 2 pha c t my bin dng2

EXIT
Khi ngn mch hai pha gia pha c t my bin dng v pha khng t my bin dng.
Gi s hai pha A v B.
I
A
= I
N
; I
B
= I
N
= - I
A
;
I
C
= 0; I
R
= I
c
- I
a
= - I
a
C k
s
= 1
Khi ngn mch mt pha pha khng t
my bin dng (pha B):
I
B
= I
N
; I
A
= 0 ; I
C
= 0
Tng ng: I
a
= I
c
= 0
I
R
= I
c
- I
a
= 0
Nh vy khi ngn mch mt pha pha khng t my bin dng, khng c dng chy qua
rle, bo v mc li. Do s ny c dng bo v ngn mch gia cc pha trong
h thng c trung tnh khng ni t (h thng khng c dng ngn mch mt pha).
Hnh 7.17d. th vc t dng in khi
ngn mch 2 pha t my bin dng
v pha khng t my bin dng


EXIT
u im ca s ny l: So vi s 2 bin dng 2 rle, s ny tit kim c
mt rle v dy ni t hn.
Nhc im ca s ny l:
- Nu v mt l do no rle khng lm vic hoc dy dn khng hon ho th bo v khng lm
vic.
- Km nhy hn s 2 bin dng 2 rle khi ngn mch gia pha c t my bin dng v pha
khng t my bin dng. (Nu tham s ca mng in c bo v nh nhau th dng khi
ng ca bo v ni theo s hiu s ln hn dng khi ng ca bo v ni theo s sao
thiu ln v ksd ca s hiu s bng cn ksd ca s hai bin dng hai rle bng mt).
Khi ngn mch gia pha c t my bin dng v pha khng t my bin dng th c hai s
ch c mt rle c dng chy qua l dng pha, s hiu s c dng khi ng ln hn s
c nhy km hn.
- Khng dng bo v ngn mch hai pha sau my bin p ni Y /A, A/Y hoc ngn mch mt
pha sau my bin p ni Y /Y0 (v mt trong ba dng s c k trn dng chy qua rle c tng
bng 0 v bo v khng lm vic).

EXIT
4. S ni my bin dng theo hnh tam gic v cun dy rle ni theo hnh sao.
Cc cun th cp ca my bin dng c ni ni tip vi nhau to thnh hnh tam gic,
cn cc rle c ni thnh hnh sao v ni vo ba nh ca tam gic trn. Chiu qui c
ca cc dng in c th hin trn (hnh 7-18).
Nhn vo hnh v ta thy rng dng chy trong mi rle bng hiu hnh hc dng ca hai
pha.
BI
B
BI
A
b a R1
n
I
n
I
I I I = =
BI
C
BI
B
c b 2 R
n
I
n
I
I I I = =
BI
A
BI
C
a c 3 R
n
I
n
I
I I I = =
Hnh 7.18. S u my bin dng theo hnh tam gic

EXIT
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ba pha:
Dng chy qua rle:
Cc rle c
30 j
a b a 1 R
e . I . 3 I I I = =
90 j
a
30 j
b c b 2 R
e . I . 3 e . I . 3 I I I

= = =
150 j
a
30 j
c a c 3 R
e . I . 3 e . I . 3 I I I = = =
3 k
sd
=
Hnh 7-19. th vc t dng in khi lm vic
bnh thng v khi ngn mch 3 pha

Khi ngn mch hai pha: Gi s hai pha A v B.
I
A
= I
N
; I
B
= I
N
=- I
A
; I
C
= 0
I
R1
= I
a
- I
b
= 2 I
a
tng ng k
s
= 2
I
R2
= I
b
- I
c
= I
b
= - I
a
tng ng k
s
= 1
I
R3
= I
c
- I
a
= - I
a
tng ng k
s
= 1
Hnh 7.20. th vc t dng in khi
ngn mch 2 pha

EXIT
Khi ngn mch mt pha: Gi s pha A:
Ta thy rng tt c cc dng ngn mch u c dng
chy qua rle. Do s ny phn ng vi tt c
cc dng ngn mch. T s gia dng in chy
trong rle v dng in pha (dng th cp my bin
dng) ph thuc vo dng ngn mch.
S ny c s dng bo v so lch v
khong cch.
I
A
= I
N
; I
B
= 0 ; I
C
= 0
I
R1
= I
a
- I
b
= I
a
tng ng k
s
= 1
I
R2
= I
b
- I
c
= 0
I
R3
= I
c
- I
a
= - I
a
tng ng k
s
= 1
khi ngn mch 1 pha

EXIT
5. S ni my bin dng thnh b lc th t khng.
I
R
= I
a
+ I
b
+ I
c
= 3. I
0
My bin dng c t trn c ba
pha, cc cc cng tn ca cun th
cp c ni vi nhau v ni vo
cun dy rle.
Dng chy qua rle:
Trong I
0
l dng in thnh phn th t khng:
Hnh 7.22. B lc dng in th t khng

EXIT
Dng chy trong rle ch xut hin khi ngn mch mt pha v ngn mch hai pha chm t v
ch c dng s c ny mi xut hin dng th t khng. V vy s ny c dng bo v
chm t.
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng v khi ngn mch ba pha v ngn mch hai pha khng chm
t th tng hnh hc dng s cp ca c ba pha bng khng do rle khng tc ng. Nhng
do sai s ca cc my bin dng khc nhau nn tng hnh hc dng th cp ca cc my bin
dng khc 0 nn trong rle c dng chy qua gi l dng khng cn bng, dng khng cn bng
cn phi xt n khi s dng s ny.
V d: Khi ngn mch hai pha A v B
I
A
= - I
B
, I
C
= 0
I
a
= - I
b
, I
c
= 0
I
a
+ I
b
+ I
c
= (-I
b
) + I
b
+ 0 = 0
Rle khng c dng chy qua

EXIT
My bin p c t du dy /A-11 c s dng rng ri nht, nn ta nghin cu my bin p
loi ny.
n gin ta coi h s bin p ca my bin p bng 1. T s dng in pha:
Ngn mch hai pha sau my bin p c t u dy /A hoc A/ v khi ngn mch mt pha
sau my bin p ni /
0
.
1. S phn b dng khi ngn mch hai pha sau my bin p ni /A hoc A/.
A
A
=
)
`
=
=
I . 3 I
I I
I I
Y
TC . d
Y SC . d
3
W
W
I
I
Y
Y
= =
A
A
Khi ngn mch hai pha pha A, gi s gia pha b v pha c, dng trong pha khng s c I
a
= 0,
cn dng trong pha s c b v c bng dng ngn mch.
I
c
= - I
b
= I
N

EXIT
Trong tam gic dng ngn mch I
N
chia thnh hai phn: Mt phn chy qua cun b, mt phn
chy qua hai cun ni tip a v c. Tng tr hai cun dy a v c ni tip gp hai ln tng tr
cun dy b nn dng trong cun dy pha b bng 2/3I
N
cn dng trong cun dy a v c bng
1/3I
N
.
Hnh 7.23. S nguyn l v s phn b dng khi
ngn mch 2 pha sau my bin p u /A-11

EXIT
Dng in trong cc cun dy ni hnh ln hn ln dng in chy trong cun dy pha
cng tn pha tam gic.
3
I
3 .
3
I
3 . I I
N N
a A
= = =
A
3
I
3 .
3
I
3 . I I
N N
b C
= = =
A
N N c B
I .
3
2
3 . I .
3
2
3 . I I = = =
A
Khi ngn mch gia cc pha a v b hoc a v c th s phn b dng cng tng t.
Nh vy khi ngn mch hai pha pha A, trong tt c cc pha hnh sao u c dng ngn
mch. Dng trong hai pha c tr s bng nhau v cng chiu, dng trong pha cn li bng tng
dng hai pha trn v c chiu ngc li.
Tng t khi ngn mch hai pha pha hnh sao trong s /A cng nh ngn mch hai
pha pha tam gic phn tch trn.
By gi ta phn tch cc iu kin lm vic ca bo v ni theo s sao , sao thiu, hiu s
dng hai pha trong iu kin kho st trn (c ngha l ngn mch sau my bin p).

EXIT
Trong mt pha ca s xut hin dng (nBI l h s bin i ca my bin dng), cn trong hai
pha cn li xut hin dng . Tng dng in trong dy dn khng bng khng. Rle 1, 2, 3 u tc
ng nhng c nhy khc nhau, mt trong ba rle c nhy gp i nhy ca hai rle cn li
v c dng ln gp i chy qua.
Dng in chy qua c hai pha v dy dn ngc. Dng trong dy dn ngc bng tng hnh hc
dng hai pha. Nu my bin dng t trn hai pha c dng ngn mch nh hn chy qua th
nhy nh hn hai ln nhy ca s sao . khc phc nhc im ny ta t thm mt rle
na vo dy dn ngc. Dng chy qua rle ny l tng hnh hc ca cc pha kia
Trong trng hp ny s hai bin dng ba rle (hai rle mc vo dng pha, mt rle mc vo
tng dng hai pha) c nhy bng s ba pha.
Nu my bin dng t trn hai pha c dng ngn mch nh hn th IR = 0. V vy s ny khng
c dng bo v ngn mch sau my bin p ni /A hoc A/.
Trong s sao .
Trong s sao thiu.
S hiu s.

EXIT
2. S phn b dng khi ngn mch mt pha sau my bin p ni /
0
.
My bin p in lc c in p nh mc pha th cp l 400V thng c ch to ba pha ba tr
c t u dy /0 -12, nn ta ch nghin cu loi my bin p ny.
Hnh 7.24. S nguyn l v s phn b dng ngn mch
sau my bin p u /
0
.

EXIT
n gin ta cng coi h s bin i ca my bin p l 1. T s dng in pha:
1
W
W
I
I
0 0
Y
Y
Y
Y
= =
Khi ngn mch mt pha pha cun dy 0, gi s ngn mch mt pha b:
I
b
= I
N
, I
a
= I
c
= 0
Dng ngn mch mt pha l dng ngn mch khng i xng. gii cc bi ton khng i xng ta
c th dng phng php cc thnh phn i xng.
Phng trnh s c c vit nh sau ( y ta ly pha b lm chun):
= + +
= + +
= + +
0 I I I
0 I I I
I I I I
0 c 2 c 1 c
0 a 2 a 1 a
N 0 b 2 b 1 b
Dng ton t a, c th biu din cc vc t thnh phn i xng qua cc vc t ca mt pha c
ly lm c s, v d pha b.

EXIT
Nhn vo (hnh 7-25) ta vit c cc cng thc sau:
0
0 2
2
1
= + +
b b b
I I a aI
1 b 1 a
I . a I =
1 b
2
1 c
I . a I =
2 b
2
2 a
I . a I =
2 b 2 c
I . a I =
N 0 b 2 b 1 b
I I I I = + +
0 I aI I a
0 b 2 b 1 b
2
= + +
120 j
e a =
240 j 2
e a =
H phng trnh 1 c vit li nh sau:
Hnh 7.25. Gin vc t dng in khi lm vic bnh thng
hoc khi ngn mch i xng
0 I ). a a ( I ). a a (
2 b
2
1 b
2
= +
2 b
2
1 b
2
I ). a a ( I ). a a ( =
Ly phng trnh (3) tr i phng
trnh (4) ta c:
(5)

EXIT
0 I I . a I . a
0 b 1 b
2
1 b
= + +
0 b 1 b
2
I I ). a a ( = +
N 2 b 0 b 1 b
I .
3
1
I I I = = =
T (5) ta thy rng :
I
b1
= I
b2
Thay (6) vo phng trnh (3) ta c:

(6)
Ta c: a + a
2
+ 1 = 0 nn a + a
2
= -1
Suy ra: - I
b1
= - I
b0
hay
Nh vy vc t cc thnh phn i
xng c v li nh (hnh 7.26).
Nh vy trong ch ngn mch mt pha c thnh phn dng th t khng, nhng khng th to ra t
thng th t khng ng k c v t tr trn ng i ca t thng th t khng rt ln, t thng th
t khng phi khp mch qua du my bin p, v thng tr v ba tr ca my bin p. T thng ny to
ra trong cun s cp ca my bin p sc in ng th t khng tng ng, nhng cun s cp ca
my bin p u sao nn khng th to ra dng th t khng c. Dng chy trong cun s cp bin p
u sao ch c hai thnh phn th t thun v nghch.
Hnh 7.26. Gin vc t cc thnh phn i xng

EXIT
3
I
. 2 I I I
N
2 B 1 B B
= + =
V ta gi thit h s bin i ca my bin p l 1 nn ta c:
I
b1
= I
B1
= I
b2
= I
B2
= I
a0
= I
A0
= I
b0
= I
B0
= I
c0
= I
C0
I
a1
= I
A1
, I
c1
= I
C1
Do :
Tng t dng trong cc pha khc:
N 1 B 2 A 1 A A
I
3
1
I I I I = = + =
N 1 B 2 C 1 C C
I
3
1
I I I I = = + =
Nh vy khi ngn mch mt pha pha 0 ca my bin p, trong tt c cc pha pha hnh sao
u c dng ngn mch chy qua. Dng trong hai pha c tr s bng nhau v cng chiu, dng
trong pha cn li c tr s gp i v c chiu ngc li. Ngn mch mt pha sau my bin p
ni /0 iu kin lm vic ca cc bo v ni theo s sao , sao thiu, hiu s cng
ging nh trng hp ngn mch hai pha sau my bin p ni /A hoc A/. Nu bo v dng
s sao thiu, hai bin dng hai rle nhy ca n s km hn s ba pha. khc phc
cng phi dng thm rle th ba ni vo tng dng hai pha, khi ny nhy ca s hai bin
dng ba rle bng nhy ca s ba pha.

1. nh ngha v cc yu cu chung
Ngun in thao tc l ngun c dng cung cp dng in cho mch iu khin c khong
cch ca cc my ct, cho mch thao tc ca bo v rle, thit b t ng, iu khin xa v cc
dng tn hiu ho khc.
Ngun cung cp cho mch thao tc ca cc phn t dng ct ng dy, thit b v ct s c
phi c bit tin cy. V vy yu cu ch yu ca ngun dng thao tc l trong ch s c v
trong ch lm vic khng bnh thng ca li phi m bo tr s in p v cng sut cn
thit bo v rle v cc thit b t ng tc ng v phi ng v ct tin cy my ct
tng ng.
Ngun thao tc c th mt chiu hoc xoay chiu.
EXIT

EXIT
2. Ngun thao tc mt chiu
Ngun thao tc mt chiu l cc b c quy in p (110220)V, trm bin p cng sut nh
th dng (2448)V, c t tp chung cung cp cho tt c cc mch thao tc.
Cc b c quy bo m cung cp cho mch thao tc trong mi thi im vi in p v cng
sut cn thit, khng ph thuc vo mng in chnh. V vy n l ngun thao tc tin cy nht.
Nhng n c nhc im l gi thnh t, phi c my np c quy v nh cha ring, phi
thng xuyn bo qun, mng mt chiu ko di phc tp.
nng cao tin cy, li mt chiu c phn on thnh mt s on mch c cung
cp c lp t cc thanh ci ring ca b c quy.
Tnh khng hon ho ca cc cu ch c kim tra bng rle TH (hnh 7-27a). Mch ct CC
v khi tip im thng m trong b truyn ng my ct MC c kim tra bng rle KT, cho
tn hiu khi h mch (khi my ct ang ng tip im lin ng MC ng).
Trong li dng mt chiu c th xut hin dng chm t. Gi s chm t ti hai im N1,
N2 (hnh 7-27c), cc tip im ca rle bo v BV b ni tt trong cun ct CC xut hin dng,
my ct s ct ra. ngn nga s tc ng nh vy c th s dng vn mt V1, V2 v rle tn
hiu TH (hnh 7-27a) kim tra v hin tng chm t trong li dng mt chiu.


EXIT
Hnh 1.27. S nguyn l mng cung cp
in mt chiu

EXIT
on mch quan trng nht l on mch bo v, thit b t ng v cun ct c cung cp t
thanh ci iu khin TCK. on mch quan trng th hai l mch cun dy ng c cung
cp t thanh ci ring TCC v cc cun dy ng ca cc my ct du tiu th dng rt ln
(400500) A. on mch th ba t quan trng hn l mch tn hiu ho c cung cp t
thanh ci nh TCTH. Cc h tiu th dng mt chiu cn li (chiu sng s c, ng c t dng)
c cung cp bng li ring. bo v cc mch thao tc dng cu ch hoc cc thit b t
ng chuyn dng (chng phn ng vi s tng dng in).
kp thi pht hin s khng hon ho trong mch thao tc, tnh trng ca cc phn t ring
trong mch c kim tra bng cc thit b chuyn dng.
Tnh khng hon ho ca cc cu ch c kim tra bng rle TH (hnh 7-27a). Mch ct CC v
khi tip im thng m trong b truyn ng my ct MC c kim tra bng rle KT, cho tn
hiu khi h mch (khi my ct ang ng tip im lin ng MC ng).
Trong li dng mt chiu c th xut hin dng chm t. Gi s chm t ti hai im N1, N2
(hnh 7-27c), cc tip im ca rle bo v BV b ni tt trong cun ct CC xut hin dng, my
ct s ct ra.
ngn nga s tc ng nh vy c th s dng vn mt V1, V2 v rle tn hiu TH (hnh 7-
27a) kim tra v hin tng chm t trong li dng mt chiu.


EXIT
2. Ngun thao tc xoay chiu
(tham kho)

7.2.1. Nguyn l tc ng ca bo v qu dng in

7.2.2. Bo v qu dng in cc i cho ng dy

7.2.3 S bo v dng cc i cho ng dy

7.2.4. Bo v dng cc i khi chm t kp

7.2.5. Dng khi ng ca bo v dng cc i

7.2.6. Thi gian duy tr ca bo v dng cc i

7.2.7. nhy ca bo v dng cc i

7.2.8. Bo v dng cc i c kho in p cc tiu
EXIT
7.2. B V QU D CC I CHO NG DY HTCC 2
EXIT

Khi xut hin ngn mch s ko theo s tng dng in, bo v cho ng dy da trn
nguyn tc khi dng in chy trn ng dy tng qu mt tr s xc nh no (tr s ci t)
th bo v s tc ng gi l bo v qu dng in.
Bo v qu dng c chia lm 2 loi:
- Bo v dng in cc i.
- Bo v dng in ct nhanh.
S khc nhau c bn gia hai loi bo v ny l phng php bo m tnh tc ng chn lc.
Nguyn tc phi hp tnh tc ng chn lc ca cc bo v dng cc i c thc hin bng
cch chnh nh thi gian tc ng.

EXIT
Nguyn tc phi hp tnh tc ng chn lc ca cc bo v ct nhanh c thc hin bng
cch chnh nh gi tr dng khi ng.
Bo v qu dng in cc i l mt dng bo v c bn ca ng dy c ngun cung cp
t mt pha. Trong li c kt cu phc tp hn, i khi bo v dng cc i c s dng
nh mt bo v ph.
Trong li c ngun cung cp t mt pha, bo v dng cc i s c t trn u mi
on ng dy v pha c ngun, nh vy mi on ng dy c mt bo v ring, khi
xut hin s c on ng dy no th bo v u ng dy phi tc ng ct
ng dy s c.
EXIT
Khi ngn mch ti N
4
th tt
c cc bo v u khi ng,
nhng bo v 4 c thi gian
duy tr nh nht s tc ng
trc, ng dy s c
c ct ra. Khi s c c
gii tr, bo v 1, 2, 3 c thi
gian duy tr ln hn cha kp
tc ng, s tr v trng thi
ban u.

Khi ngn mch ti mt im no trong h thng, v d ti N4 (hnh 7.34), dng ngn mch
chy qua tt c cc on ng dy, c th dn ti lm cho tt c cc bo v 1, 2, 3, 4 u tc
ng. Song theo iu kin chn lc ch cho php bo v 4 t u on ng dy s c tc
ng v ch on ng dy b s c b ct ra.
m bo iu kin tc ng chn lc th phi chnh nh thi gian duy tr ca bo v cp trn
phi ln hn thi gian duy tr ca bo v cp di gn mt khong thi gian At.
Hnh 7.34. c tnh thi gian ca bo v
EXIT
Tng t nh vy khi ngn mch ti N
3
bo v 3 c thi gian duy tr nh hn s tc ng trc
cn bo v 1, 2 c thi gian duy tr ln hn khng kp tc ng.
Nguyn tc chn thi gian duy tr ca bo v nh ni trn gi l phn cp thi gian tc ng
chn lc.
Trong li c ngun cung cp t hai pha, iu kin tc ng chn lc ca bo v dng cc i
ch bng cch chn thi gian duy tr th khng th thc hin c, v vy trong trng hp ny
phi thay bo v dng cc i bng bo v c hng phc tp hn.
Phn cp thi gian tc ng ca bo v dng cc i bo m c tnh tc ng chn lc, song
c nhc im l khi ngn mch gn ngun, dng ngn mch l ln nht, nhng thi gian tc
ng li di nht.
khc phc nhc im ny ta c th s dng phi hp bo v dng in ct nhanh v bo v
dng cc i theo s n gin ho nh (hnh 7-35). Hoc s dng bo v c c tnh ph
thuc.
EXIT
Khi ngn mch trong on AB bo v ct
nhanh 1 s tc ng vi thi gian tCN1, cn
bo v dng cc i 1 khng kp tc ng. Khi
ngn mch trong on BC bo v ct nhanh 1
khng tc ng, cn bo v dng cc i 1 s
tc ng vi thi gian tCD1. Khi ngn mch
trong on CD, bo v dng cc i 1 mc d
khi ng nhng khng kp tc ng, bo v
ct nhanh 2 vi thi gian tc ng ngn hn
s tc ng trc.
bo m iu kin tc ng chn lc th:
Hnh 3.35. S phi hp bo v ct nhanh
v bo v dng cc i
t
CD1
= t
CD2
+ At (7.1)
I
k
.
CN1
> I
k
.
CN2
(7.2)
Trong :
- t
CD1
, t
CD2
: l thi gian duy tr ca bo v cc i 1 v 2.
- I
k.CN1
, I
k.CN2
: l dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh 1 v 2.
bo v cho cc ng dy ta s dng cc bo v dng cc i sau:
EXIT
Bo v dng cc i c th thc hin ba pha hoc hai pha, tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip.
- Theo ngun thao tc chia ra: Bo v c ngun thao tc mt chiu v bo v c ngun thao tc
xoay chiu.
- Theo c tnh thi gian tc ng chia ra: Bo v c c tnh thi gian tc ng c lp v ph
thuc.

1. S bo v t trn ba pha, ngun thao tc mt chiu
2. S bo v t trn hai pha, ngun thao tc mt chiu
EXIT
1. S bo v t trn ba pha, ngun thao tc mt chiu.
a) Bo v c c tnh thi gian tc ng c lp.
Trong s bo v ba pha, my bin dng v rle c ni theo s sao (hnh 7-36).
Nhng phn t c bn ca bo v dng cc i
Nguyn l hot ng.
Hnh 7.36. S ni dy ca bo v dng
cc i c c tnh tc ng c lp
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v c thc hin
trn rle thi gian ThG, khng ph thuc vo
tr s dng ngn mch, v vy bo v ny
c gi l bo v c c tnh thi gian tc
ng c lp.
u nhc im:
- n gin, vn hnh d dng.
- D dng phi hp thi gian tc ng vi cc
bo v khc.
- Khi dng ngn mch ln bo v khng th ct
nhanh hn.
EXIT
b) Bo v c c tnh thi gian tc ng ph thuc.
Trong s bo
Trong s khng s dng rle thi gian v thi gian tc ng ca bo v do rle dng thc
hin, khng c rle trung gian v tip im ca rle dng c kh nng ti ln, khng c rle tn
hiu v rle dng c tn hiu c (con bi), n c khi rle tc ng.
Nh vy rle dng cm ng PT -80 c th lm thay chc nng ca c hp b cc rle dng,
rle thi gian, rle tn hiu, v rle trung gian.
Hnh 7-37. S ni dy ca bo v dng
cc i c c tnh tc ng ph thuc
Bo v c c tnh thi gian tc ng ph thuc l
bo v c thi gian tc ng (thi gian duy tr) ph
thuc vo tr s dng ngn mch chy qua bo v t
bv

= f(I).
Bo v dng ny c thc hin bng rle tc ng
khng tc thi, c thi gian tc ng ph thuc vo
dng chy qua rle, thng s dng rle dng cm
ng loi PT -80. S bo v c c tnh ph thuc
c biu din trn (hnh 7-37).
EXIT
Khc vi bo v c c tnh thi gian tc ng c lp (ng 1 hnh 7-38), bo v c c tnh
thi gian tc ng ph thuc (ng 2) v ph thuc hn ch (ng 3) tc ng khi
I
R
= (12)I
k
V vy bo v khng tc ng khi qu ti ngn hn (I
qtnh
). Ngoi ra bo v c c tnh thi gian
tc ng ph thuc cho php tng cng ct khi s c u ng dy, nu dng ngn mch
ti N1 ln hn nhiu dng ngn mch cui ng dy.
Hnh 7.38. Cc dc tnh tc ng
ca bo v qu dngC
Song vic duy tr thi gian bo v
c c tnh thi gian tc ng c
lp n gin hn rt nhiu bo v
c c tnh thi gian tc ng ph
thuc, v vy n ch c s dng
trong nhng trng hp thun li.
EXIT
c) u nhc im s bo v t trn ba pha, ngun thao tc mt chiu.
S bo v dng cc i ba pha phn ng vi tt c cc dng ngn mch, v vy n
c s dng trong li c trung tnh ni t trc tip.
Trong li c trung tnh cch in hoc ni t qua cun Petecxen s bo v ba pha
khng c s dng v:
- S ba pha t hn s hai pha, v cn nhiu thit b v dy ni hn.
- Bo v ba pha c trng hp lm vic khng chn lc bng bo v hai pha khi chm t ng
thi ti hai im khc pha ca nhng l ng dy khc nhau cng ni chung mt ngun
(chm t kp).
EXIT
2. S bo v t trn hai pha, ngun thao tc mt chiu
Trong trng hp bo v cc i ch cn tc ng khi ngn mch gia cc pha th s
dng s bo v ch kim sot 2 trong 3 pha pha .
a) S bo v t trn hai pha, c c tnh tc ng c lp
S hai rle
Hnh 7.39. S ni dy ca bo v 2 pha 2 rle
Hnh 7.40. Gin biu din dng in
ca s 2 pha 2 rle v 3 rle
EXIT
u im ca s hai rle l:
- Phn ng vi tt c s c ngn mch gia cc pha.
- Khi chm t kp lm vic chn lc hn s ba pha.

Nhc im:
- nhy ca s hai pha km hn s ba pha khi ngn mch hai pha sau my bin p
ni /A hoc A/ hoc ngn mch mt pha sau my bin p ni /0 (hnh 7-40).
- Khi cn tng nhy ca s hai pha c th t thm rle th ba mc vo tng dng hai
pha. Nu hai bin dng t hai pha A v C th dng chy qua rle th 3 l:
I
b
= (I
a
+ I
c
) = I
R
Do s hai bin dng ba rle c nhy bng nhy ca s ba pha (hnh 7-40)
EXIT
Rle dng khi ng mc vo hiu s dng
hai pha, phn ng vi tt c cc dng ngn
mch gia cc pha.
I
R
= I
c
I
a
Hnh 7.41. S bo v 2 pha 1 rle
u im ca s mt rle:
s thit b v dy ni l t nht.
Nhc im:
- nhy km hn s hai bin dng hai rle khi ngn mch gia pha c t my bin dng
v pha khng t my bin dng. Nhc im ny c ngha khi dng ngn mch ln hn dng
ph ti khng nhiu lm.
- Khng bo v c khi ngn mch hai pha sau my bin p ni /A hoc A/ hoc ngn mch
mt pha sau my bin p ni 0/0.
- Khi rle v dy ni khng hon ho, bo v khng lm vic
Vy, s mt rle ch c s dng trong li phn phi c trung tnh cch in vi t
(610) kV v bo v ng c in.
S mt rle
EXIT
Trong s s dng rle dng c c tnh ph thuc loi PT -80.
S cng c u v nhc im ca s bo v c c tnh ph thuc v cng c u v
nhc im ca s bo v hai pha c c tnh c lp.

b) S bo v t trn hai pha, c c tnh tc ng ph thuc
Hnh 7.42. S nguyn l bo v 2 pha c c tnh thi gian tc ng c lp
EXIT
Trong li c trung tnh cch in c th chm t ng thi ti hai im khc nhau v hai pha
khc nhau. Trng hp ny mong mun rng ch ct mt trong hai ng dy D1 hoc D2.
iu ny s gy thit hi t nht cho h tiu th. Chm t mt pha cn li s c ct bng tay
sau khi chuyn s cung cp cho cc h tiu th sang ngun cung cp khc.
Vic loi tr chm t kp mt cch chn lc bng bo v rle l mt vn phc tp.
Bo v dng cc i c th gii quyt c vn ny mc d khng hon ton, v d nh s
dng s bo v dng cc i hai pha vi iu kin cc my bin dng trong li cng mt cp
in p c t trn cc pha cng tn.
Khi t my bin dng cc ng dy khc nhau trn cc pha khc tn, bo v c th tc ng
sai nu chm t xut hin cc pha m trn khng t my bin dng (hnh 7-43), v d pha
B v C. Trong trng hp ny bo v hai ng dy s c khng tc ng v bo v t
ngun cung cp s tc ng khng chn lc. Nu my bin dng ch t trn hai pha A v C th
kh nng ct khng chn lc s c loi tr, tr hai trng hp sau (hnh 7-44a v 7-44b).
EXIT
Khi chm t ti hai im N1 v N2 (hnh 7-44a), bo v 2 khng tc ng, bo v 1 tc ng c
ngha l bo v hai pha tc ng khng chn lc. Trong trng hp ny bo v ba pha s bo
m iu kin tc ng chn lc ch ct ng dy D2.
Hnh 7.43. Trng hp chm t kp trong
li c trung tnh khng ni t
Hnh 7.44a. S biu din
tnh trng chm t kp
EXIT
Nu bo v 1 v 2 c thi gian duy tr ging nhau, khi chm t xut hin trn hai pha A v C ti
hai im N1 v N2 (hnh 7-44b) trn pha c t my bin dng th c hai bo v 1 v 2 u tc
ng c ngha l khng chn lc. Bo v 3 pha trong iu kin ny cng tc ng khng chn lc.
Tuy nhin bo v hai pha c u im ni bt hn s ba pha, nu chm t xy ra trn pha c
t my bin dng N2 v trn pha khng t my bin dng N1 (hnh 7-44c). Bo v hai pha trong
trng hp ny ch ct mt ng dy s c cn ng dy khc c chm t mt pha vn c
gi li tip tc lm vic. Bo v ba pha trong trng hp ny tc ng khng chn lc, ct c hai
ng dy vi tt c cc dng chm t kp khc nhau.
Hnh 7.44. S biu din chm t kp.
Cc trng hp bo v tc ng khng chn lc
EXIT
Dng khi ng ca bo v dng cc i c chn phi tho mn cc yu cu: bo v phi
lm vic tin cy khi xy ra s c nhng khng tc ng khi xut hin dng ph ti cc i v
khi xut hin dng nh nhn, khi khi ng ng c, khi ng c t phc hi tc sau khi s
c gii tr hoc khi ph ti dao ng
Cc iu kin chn dng khi ng:
- Dng khi ng ca bo v phi ln hn dng ph ti cc i I
lv max

(dng lm vic ln nht):
I
kdbv
> I
lv max
(7.3)
- Rle dng ca bo v khi ng khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, tr v mt cch tin cy
khi ngn mch c loi tr bng bo v pha sau n.
EXIT
V d, khi ngn mch ti N2 (hnh 7.45), rle dng ca bo v 1 v 2 u khi ng. Sau khi
ngn mch c loi tr bng bo v 2 th rle dng ca bo v 1 cn phi tr v. Mun vy
dng tr v ca rle dng trong bo v 1 phi ln hn dng ph ti ca ng dy chy qua
bo v sau khi ct dng ngn mch.
Sau khi ct dng ngn mch, in p phc hi, cc ng c b hm li trong qu trnh ngn
mch t tng tc ln tc ban u. Dng in chy trn ng dy vn ln hn dng lm vic
n nh v s gim dn v gi tr n nh.
Trng hp xu nht dng lm vic n nh l dng ph ti cc i Ilv max ca c hai ng
dy hoc nh nhng hn ch l I I
lv max
ca ring an ng dy 1. Trong iu kin ny
m bo cho rle dng ca bo v 1 tr v mt cch tin cy th:
Hnh 7.45. Phi hp cc bo v dng cc i
I
tv
> k
k
. I
lv max
(7.4)
Trong : k
k
l h s khi ng tnh ti s tng dng in do cc ng c t khi ng. Thng ly
k
k
= (1,52).
EXIT
Dng tr v ca rle cn c th xc nh theo biu thc sau:
I
tv
= k
dt
. k
k
. I
lv max
(7.5)
Ta bit rng:
Trong : k
dt
l h s d tr tnh ti sai s dng tr v ca rle v pha cao hn ly bng (1,11,2).
bv . kd
tv
tv
I
I
k =
Trong : k
tv
l h s tr v ca rle dng.
Vy:
max lv
tv
kd dt
tv
tv
bv . kd
I .
k
k . k
k
I
I = = (7.6)
Nu iu kin (7.4) c tho mn th iu kin
(7.3) cng c tho mn v dng khi ng ca
bo v bao gi cng ln hn dng tr v ca n.
Dng khi ng ca rle dng:
BI
bv . kd
sd R . kd
n
I
. k I =
Trong : k
sd
l h s s ; n
BI
l t s bin i ca
my bin dng.
- vi s sao v sao thiu k
sd
= 1
- vi s hiu s k
sd
=
3
Hnh 7.46. S biu din dng ngn mch
EXIT
1. Phn cp thi gian tc ng
bo m tnh tc ng chn lc th thi gian duy tr ca bo v cp trn phi ln hn thi
gian duy tr ca bo v cp di mt cp. S khc nhau v thi gian tc ng ca hai bo v ln
cn nhau gi l 1 phn cp thi gian tc ng hay cn gi l cp chn lc.
At = t
1
- t
2
Cp thi gian At c chn sao cho khi xy ra ngn mch trn on ng dy no th bo
v on trc khng kp tc ng. V d, khi ngn mch ti N2 trn ng dy D2 (hnh
7-47), bo v ca ng dy D2 s tc ng v thi gian tn ti ngn mch:
t
NM
= t
2
+ t
SS2
+ t
MC2
Trong :
- t
2
l thi gian duy tr ca bo v 2 (bao gm thi gian tc ng ca rle dng, rle thi gian, rle trung gian
ca bo v 2).
- t
SS2
l thi gian sai s v pha chm hn ca rle thi gian ca bo v 2.
- t
MC2
l thi gian ct ca my ct 2 (l thi gian k t khi cun ct c in n thi im dng ngn mch
c ct hon ton bng tip im ca my ct 2).
EXIT
Trong : t
dt
l thi gian d tr, thng ly bng 0,1 s.
bo v 1 khng kp tc ng khi ngn mch trn ng dy D2 th thi gian duy tr ca bo
v 1 phi ln hn thi gian tn ti ngn mch khi ngn mch trn ng dy D2:
t
1
> t
NM
= t
2
+ t
SS2
+ t
MC2
C th do sai s ca rle thi gian ca bo v 1 m thi gian duy tr ca bo v 1 c th gim i
mt lng tSS1 l thi gian sai s v pha nhanh hn ca rle thi gian ca bo v 1.
V vy chn:
t
1
= t
2
+ t
SS2
+ t
MC2
+ t
SS1
+ t
dt
At = t
1
- t
2
= t
SS2
+ t
MC2
+ t
SS1
+ t
dt
(7.7)
Biu thc (7.7) dng tnh phn cp thi gian tc ng ca bo v c c tnh c lp
Hnh 7.47. Phi hp thi gian tc ng
ca bo v dng cc i
EXIT
i vi bo v c c tnh ph thuc s dng rle dng cm ng th n c th tip tc lm vic
theo qun tnh sau khi ct ngn mch, v vy phn cp thi gian bo v ny cn phi tng thm
mt lng bng sai s thi gian do qun tnh t
qt
:
At = t
SS2
+ t
MC2
+ t
SS1
+ t
dt
+ t
qt

- i vi bo v c c tnh c lp At nm trong gii hn (0,350,6) s.
- i vi bo v c c tnh ph thuc hoc ph thuc hn ch At = (0,61,0) s.
Theo kinh nghim vn hnh th:
V d: vi bo v dng cc i s dng rle thi gian 3B-122 c sai s v thi gian tc ng t
SS

= 0,12 s, my ct MKH - 110 c thi gian ct t
MC
= 0,15s, t
dt
= 0, 1s th:
At = 0,12 + 0,15 + 0,12 + 0,1 = 0,49 s ~ 0,5 s
At = (0,350,4) s
Nu coi bo v tc ng nhanh c sai s v thi gian tc ng bng khng (t
SS2
=0) th:
EXIT
Thi gian duy tr ca bo v c c tnh tc ng c lp c xc nh xut pht t phn cp
thi gian cho theo biu thc:
t
1
= t
2
+ At (7.8)
Thi gian duy tr ca bo v c c tnh tc ng ph thuc hoc ph thuc hn ch cng phi
tho mn iu kin (7.8), nhng thi gian tc ng ca bo v ny ph thuc vo dng in
chy qua n, cn phi bit gii hn dng m iu kin ny (7.8) cn phi thc hin. Gi thit
rng ng dy D2 (hnh 7.47) c trang b bo v c c tnh ph thuc hn ch. Yu cu
chn c tnh ca bo v 1 tho mn iu kin tc ng chn lc.
Bo v 1 cn phi c thi gian duy tr ln hn thi gian duy tr ca bo v 2 mt cp At khi
ngn mch trong vng ko theo s khi ng ca c hai bo v c ngha l ngn mch trn
ng dy 2. Khi ngn mch trn ng dy D1 th thi gian duy tr ca bo v 1 khng cn
phi ln hn thi gian duy tr ca bo v 2. Nu ngn mch ti im N2 (u vng bo v ca
bo v 2)

2. Chn thi gian tc ng ca bo v
EXIT
Dng chy qua hai bo v 1 v 2 l I
N2
th vi tt c cc im ngn mch sau N
2
c ngha l trong
vng bo v ca bo v 2 th dng ngn mch s nh hn. iu kin tc ng chn lc phi c
thc hin vi tt c cc dng ngn mch nh hn hoc bng dng ngn mch cc i ti N
2
:
I
N2.max
. Trng hp ngn mch trn ng dy D1, thi gian tc ng ca bo v 1 khng cn
phi phi hp vi bo v 2, thi gian tc ng cng nh cng c li. V khi ngn mch trn ng
dy D1 dng ngn mch chy qua bo v 1 s ln hn I
N2.max
.
Cc bc tin hnh:
- Xy dng cc c tnh t = f(I) ca bo v 2 v bo v 1 cn phi hp vi nhau.
- Xc nh dng ngn mch cc i I
N2.max
chy qua bo v 1 v 2 khi ngn mch u vng bo v
ca bo v 2.
- Cn c vo c tnh ca bo v 2 xc nh thi gian tc ng ca bo v 2 ng vi I
N2.max
l t
2
.
- Theo iu kin tc ng chn lc, thi gian tc ng ca bo v 1 ng vi I
N2.max
cn phi ln
hn thi gian t
2
ca bo v 2, mt cp thi gian tc ng At:
t t t
2 1
A + >
(7.9)
EXIT
iu kin (7.9) phi tho mn vi tt c cc dng ngn mch nh hn I
N2.max
. c tnh ca bo v 1
tho mn iu kin (7.9) c thc hin trong thit k bng cch chn rle, c thc hin trong
vn hnh bng cch iu chnh tr s t thi gian ca rle.
- c tnh ca bo v 1 c chn, c xy dng chung cng mt h trc vi c tnh ca bo
v 2 d dng kim tra iu kin tc ng chn lc.
t t t
2 1
A + >
Ch :
thun tin, khi xy dng chung mt h
trc, c tnh ca mt s bo v c
qui i v dng pha s cp, nhng
khi ny phi ch ti s ni mch
dng ca bo v c ngha l phi k
n ks.

Nu cc bo v cn phi hp c tnh t
cc pha khc nhau ca my bin
p th c tnh ca n cn phi c
qui i v dng ca cng mt cp
in p.
Hnh 7.48. Phi hp thi gian tc ng ca bo v
dng cc i s dng r le dng c c tnh
tc ng chn lc
EXIT
7.2.7. nhy ca bo v dng cc i
5 , 1
I
I
k
bv . kd
min . N
nh
> =
nhy ca bo v c c trng bi h s nhy:
(7-10)
Trong : I
N.min
l dng ngn mch nh nht cui vng bo v.
Vng bo v ca bo v dng cc i bao gm ng dy c bo v v phn ng dy tip
theo hay my bin p.
nhy ca bo v dng cc i bo v cho ng dy phi ln hn hoc bng 1,5. V dng
thc t chy trong rle khi ngn mch c th nh hn tr s tnh ton I
N.min
do tnh dng ngn
mch khng chnh xc, nh hng ca in tr ti v tr s c v sai s ca my bin dng lm
gim dng th cp.
Nu nhy ca bo v cc i khng m bo c th khc phc:
- Thay bng bo v qu dng in cc i c kho in p cc tiu
- B sung thm bo v th t khng.
Hnh 7.49. Vng bo v ca
bo v dng cc i
EXIT
Hnh 7.50. Bo v dng cc i c kho in p cc tiu
1. Nguyn l hot ng
tng nhy ca bo v dng
cc i khi ngn mch v loi tr
s tc ng nhm ln khi qu ti,
c th s dng kho in p cc
tiu.
S bo v (hnh 7-50) ta thy
rng bo v ch c th tc ng
n ct my ct khi rle in p
cc tiu U1 tc ng. Tr s t
ca rle in p U1 c chn
sao cho ng vi mc in p lm
vic nh nht n khng tc ng,
loi tr kh nng tc ng n
my ct ca bo v nu rle dng
tc ng do ng dy lm vic
qu ti.
EXIT
Khi ngn mch in p gim xung rle in p cc tiu U
1
tc ng, cho php bo v tc ng
n ct my ct.
Trong trng hp mch cung cp cho rle in p b t, rle in p cc tiu U
1
tc ng, tip
im thng m ca n ng li v bo v b mt kho in p cc tiu. V vy kim tra tnh
trng ca kho in p cc tiu, trong s cn c tn hiu bo trng thi ca tip im ca
rle in p cc tiu.
bo m s lm vic tin cy ca kho khi ngn mch hai pha ngi ta t ba rle in p
cc tiu R
U1
mc vo in p dy . Nhng do mc vo in p dy rle in p R
U1
phn ng
rt km vi ngn mch mt pha. V vy trong li c trung tnh trc tip ni t t thm rle
in p cc i R
U0
phn ng vi in p th t khng, xut hin khi ngn mch chm t.
Trong li c trung tnh cch in, phn dng ca bo v thc hin hai pha, phn p thc hin
ba pha m bo s lm vic tin cy khi ngn mch hai pha. Rle in p R
U0
khng cn t
v bo v ch cn tc ng khi ngn mch gia cc pha.
EXIT
2. Dng khi ng ca rle dng
Dng khi ng ca rle dng c chnh nh theo dng ph ti lu di ln nht. Dng ny
trong thc t c th nh hn 1,5 n 2 ln dng ph ti cc i:
max lv
tv
dt
kdbv
I .
k
k
I =
(7.11)
V vy nhy ca bo v c tng ln.
3. in p khi ng ca rle in p cc tiu R
U1
in p khi ng ca rle in p R
U1
c chn sao cho:
- Khng tc ng ng vi mc in p lm vic nh nht cho php.
- Tc ng khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v v phi tr v khi s c c gii tr.
Nu bo m c iu kin 2 th iu kin 1 s tho mn. V vy U
kd
c chn theo iu kin
tr v ca rle. bo m iu kin ny th in p tr v ca rle U
tv
phi nh hn in p
lm vic nh nht U
lv min
:
BU
min lv
tv
n
U
U >
dt BU
min lv
tv
k . n
U
U =
Trong : n
BU
l h s bin p ca my bin in p o lng, Vi: k
dt
l h s d tr ly bng (1,11,2).
EXIT
T biu thc:
ta suy ra:
kd
tv
tv
U
U
k =
dt tv BU
min lv
tv
tv
kd
k . k .
U
k
U
U
q
= =
Vi: k
dt
= 1,2; k
tv
= 1,15: Ta c:
dt tv BU
min lv
kd
k . k .
U . 72 , 0
U
q
=
Trong : k
tv
l h s tr v ca rle in p cc tiu.
EXIT
4. nhy ca bo v
nhy ca rle in p c kim tra theo in p tn d ln nht khi ngn mch cui vng
bo v (U
N.max
).
5 , 1
U
U
k
min . N
kd
nh
> =
(7.12)
Thc t thy rng ng dy di cung cp t ngun cng sut ln hoc trn ng dy c
khng in, nhy ca rle in p thng khng (v vi ng dy ny in p tn d khi
ngn mch cui vng bo v ln). V vy bo v c kho in p ch s dng cho ng dy
ngn v trung bnh.
Rle in p cc i th t khng R
U0
tc ng khi xut hin ngn mch 1 pha v ngn mch hai
pha chm t.
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng in p th t khng U
0
= 0, nhng do sai s ca b lc cung
cp cho rle m trn u cc ca n xut hin in p gi l in p khng cn bng U
kcb
.
rle RU
0
khng tc ng khi c in p khng cn bng, ta chn: U
kd.0
> U
kcb
.
Xut pht t iu kin ny U
kd.0
ca rle RU
0
(1520)% U
max
trn u cc ca b lc khi ngn
mch mt pha. Khi ngn mch mt pha in p cc i trn u cc cun dy tam gic h ca
my bin p o lng l 100V. Do :
U
kd.0
= (1520)%.U
0max
= (1520)%.100 = (1520) V.
EXIT
5. u nhc im
Bo v dng cc i c kho in p cc tiu khng tc ng khi qu ti khng ko theo s
st p ln v c nhy cao hn bo v dng cc i n gin.
Nhng c nhc im tn nhiu dy ni v rle, phi c my bin p o lng.
Bo v ny c s dng cho ng dy hay c qu ti, hoc l khi ngn mch xa th bo
v dng cc i n gin li khng bo m nhy v tc ng chn lc.
7.3.1. Nguyn l tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh

7.3.2. S ca bo v ct nhanh

7.3.3. Thng s ca bo v ct nhanh tc thi bo v trn ng dy
c ngun
7.3.4. Thng s ca bo v ct nhanh c duy tr thi gian bo v trn
ng dy c ngun cung cp t mt pha
7.3.5. nh gi bo v ct nhanh

7.3.6. Phi hp bo v ct nhanh v bo v dng cc i thnh bo v
qu dng in ba cp

EXIT
7.3. BV QU D CT NHANH CHO NG DY HTCC 2
EXIT
Bo v dng cc i c u
im l n gin, tin cy, gi thnh
r nhng c nhc im l thi
gian duy tr ln. c bit l ngn
mch gn ngun cung cp, dng
ngn mch l ln nht, nhng thi
gian tc ng li di nht. khc
phc nhc im ny ngi ta s
dng bo v ct nhanh.
Bo v ct nhanh l mt dng ca bo v qu dng in
cho php ct nhanh dng ngn mch.
Bo v dng in ct nhanh chia ra:
- Bo v ct nhanh khng thi gian.
- Bo v ct nhanh c duy tr thi gian.
Tc ng chn lc ca bo v ct nhanh khng thi gian c thc hin bng cch hn ch
bt di lm vic ca n, sao cho bo v ct nhanh khng tc ng khi ngn mch ng
dy ln cn, m bo v ca ng dy c thi gian duy tr bng hoc ln hn thi gian tc
ng ca bo v ct nhanh.
Mun vy phi chn dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh ln hn dng ngn mch cc i
cui ng dy m n bo v.
Phng php hn ch vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh da trn c s l tr s dng ngn
mch ph thuc vo tng tr trc im ngn mch.
EXIT
Dng ngn mch ti bt k im no trn on ng dy kho st c tnh nh sau:
K 0 ht
ht
k . dd ht
ht
NM
. X X
E
X X
E
I
+
=
+
=
(7-14)
Trong :
- E
ht
l sc in ng ca h thng quy i v in p tnh ngn mch.
- X
ht
, X
D
.
K
l in khng ca h thng v ng dy trc im ngn mch v pha c ngun.
- X
0
l in khng ca 1 km chiu di z, O/km.
- l chiu di z t ngun ti im ngn mch
Nu theo iu kin tc ng chn lc th
bo v ct nhanh khng tc ng khi ngn
mch ti im M (hnh 7.60), mun vy
chn:
Hnh 7.60. Vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh
I
kd
> I
N.max (M)

Trong :
- I
kd
l dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh.
- I
N.max (M)
l dng ngn mch cc i vi im
ngn mch cui ng dy c bo v.
Nh vy bo v ct nhanh ch tc ng khi ngn mch trong vng AN, khng tc ng khi c
ngn mch trong on NM. Vng NM gi l vng cht ca bo v, n c bo v bng bo v
d tr khc nh bo v dng cc i.
EXIT
7.3.2. S ca bo v ct nhanh
1. Bo v ct nhanh tc thi
Trong li c trung tnh trc tip ni t bo v c thc hin theo s ba pha, cn trong
li c trung tnh cch in hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang bo v c thc hin theo s
hai pha.
S bo v ct nhanh tc ng tc thi khc vi s bo v dng cc i nghin cu l
khng c rle thi gian.
2. Bo v ct nhanh c duy tr thi gian
S bo v ct nhanh c
duy tr thi gian hon ton
ging vi s bo v dng
cc i c c tnh c lp.
Di y nghin cu cc
phng php chn tr s t
ca cc dng bo v ct
nhanh khc nhau.
Hnh 7.61. S nguyn l ca bo v ct nhanh
EXIT
7.3.3. Thng s ca bv ct nhanh tc thi trn ng dy c ngun
1. Dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh
Theo iu kin tc ng chn lc, dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh khng thi gian phi
ln hn dng ngn mch cc i cui ng dy c bo v (im M). Mun vy ta chn:
I
k
= k
dt
.I
N. max (M)
(7-15)
Trong :
- I
N. max (M)
l dng ngn mch ln nht cui ng dy c bo v.
- k
dt
l h s d tr k ti sai s trong vic tnh I
N. max (M)
v sai s v dng khi ng ca rle
v c chn sao cho bo v ct nhanh khng tc ng khi c ngn mch ti M.
V thi gian tc ng ring ca bo v ct nhanh bng khong (0,020,01)s nn dng I
N. max (M)

c tnh ti thi im ban u (t = 0) ly bng dng siu qa ban u I
N. max (M)
Trong s bo v ct nhanh nu rle dng tc ng trc tip n my ct khng qua rle
trung gian, thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh c th t ti 0,02s, th khi phi tnh ti
thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn mch bng cch nhn I
N. max (M)
vi h s k
a
=
(1,61,8).
i vi bo v ct nhanh s dng rle in t PT ta ly k
dt
= (1,21,3). i vi bo v ct
nhanh s dng rle PT -80 (rle dng cm ng), loi Rle loi ny c sai s ln v dng khi
ng (2025)% th k
dt
c ly cao hn l: k
dt
= 1,5.
EXIT
Vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh trong hai trng hp c xc nh trn th. Thng
ngi ta xy dng ng cong dng ngn mch ph thuc vo khong cch t u ng
dy n im ngn mch ch vn hnh cc i v cc tiu ca h thng in (ng
cong 1 v 2 hnh 7.62), im ct gia chng v ng thng Ik l im cui ca vng ct
nhanh trong ch cc i v cc tiu (AN1 v AN2).
Vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh c
xc nh theo cng thc:
2. Vng tc ng ca bo v
Hnh 7.62. Vng bo v ca bo v ct nhanh
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
ht
kd
ht
dd
CN
X
I
E
.
X
100
% X (7.16)
Trong :
- X
CN
% l vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh
tnh theo phn trm v khng c nh hn
20% ng dy c bo v.
- I
k
l dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh.
- X
ht
l in khng ca h thng.
- X
D
l in khng ca ng dy c bo v.
- E
ht
l sc in ng ca h thng quy i v
cp in p ca ng dy.
EXIT
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh bao gm: Thi gian khi ng ca rle dng v rle
trung gian.
Vi rle trung gian tc ng nhanh, thi gian tc ng ring khong 0,02 s th bo v ct nhanh
tc ng trong khong (0,040,06) s.
Rle trung gian tc ng lm gim nh iu kin lm vic ca rle dng v cho php khng tnh
ti thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn mch.
Nu ng dy c t chng st ng, khi chng st ng tc ng gy ra ngn mch tm thi,
bo v ct nhanh khng tc ng th thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh phi tng ln
(0,040,06) s. thc hin iu kin ny chn rle trung gian c thi gian tc ng
(0,060,08)s.
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh trn c tnh vi thi gian tc ng nhanh nht
ca rle dng v rle trung gian. Thi gian tc ng ca rle dng in t PT hoc T c loi
n 0,03 s, cn rle trung gian c loi n 0,06 s.
3. Thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh
EXIT
7.3.4. Thng s ca bo v ct nhanh c duy tr thi gian bo v trn ng dy
c ngun cung cp t mt pha
1. Dng khi ng ca bo v
Vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh 1 v bo v ct nhanh 2 c phi hp sao cho vng tc
ng ca bo v ct nhanh 1 trm mt phn ln vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh 2. Trong
li c ngun cung cp mt pha dng ngn mch chy qua bo v 1 v bo v 2 khi ngn mch
trn ng dy 2 l nh nhau. V vy
phi hp vng tc ng ca bo v
2 ngi ta chn theo 2 iu kin sau:
II
2 kd dt
II
1 kd
II
2 kd
II
1 kd
I . k I I I = >
I
2 kd dt
II
1 kd
I . k I =
v
H s d tr k
dt
ly bng (1,11,2).
Bo v ct nhanh c duy tr thi gian
bao qut ton b ng dy c
bo v v 1 phn ng dy pha
sau. Hnh 7.63. S phi hp bo v ct nhanh
c duy tr thi gian
EXIT
7.3.4. Thng s ca bo v ct nhanh c ...
2. Thi gian tc ng ca bo v
Bo v ct nhanh khng thi gian ch bo v c mt phn ng dy. bo v ton b
ng dy vi thi gian tc ng nh nht, ngi ta s dng bo v ct nhanh c duy tr thi
gian.
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh c duy tr thi gian 1 c chn ln hn thi gian tc
ng ca bo v ct nhanh c duy tr thi gian 2 mt cp At:
t t t
II
2 CN
II
1 CN
A + =
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh c duy tr thi gian 1 c chn ln hn thi gian tc
ng ca bo v ct nhanh tc thi 2 mt cp At:
t t t
I
2 CN
II
1 CN
A + =
Trong :
- l thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh tc thi v c duy tr thi gian t ti bo v 1.
- l thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh tc thi v c duy tr thi gian t ti bo v 2.

V cn ph thuc vo cp chnh xc ca rle thi gian ca bo v ct nhanh 1 nn chn t
CN1
=
(0,30,6) s.
EXIT
7.3.5. nh gi bo v ct nhanh
Bo v ct nhanh khng thi gian l mt bo v n gin nht. Tnh tc ng nhanh ca n
cng vi s n gin l mt u im quan trng nht ca bo v ny.

Nhc im ca bo v ct nhanh tc thi l: Khng bo v ht ton b chiu di ng dy
c bo v v vng tc ng thay i do nh hng ca tng tr ti v tr s c hoc s thay
i ch vn hnh ca h thng.

Bo v ct nhanh c duy tr thi gian bo m ct nhanh ng dy b s c (t ~ 0,5s).
7.3.6. Phi hp bo v ct nhanh v bo v dng cc i thnh bo v qu
dng in ba cp
EXIT
Phi hp bo v dng cc i, bo v ct nhanh khng duy tr thi gian v bo v ct nhanh
c duy tr thi gian ta c bo v qu dng in ba cp. Bo v qu dng in ba cp cho
php ct nhanh ngn mch gn ngun cung cp v bo v d phng cho ng dy pha
sau.
c tnh thi gian tc ng ca bo v ba cp c biu din trn (hnh 7.64).
Trong : Bo v I l bo v ct nhanh khng
thi gian; Bo v II l bo v ct nhanh c duy
tr thi gian; Bo v III l bo v dng cc i.
Hnh 7.64. c tnh thi gian ca bo v
qu dng in ba cp
7.4.1. Dng in v in p khi chm t mt pha

7.4.2. Nhng yu cu c bn i vi bo v chm t

7.4.3. Cc loi bo v chm t

EXIT
7.4. BV CHM T TRONG LI C DNG CHM T NH HTCC 2
EXIT

Li c dng chm t nh l li c trung tnh cch in vi t hoc ni t qua cun dp h
quang (Petecxen). Chm t trong li ny khng gy ra s gim in p gia cc pha v tng
dng in trong li. n gin cho vic kho st s thay i dng v p khi mt pha chm t
ta coi ng dy khng ti.
Hnh 7.65. S biu din dng v p khi chm t 1 pha
trong li c dng chm t nh
EXIT

Trong ch bnh thng in p ca dy dn pha A, B, C so vi t bng in p pha: , ,
Khi khng ti c gi tr bng sc in ng pha , , . Cc vc t in p to thnh h thng
hnh sao i xng, tng hnh hc ca chng bng khng, do in p trung tnh bng khng:
Utt = 0. Gi in dung gia dy dn pha A, B, C vi t l CA, CB, CC. Dng in dung c
xc nh theo cng thc:
A
U
B
U
C
U
A
E
B
E
C
E
C
A
) C ( A
JX
U
I
C
B
) C ( B
JX
U
I
C
C
) C ( C
JX
U
I
Tng dng in dung d bng khng do : I

0
= 0
1. in p cc pha khi chm t
Khi chm t kim loi ca 1 pha no , gi s pha A. in p ca pha ny so vi t gim
xung bng khng: U
A
= 0. V ni t, im N mang in th bng khng (in th ca t).
in p im trung tnh so vi t bng in p gia im N v O bng v tr s nhng ngc
du vi sc in ng pha chm t.
A 0 N tt
E U U

= =
(7-18)
EXIT

in p gia cc pha khng s c pha B v C so vi t bng in p gia dy dn pha B v C
so vi im N v bng in p dy:
BA B
U ' U

=
CA C
U ' U

=
Biu din v qua :
B
' U
C
' U
tt
U
B tt B
E U ' U

+ =
C tt C
E U ' U

+ =
Hnh 7.66. Gin vc t biu din
dng v p khi chm t trong li c
dng chm t nh
EXIT

2. Dng in qua im chm t 1 pha
V:
Nn:
0 U
A
=
0 I
) C ( A
=
C
BA
C
B
) C ( B
jX
U
jX
' U
' I
C
CA
C
C
) C ( C
jX
U
jX
' U
' I
Dng in chm t ti v tr chm t bng tng hnh hc dng in trong pha B v C nhng c
chiu ngc li:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + =
C
CA
C
BA
) C ( C ) C ( B cd
X
U
X
U
j ) ' I ' I ( I

C
f
C
A
C
A
cd
X
U . 3
j
X
E . 3
j
X
E . 3
j I

= =
=
Nh vy dng in chm t bng ba ln dng in dung trong ch bnh thng v chm sau
U
tt
mt gc 90
0
.
Ta c th vit:
L . C . . U 3 C . U 3 I
0 f f cd
e = e =
Trong :
- L l chiu di ng dy, km.
- Co l in dung dy dn t ca 1 km ng dy.
EXIT

Do s mt i xng ca dng in in dung v in p pha khi c chm t, xut hin thnh
phn th t khng:
3. Dng in TT0 v in p TT0 khi chm t 1 pha
Dng I
0
trong cc cun dy my pht bng khng v trung tnh ca my pht khng ni t v
tng dng in chy trong cc pha bng khng.
) U U U (
3
1
U C
,
B
,
A
,
0

+ + =
) U U (
3
1
CA A B

+ =
tt A A
U E E
3
1
. 3

= = =
Vy in p th t khng bng in p trung tnh ca li. B qua tng tr dy dn v n rt nh
so vi XC, ti tt c cc im ca li ta u c:
C
f
C
A
C
0
0
X
U
j
X
E
j
X
U
j I

= = =
T y suy ra:
0 cd
I . 3 I

=
Dng v dng chm t trng pha nhau.
0
I

EXIT

a) Chm t qua tng tr qu
Hnh 7.67. S biu din dng v p khi
chm t qua in tr qu
b) Chm t trong li c b
Hnh 7.68. S biu din dng v p th t
khng khi chm t trong li c trung tnh ni
t qua cun dp h quang
EXIT
Chm t khng gy ra dng siu qu v khng lm lch mo tr s in p gia cc pha,
chng khng gy nh hng ti s cung cp in cho cc h tiu th v khng ko theo s qu
ti cho thit b. V vy khc vi ngn mch, chm t khng cn loi tr nhanh.
Ct chm t l cn thit, do hiu ng nhit ca dng chm t ti v tr s c c th ph hu
cch in gia cc pha v chuyn t ngn mch mt pha sang ngn mch gia cc pha. Ngoi
ra qu in p do chm t c th gy ra chc thng hoc phng in b mt s ca cc pha
khng s c, gy ra chm t ng thi ti nhiu im khc nhau trong li.
Theo kinh nghim, chm t trong li c b hoc trong li c dng chm t nh (2030) A
li (610) kV c th tn ti trong thi gian khong 2 gi m khng lm tng s c v khng ph
hu s lm vic bnh thng ca cc h tiu th.
Yu cu i vi bo v chm t trong li c dng chm t nh khc vi nhng yu cu i vi
bo v ngn mch.
V vy bo v chm t trong li c dng chm t nh ch cn tc ng bo tn hiu.
EXIT
Bo v chm t phi chn lc v c nhy cao. Cn nhy cao v dng s c gy ra phn
ng ca bo v rt nh (510) A. Mt khc yu cu bo v chm t phn ng khng ch vi
s c n nh m cn phn ng vi s c khng n nh.
i vi bo v chm t trong li cung cp cho khai thc than bn v thit b di ng c yu
cu c bit. y s c nguy him nht l chuyn t chm t mt pha sang chm t ng
thi nhiu pha.
Khi chm t ti hai im khc nhau ti hai pha khc nhau, in p bc v in p tip xc
t n gi tr nguy him i vi con ngi v thit b. V vy bo m an ton cho cng
nhn khai thc than bn, bo v chm t cn phi ct on mch b s c. Nhng bo v ny
c nhy c bit cao v dng in in dung trong li cung cp cho khai thc than bn
thng c gi tr nh (0,51)A.
EXIT
1. Bo v chm t khng chn lc
Bo v chm t n gin l bo v chm t khng chn lc, tn hiu ho v s xut hin
chm t ni chung v thng khng ch ra c chm t on no. Bo v loi ny bao
gm ba rle in p cc tiu mc vo in p pha hoc mt rle in p cc i mc vo in
p th t khng ca MBA o lng YoYoA.
Khi xut hin chm t, bo v cho tn
hiu, sau nhn vin trc nht ct ln
lt tng phn on xc nh phn
t b s c. Nhng phng php ny
lm gin on s cung cp in cho h
tiu th, yu cu nhiu thi gian v c
bit kh khn khi trm khng c nhn
vin trc thng xuyn.
Hnh 7.69. S bo v chm t khng chn lc
EXIT
2. Bo v chm t c chn lc
a) Dng b lc th t khng
Hnh 7.70. S bo v chm t
dng b lc th t khng
S ny c nhc im:
EXIT
b) Dng my bin dng th t khng
S ny c nhc im:
Hnh 7.71. S bo v chm t dng
my bin dng th t khng
Hnh 7.72. S cn bng dng qua v cp
EXIT
c) Dng khi ng ca bo v chm t
m bo iu kin tc ng chn lc th dng khi ng ca bo v c chnh nh theo
dng in in dung chy qua bo v khi chm t trn cc ng dy khc. Nu in dung
pha - t ca ng dy c bo v l C
dd
. Th dng in in dung chy qua bo v khi
chm t cc ng dy khc l:
dd f dd 0 bv
C . . U . 3 I . 3 I e = =
dd f nv dt kdbv
C . . U 3 . k . k I e =
- k
dt
l h s d tr, ly bng 1,2.
- k
nv
l h s nhy vt tnh ti s nhy vt ca dng in in dung khi h quang chp chn bng
(45). Nu bo v tc ng c thi gian th ly k
nv
= (23).
nhy ca bo v:
5 , 1
I
I
k
kdR
R
nh
> =
- I
kdR
l dng khi ng ca rle.
- I
R
l dng chy qua rle khi chm t trn ng dy c bo v 3. c tnh theo cng thc:
BI
kdbv
kdR
BI
3 f
R
I
I .
)
C
C .( . U 3
I
q
=
q
e
=
- C l in dung pha - t ca ton b cc ng dy.
- C1 l in dung pha - t ca ng dy 3 c chm t.
EXIT
c) Dng khi ng ca bo v chm t
Nu li c trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang:
BI
3
L
f
R
)
C
C (
X
1
. U 3
I
q
(
e e
=
Trong li c b, dng in in dung
chy qua bo v khi chm t cc
ng dy khc c tr s c th so
snh c vi dng s c. V th
trong li ny bo v dng chm t
t c s dng.
Trong li c b dng 3I0(L) ch khp
mch qua bo v ca ng dy b
s c chm t (hnh 7-73).
Hnh 7.73. S biu din dng in in dung
trong li c trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang
My bin p l mt phn t rt quan trng trong li in, nu my bin p b s c s
lm ngng cung cp in ton b hay mt phn h tiu th, nh hng ti sn xut, c
th gy nguy him cho thit b v con ngi. Mt khc gi thnh ca my bin p so
vi cc thit b khc trong h thng cung cp in cao hn rt nhiu, chi ph bo v
sa cha cng ln, thi gian sa cha lu. Do my bin p phi c bo v mt
cch chc chn.
7.5.1. Cc dng s c v cc loi bo v
7.5.2. Cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng & cc loi bo v
7.5.3. Bo v qu dng in cho my bin p
EXIT
Cc my bin p
7.5. BO V MY BIN P IN LC HTCC 2
1. Cc dng s c

- Ngn mch gia cc pha bn trong thng du my bin p v trn u ra cc cun dy.

- Ngn mch gia cc vng dy trong mt pha.

- Chm t cun dy hoc u ra cun dy.

- Du trong my bin dng b cn, du b phn hu.

- V s u vo v u ra my bin p.

EXIT
Kinh nghim vn hnh cho thy cc dng ngn mch u ra v ngn mch gia cc vng dy
trong cng mt cun dy pha l xut hin kh nhiu.
S c gia cc pha bn trong thng du xy ra t, v khong cch gia cc pha ln.
EXIT
Hnh 7.74. S c ngn mch
gia cc vng dy
Khi ngn mch gia cc vng dy cng pha, dng
chy t ngun cung cp ti v tr s c khng ln
lm. V d khi ngn mch W
o
vng dy (hnh 7.74).
Dng ngn mch bng I
No
, th dng s c chy t
ngun ti c th tm c bng phng trnh cn
bng sc t ng:
I
NW1
= I
No
. W
o
Suy ra:

V t s do : I
N
<< I
No

o
o
=
N
1
N
I .
W
W
I
1
W
W
1
<<
o
S vng dy b ngn mch cng nh th dng IN cng nh. V vy bo v my bin p dng
tc ng khi ngn mch gia cc vng dy trong mt cun dy phi c nhy c bit cao.
hn ch phm vi ph hu, bo v s c bn trong my bin p cn phi tc ng nhanh. Khi
s c ko theo dng ngn mch ln, cn phi ct vi thi gian nh khong t = (0,050,1)s.
EXIT
2. Cc loi bo v s c bn trong my bin p
Bo v ct nhanh.
Bo v so lch.
Bo v chm v thng my bin p.
Bo v rle hi.
Ngn mch ngoi
Ngn mch ngoi xy ra khi ngn mch trn thanh ci u ra my bin p hoc ngn mch
trn cc l ng dy i ra t thanh ci my bin p m bo v cc l ng dy ny t chi
tc ng.
Dng ngn mch ngoi thng ln hn dng nh mc nhiu ln, lm nhit ca cun dy
my bin p ln hn gi tr cho php, c th dn ti s c my bin p. V vy my bin p
cn phi c bo v ngn mch ngoi. Ngn mch ngoi cn ko theo s gim in p
trong li, do bo v cn phi tc ng vi thi gian nh nht nhng phi bo m tnh
tc ng chn lc
EXIT
7.5.2. Cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng v cc loi bo v
1. Cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng
Cc ch lm vic khng bnh thng hay gp nht l dng in chy trong cun dy
my bin p tng qu gi tr nh mc, xut hin trong nhng trng hp: Ngn mch ngoi v Qu
ti
Qu ti
Qu ti xut hin khi cc ng c t khi ng, tng ph ti do ct bt my bin p lm vic
song song, ng t ng ph ti...
Qu ti thng khng gy st p ln trong li. V vy thi gian tc ng ca bo v qu ti
c xc nh xut pht t bn cch in ca cun dy my bin p.Q
Qu ti thng gp l qu ti ngn hn v t loi tr khng nguy him cho my bin p v
thi gian tn ti ngn. V d, qu ti do ng c t khi ng, ph ti nh nhn, cc my
bin p khi qu ti nh vy khng yu cu bo v tc ng. Qu ti lu di xy ra khi t ng
ng ph ti, do thit b t ng ng ngun d phng tc ng ct mt s my bin p lm
vic song song... cc trng hp qu ti ny c th c loi tr bng tay.
V vy bo v qu ti cho my bin p ch tc ng khi khng th tin hnh ct qu ti bng
tay. Nhng trng hp cn li bo v qu ti ch cn tc ng cho tn hiu. Bo v qu ti
thc hin theo nguyn tc phn ng theo dng in cho tn hiu hoc tc ng n my ct
tu theo tnh cht ca tng trm.
EXIT
2. Cc loi bo v
Bo v ngn mch ngoi, bao gm:
- Bo v dng cc i.
- Bo v dng cc i c kho in p cc tiu.
- Bo v th t nghch, th t khng...
Bo v qu ti: Bo v qu ti thng dng l bo v qu ti theo dng.
EXIT
EXIT
1. Bo v ct nhanh cho my bin p
Bo v ct nhanh l bo v n gin nht bo v cho my bin p vi thi gian tc ng
nh nht, nhng khng phi l bo v hon thin v bo v ch phn ng vi dng s c ln
v vng tc ng ca bo v ch bao qut c mt phn my bin p. Bo v ct nhanh
khng tc ng khi ngn mch mt s vng dy hoc chm t trong cun dy vi dng
chm t nh, nhng l bo v c u im nht bo v ngn mch gia cc pha (hoc
mt pha nu li cung cp cho trung tnh ni t).
Dng ngn mch khi xy ra s c u vo my bin p v pha ngun cung cp, im N1
(hnh 7.75) thng c gi tr ln hn kh nhiu khi xy ra s c sau my bin p, im N2.
c bit s c ngn mch gia cc pha bn trong thng du my bin p l cc k nguy
him, c th gy ra chy, n my bin p. V vy loi tr s c cng nhanh cng tt, hn
ch tc hi ca s c. Do cn phi s dng bo v ct nhanh khng thi gian duy tr cho
my bin p.
Nu li cung cp cho my bin p c trung tnh ni t bo v thc hin trn ba pha, cn
li cung cp c trung tnh khng ni t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang bo v thc
hin trn hai pha.
EXIT
Dng khi ng ca bo v ct nhanh:
bo m iu kin tc ng chn lc
th:
I
kdbv
> I
N2 max
Hay ta tnh: I
kdbv
= k
dt
. I
N2 max
(7.27)
Trong :
- k
dt
= (1,251,5)l h s d tr ph thuc
vo cp chnh xc ca rle dng. i
vi rle PT -80 ta ly k
dt
=1,5.
- I
N2max
l dng ngn mch cc i trn
thanh ci u ra my bin p quy
i v pha s cp.
Hnh 7.75. S nguyn l v vng bo v
ca bo v ct nhanh
1
2
max 2 N max 2 N
U
U
. I ' I =
(7.28)
EXIT
Bo v ct nhanh khng c tc ng khi xut hin dng t ho nhy vt khi ng
my bin p khng ti vo li th phi tho mn iu kin:
I
kdbv
= (35) I
dm.BA
(7.29)
Dng khi ng ca bo v c chn phi tho mn c hai iu kin trn. Khng
tc ng khi xut hin ngn mch trn thanh ci u ra my bin p v khi xut hin
dng t ho nhy vt. Dng khi ng ca bo v c chn bng gi tr ln nht
tnh theo hai biu thc (7.27) v (7.29).
u im ca bo v ct nhanh l s n gin, tc ng nhanh, tng cng ct
s c u vo my bin p.
Nhc im ca bo v ct nhanh l ch bo v c t phn u ca cun dy s
cp my bin p tr v n v tr t my bin dng
EXIT
nhy ca bo v:
nhy ca bo v xc nh theo biu thc sau:

Trong :
- I
N.min
l dng ngn mch nh nht khi xy ra s c ti cui vng bo v quy i v s cp (do
khng xc nh c dng ngn mch ti nhng im vng u cun s cp MBA nn
ly dng ngn mch ti N1).
- I
RI.min
l dng qua rle khi I
N.min
.
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh:
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh bao gm: Thi gian khi ng ca rle dng v rle
trung gian. Vi rle trung gian tc ng nhanh, thi gian tc ng ring khong 0,02s th bo
v ct nhanh tc ng trong khong (0,040,06) s. C rle trung gian s lm gim nh iu
kin lm vic ca rle dng v cho php khng tnh ti thnh phn khng chu k ca dng
ngn mch.
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh trn c tnh vi thi gian tc ng nhanh nht
ca rle dng v rle trung gian. Thi gian tc ng ca rle dng in t PT c loi n 0,03
s, cn rle trung gian c loi n 0,06 s.
2
I
I
I
I
k
RI . kd
min . RI
BV . kd
min . N
nh
> = =
EXIT
2. Bo v dng cc i cho my bin p
S bo v dng cc i cho my bin
p ba pha hai dy qun c ngun cung
cp t mt pha c th hin trn (hnh
7.76). Bo v c t pha ngun
cung cp my bin p nm trong vng
bo v.
m rng vng bo v ca bo v
dng cc i th my bin dng cn t
gn my ct. my bin p hai dy qun
c ngun cung cp mt pha bo v cn
tc ng n my ct MC1. Song tng
tin cy khi ngn mch ngoi th cn
tc ng n c hai my ct MC1 v
MC2 vi mc ch mt my ct c d
phng bng mt my ct khc.

Hnh 7.76. S nguyn l
ca bo v dng cc i
EXIT
S ni my bin dng v rle ca bo v dng cc i cn phi bo m tc ng trong tt
c cc trng hp ngn mch xy ra.
Trong li c trung tnh ni t bo v thc hin ba pha, cn trong li c trung tnh khng
trc tip ni t, bo v c thc hin theo s sao thiu. S sao thiu c nhy km
hn s ba pha khi ngn mch hai pha sau my bin p ni Y /A hoc ngn mch mt pha
sau my bin p ni Y /Y0.
tng nhy ta t thm rle th ba vo dy dn ngc ca cc my bin dng (ni vo
tng dng hai pha). Khi nhy ca s hai bin dng ba rle c nhy bng nhy
ca s ba bin dng ba rle m li c u im hn s ba pha l tit kim c mt bin
dng, tit kim c dy ni, trong trng hp chm t kp th tc ng chn lc hn s
ba pha.
S hiu s khng c dng bo v cho my bin p ni Y /A hoc Y /Y0 v c trng
hp ngn mch bo v khng tc ng.
EXIT
Dng khi ng ca bo v:
Dng khi ng ca bo v c tnh theo iu kin tr v ca rle dng nh i vi tt c
bo v dng cc i:
BI
kdBV
kdRL lvmax
tv
kd dt
kdBV
n
I
I I .
k
k . k
I = =
Trong :
- I
lvmax
: l dng lm vic lu di ln nht c th xut hin trong vn hnh, thng thng c th ly:
I
lvmax
= 1,4 I
dmBA
.
- k
dt
= (1,11,2), : l h s d tr ly bng vi PT -80 ly k
dt
= 1,5.
- k
kd
: l h s khi ng l h s k n s tng dng in do cc ng c t khi ng khi ng
thm hay khi in p phc hi sau khi ct ngn mch.
- k
tv
: l h s tr v ca rle dng:
vi rle PT -40 ta ly k
tv
= (0,70,85)
vi rle PT -80 (rle dng cm ng) ta ly k
tv
= (0,40,5).

EXIT
nhy ca bo v:
Trong :
- I
N.min
: l dng ngn mch nh nht ti cui vng bo v quy i v s cp. i vi my
bin p ni Y /A l dng ngn mch 2 pha sau my bin p, vi my bin p ni Y /Y0 l dng
ngn mch 1 pha sau my bin p, vi dng s c k trn dng chy qua bo v phi l nh
nht.
- I
kd.bv
: l dng khi ng ca bo v.
Trng hp kim tra bo v khng nhy th cch khc phc nh sau:
+ Nu bo v dng s hai bin dng hai rle th chuyn sang dng s hai bin dng ba
rle,
+ p dng bo v dng cc i c kho in p cc tiu.)
3 , 1
I
I
k
kdBV
min N
nh
> =
EXIT
Thi gian duy tr:
c chn theo iu kin tc ng chn lc.
Thi gian duy tr ca bo v cp trn phi ln hn thi gian duy tr ca bo v cp di mt
cp:
t
CD.BA
= t
CD.dd
+ At
- t
CD.BA
: l thi gian duy tr ca bo v dng cc i cho my bin p.
- t
CD.dd
: l thi gian duy tr ca bo v dng cc i cho ng dy i ra t thanh ci th cp
my bin p.
- At: l phn cp thi gian tc ng chn lc.
Vi bo v c c tnh tc ng c lp: At = (0,30,6) s.
Vi bo v c c tnh tc ng ph thuc: At = (0,61) s.
Vi my bin p gim ba pha hai dy qun ni Y /Y0 in p pha th cp 400V, u ra my
bin p t ATM th thi gian duy tr ca bo v dng cc i c chn:
t
CD.BA
= t
ATM
+ At
Trong : t
ATM
l thi gian tc ng ca p t mt.

EXIT
3. Bo v dng cc i c kho in p cc tiu
Khi ngn mch trong vng bo v dng chy qua bo v tng ln, ng thi in p mng
gim xung rle dng RI1 v cc rle in p cc tiu RU u tc ng. Rle thi gian c
in, sau mt khong thi gian duy tr, tip im thng m ng chm ng li rle trung
gian c in, tc ng, tip im thng m ng li, cun ct c in, my ct ct.
Khi qu ti khng km theo s gim in p
qu mc rle in p cc tiu khng tc
ng, rle thi gian ThG1 khng c in bo
v khng tc ng n ct my ct
u nhc im: Nh vy bo v khng tc
ng khi qu ti v ch tc ng n ct my
ct khi ngn mch. Do dng khi ng
ca bo v ch cn chnh nh theo dng nh
mc ca my bin p, nn nhy ca bo
v cao hn bo v dng cc i n gin.
Nhng cng c nhc im l dng nhiu
rle hn v phi c my bin p o lng.

Hnh 7.77. S nguyn l ca bo v
dng cc i c kho in p cc tiu

EXIT
Dng khi ng ca bo v:
Dng khi ng ca bo v v dng khi ng ca r le xc nh theo biu thc sau:
dmBA
tv
dt
kdbv
I .
k
k
I =
BI
bv . kd
sd kdR
n
I
. k I =
k
dt
l h s d tr ly bng (1,11,2)
in p khi ng: c chn xut pht t iu kin sau:
Rle in p phi tr v ng vi mc in p lm vic nh nht:

dm min lv tv
U 95 , 0 U U = <
dt
min lv
tv
k
U
U =
k
dt
l h s d tr ly bng (1,11,2)
EXIT
Ta c:

tv dt
lvmin
tv
tv
kd
kd
tv
tv
k . k
U
k
U
U
U
U
k = = =
k
tv
l h s tr v ca rle in p cc tiu: k
tv
= 1,15.
dm
dm
kd
U 75 , 0
15 , 1 . 2 , 1
U 95 , 0
U = =
Khi ng c t khi ng in p gim xung n (0,650,7) Udm th rle in p cc tiu
cng khng c tc ng, do ta chn:
U
kd
= (0,50,6) U
dm

in p khi ng ca rle:

BU
kdBV
kdR
U
U
q
=
q
BU
: l h s bin i ca my bin in p o lng.
EXIT
nhy ca bo v:
Theo dng in:

3 , 1
I
I
k
kdBV
min . N
nh
> =
5 , 1
U
U
k
max . N
kd
nh
> =
I
NMmin
l dng ngn mch nh nht cui vng bo v quy i v cp in p t bo v
Theo in p:

U
N.max
l in p tn d ln nht trn thanh ci ni t bo v khi ngn mch
cui vng bo v
EXIT
Hnh 7.78. S nguyn l ca bo v qu ti

4. Bo v qu ti cho my bin p nhng my bin p c nhn vin trc:
Bo v qu ti ch cn tc ng cho tn
hiu (hnh 7.78). Rle RI ch cn t trn
mt pha v qu ti thng xy ra ng thi
c ba pha. loi tr trng hp cho tn
hiu khi ngn mch v qu ti ngn hn,
s dng thm rle thi gian ThG, cun dy
ca rle ny c tnh ton lm vic ch
di hn
Dng khi ng ca ca bo v qu ti:
c chn xut pht t iu kin tr v
ca rle dng khi my bin p lm vic vi
thng s nh mc nh mc:
I
tv
= k
dt
. I
dmBA,

dmBA
tv
dt
tv
tv
BV . kd
I .
k
k
k
I
I = =
k
dt
l h s d tr ly bng 1,05
EXIT
Thi gian tc ng:
c chn ln hn thi gian duy tr ca bo v dng cc i.
t
qt
= t
CD.max
+ At
- t
qt
l thi gian duy tr ca bo v qu ti.
- t
CD
.max l thi gian duy tr ca bo v dng cc i cho my bin p.
5. Bo v qu ti cho my bin p nhng my bin p khng c nhn vin trc:
Bo v qu ti thc hin theo 3 cp:
Cp th nht: Lm vic khi qu ti nh, tc ng cho tn hiu qua ng dy iu khin xa
n trm iu khin c nhn vin trc. Thi gian duy tr t
1
= t
CD.max
+ At.
Cp th hai: Duy tr mt thi gian t
2
: t
2
= t
1
+ A
t
< t
cp

t
cp
l thi gian qu ti cho php ca my bin p
Cp th ba: L cp bo him, tc ng n ct my ct nu cp th hai v mt l do no
khng lm vic. t
3
= t
2
+ At < t
cp

EXIT
6. Bo v rle hi cho my bin p
Bo v rle hi c s dng rng ri bo v s c bn trong my bin p v n c
nhy cao.
S c bn trong my bin p l s c xut hin bn trong v thng my bin p c km theo
pht nhit t nng cc chi tit, dn ti du b phn hu (b Crc kinh) v ph hu vt liu cch
in, to ra hi. Hi i ln bnh dn du c t pha trn my bin p v thng vi kh
quyn. Tn hiu hi v chuyn ng ca du v pha bnh dn du c s dng thc hin
bo v gi l bo v rle hi.

Cu to ca rle hi:
Rle bao gm v gang 1 c dng ng ba chc c mt bch ni vi ng dn ti bnh dn du
(hnh 7.79).
Trong v rle t hai phao di ng 2a v 2b c dng hnh tr kn t ni trong du. Cc phao
u quay c t do xung quanh trc c nh 4. Trn u phao t tip im thu ngn 3, l
mt ng thu tinh trong c gn cc tip im v ng thu ngn.
EXIT
v tr xc nh ca phao, thu ngn s ni kn cc tip im. Cc
tip im c ni vi cc dy dn cch in hoc cp mm a
ra bn ngoi v rle. Dy dn v cp mm khng lm nh hng ti
s quay ca phao. Tip im ca phao trn dng bo tn hiu, tip
im di dng ct my ct. Phao trn c t phn trn ca
v rle, phao di c ngang mc ng ni t my bin p n bnh
dn du, sao cho khi du chuyn ng s lm nh hng n n.
Hnh 7.79. V tr v cu to ca r le hi
EXIT
Nguyn l tc ng ca bo v:
Rle c t thp hn mc du trong bnh
dn du, v vy trong rle lun lun y du.
Cc phao lun lun c y ln pha trn ti
v tr cao nht ph thuc vo cch kp vo
trc, v tr ny cc tip im u m.
Khi s c nh hi sinh ra chm to ra bt kh
nh chuyn ng v pha bnh dn du, i
qua rle, bt kh in kn phn trn ca v
rle, y du tt xung. Tu theo s gim
mc du, tip im trn khi ng, sau mt
khong thi gian, ph thuc vo cng
to ra bt kh, phao t ti v tr m tip im
ca rle ng li, bo tn hiu.
Hnh 7.80. S ni dy ca r le hi
EXIT
Khi s c nng trong my bin p, hi sinh ra mnh, y du chuyn ng nhanh v pha
bnh dn du, y phao di chm xung, tip im di ng li, cp ngun cho rle trung
gian TrG (hnh 7.80) qua rle tn hiu Th, TrG tc ng i ct my ct.
S chuyn ng ca du c tnh gin on, nn tip im ca phao di ng chp chn.
bo m ct tin cy my ct s dng rle trung gian c tip im t duy tr K hoc dng
rle trung gian c tip im tr chm.
Bo v rle hi cng tc ng khi gim mc du trong my bin p, nu mc du gim t
cho tn hiu, gim nhiu cho lnh ct my ct.
Khi rle hi cho tn hiu, bo cho nhn vin vn hnh bit trong my c s c nh, cn phi
chuyn ph ti sang my bin p khc. My bin p ch c ct ra sau khi ct ht ph ti
v tin hnh kim tra.
EXIT
7. Bo v qu dng in th t khng v chm v my bin p, cun dy th cp
c trung tnh trc tip ni t
S v nguyn l hot ng:
Vi my bin p c t u dy Y /Y0, nu bo v dng cc i khng nhy khi ngn
mch mt pha th cp ta t thm bo v th t khng (hnh 7-81 v hnh 7-82)
Hnh 7.81. S nguyn l ca bo v th t khng Hnh 7.82. S bo v chm v MBA
EXIT
Khi mt pha pha Y0 chm v hoc khi ngn mch mt pha u ra my bin p, bo v c
dng ngn mch chy qua, rle dng RI tc ng n ct my ct. bo m iu kin tc
ng chn lc, bo v th t khng tc ng c thi gian.
Vi bo v th t khng c c tnh c lp c th dng rle thi gian ring, nhng tit
kim v vng bo v ca bo v th t khng trng vi vng bo v chnh ca bo v dng
cc i nn ngi ta thng s dng mt rle thi gian cho hai bo v ny.
Bo v dng cc i th t khng dng ct ngn mch mt pha xy ra trong bn thn my
bin p, trn thanh gp 0,4 kV cng nh trn cc phn t ni vo thanh gp 0,4kV vi chm
MBA. Bo v ny t trung tnh ni t trc tip ca my bin p pha 0,4 kV.
Nu cc phn t cp in p 0,4 kV c bo v bng cu ch c dng nh mc ln (t
300 A tr ln) bo v dng th t khng thng dng rle dng c c tnh ph thuc loi
RT-80 hoc PT-81. S d nh vy l v cn phi phi hp c tnh ca bo v vi c tnh ca
cu ch ni trn. Cc trng hp cn li c th dng rle dng in t tc ng tc thi v
rle thi gian
EXIT
Dng khi ng:
Dng khi ng ca bo v:
I
kd.BV
> I
kcb.max
I
kcb.max
l dng khng cn bng ln nht chy trong dy trung tnh my bin p
Vy I
kd.BV
= I
kcb.max
. k
dt
Trong : k
dt
= (1,11,2)
Khi tnh ton c th chn: I
kd.BV
= (0,250,5). I
dmBA
Dng khi ng ca Rle:

n
BI
l t s bin i ca my bin dng.
BI
BV . kd
Rl . kd
n
I
I =
EXIT
nhy ca bo v:
nhy ca bo v:

I
N.min
l dng ngn mch nh nht khi ngn mch ti cui vng bo v, chnh l dng
ngn mch mt pha () pha th cp my bin p.
Vng bo v:
Bo v c ngn mch 1 pha t cun dy th cp n thanh ci h p my bin p.
u nhc im:
u im: C kh nng bo v c ngn mch 1 pha sau my bin p vi c
nhy kh cao.
Nhc im: Thi gian tc ng chm, khng bo v c cc dng ngn mch
khc.
5 , 1
I
I
k
BV . kd
min . N
nh
> =
EXIT
8. Phn cp bo v my bin p:

Phn cp bo v my bin p cn c vo gi thnh my bin p, mc quan trng ca n
trong h thng cung cp in, yu cu ca ph ti (tnh lin tc cung cp in), tnh cht mi
trng ni t my bin p... c th phn cp bo v my bin p nh sau:
- Vi my bin p gim c cng sut nh mc n 560 kVA dng cu ch bo v.
- Vi my bin p gim c cng sut t (7505600) kVA trang b cc loi bo v sau:
+ Bo v ct nhanh.
+ Bo v dng cc i.
+ Bo v qu ti nu cn.
+ Bo v rle hi.
+ Bo v th t khng nu cn (i vi my bin p ni Y /Y0)
- Vi my bin p gim c cng sut t 5600 kVA tr ln ngoi cc loi bo v rle trn trang
b thm bo v so lch dc dng in.
EXIT
8. Phn cp bo v my bin p:

S bo v my bin p Y /Y0 c S
dm
s 1000 kVA.
Hnh 7.72. S bo v my bin p Y /Y
0
c S
dm
s 1000 kVA
EXIT
S bo v my bin p Y /A-11 c S
dm
s 5600 kVA
Hnh 7.83. S bo v my bin p Y /A-11 c S
dm
s 5600 kVA

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Chng 7

Tng dng in dung d bng khng do : I

7.4.1. Dng in v in p khi chm t mt pha

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