Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. 2. 3. 4.
What is Materials Science? History and Materials Science Four Components of Materials Science and Engineering Economic and Environmental Considerations Considerations in choosing materials Factors in product component cost controlled by materials scientist/engineer Materials Life Cycle Life Cycle Assessment Recycling Issues
Classification of Materials
Classification of Materials
3 Basic: Metals Ceramics Polymers Other Classifications: Composites Semiconductors Biomaterials Smart Materials Nanomaterials
Metals
Metallic elements (iron, copper, etc.) Alloys (metallic element + metallic element)
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/197/457746430_9d0172dcda_o.jpg
Ring: 75% copper, 25% nickel Center: 92% copper, 6% aluminum, 2% nickel
Properties
shiny luster grayish-silver color (except gold and copper) hardness (except sodium and calcium) good heat and electrical conductivity high melting and boiling points (except mercury) malleability (can be hammered into a sheet) ductility (can be pulled into a wire)
Metals
Hard
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-m-JKqIas3D4/TZ6gSsAE0tI/AAAAAAAAAKY/vMD_OXMcIE/s1600/lrt.jpg
Metals
Metals
Electrical conductors
http://www.mindsetsonline.co.uk/images/Wires_by_metre.jpg
Metals
http://www.forcebeyondcapacity.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/cookware1.jpg
Metals
http://www.ikonfx.com/sites/all/themes/ikonplc/img/IKONProducts/Products-Metals/metals01.jpg
Applications
coinage, jewelry, automobiles, structural components for buildings, hulls of large ships, etc.
Ceramics
compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides composed of clay minerals, cement and glass
Properties
typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments hard but brittle
Ceramics
Hard
http://image.made-in-china.com/4f0j00QefEjHkhsIoP/Ceramic-Sample-Stand.jpg
Ceramics
Brittle
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/92534/large/C0028293-Cup_Plate_Smashing-SPL.jpg
Ceramics
http://www.studiofoundry.com/BlankPage_clip_image042.jpg
Ceramics
electrically insulative
Ceramic insulators used in high voltage transmission lines.
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/82545/large/C0018144-Ceramic_insulators-SPL.jpg
Applications
Insulators, aerospace, biomedical, construction, nuclear industries
Polymers
include the familiar plastic and rubber materials many are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements they have large molecular structures
Watch video 1
Properties
low density may be extremely flexible Electrically insulative
Density = Mass Volume
Polymers
Low Density
http://www.bangkokpost.com/media/content/20111020/321351.jpg
Polymers
Flexible
Polymers
Electrically Insulative
http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00pCBQwKScQMks/Teflon-Insulation-Wire-Cable-AWM3122-.jpg
Polymers
Electrically Insulative
Conductive Polymers
http://www.polymersolutions.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/OLED-Conductive-
Watch videos 2 to 3
Applications
Plastic bags, electrical and thermal insulation, toys, pipes, flooring, clothing, paints, adhesive
Other Classifications
Composites, Semiconductors, Biomaterials, Smart Materials, Nanoengineered Materials
Composites
are engineered materials that consist of more than one material type designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component material
Watch videos 4 to 6
Properties
No general properties Depends on materials combined
Applications
Space shuttles, construction of pavement, highways, parking lots, armor
http://www.howstuffworks.com/body-armor1.htm
Semiconductors
have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized electronics and computer industries
Applications
Integrated circuitry, electronics, computers
Semiconductors
Gallium arsenide
http://innovativeblood.blogspot.com/2011/01/leds.html
Biomaterials
employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues
Applications
Cardiovascular (pacemakers, carbon in heart valves), cosmetic surgery, dental, orthopedic
Hip Implant
http://ehealthmd.com/content/what-hip-replacement
Bone cement
http://www.adventisthealthcare.com/adam/Surgery%20and%20Procedures/ 13/100204.html
Smart Materials
A smart material can be described as a material that has a useful response to external influences or stimuli.
There are many examples of smart materials in everyday use that are not modern developments they include; Metal springs Light bulbs self regulate because as The filament temperature increases their resistance rises Ancient civilisations have long used
Wine Cooler
Smart Materials
Other more modern examples of smart materials include;
Shape memory polymers and alloys SmartAutomatic Wire actuators open/close greenhouse windows Smart Fluids
Thermostats for heating Actuators, linear, angular control and rotary
Anthromorphic actuation human like robotic motion Motion control gel CD tray opening/closing, camera lenses Heat shrink tubing and packaging
Chameleon Colours
Ferro fluids earthquake dampers in buildings, hard disks Car paints, printing inks, packaging
Smart Materials
Other more modern examples of smart materials include;
Polymorph
This is a unique polymer that fuses in hot water and can then be moulded to any form. When solid it has similar properties to nylon
Used to make the moulds for the vacuum formed seat and fuel tank of this motorcycle project
Smart Materials
Other more modern examples of smart materials include;
Thermocolour Sheet
This is a self adhesive sheet whose colour changes according to the temperature. Used for thermometers, heat warning patches and novelty advertising of products
Inactivated Finger Sheet changes placed Sheet on colour sheet according to temp
Smart Materials
Other more modern examples of smart materials include;
Phosphorescent Sheet
This is a sheet that absorbs light energy and re-emits it as white light for up to eight hours. Used extensively for emergency lighting in the event of a power cut
Nanoengineered Materials
the nano prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a nanometer (109 m) - as a rule, less than 100 nanometers (equivalent to approximately 500 atom diameters). E.g. Carbon nanotubes
Properties
Applications
Other Classifications
Composites Semiconductors Biomaterials Smart Materials Nanoengineered Materials
References
Callister, William Jr. (2005) Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction (7th Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Castillon, Gwen B. (2013) Classification of Materials. A powerpoint presentation.