Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1947-
Introduction
The land known as Palestine had, by 1947, seen considerable immigration of Jewish peoples fleeing persecution. Zionist Jews were particularly in favour of getting Palestine as a new Jewish homeland. The local Palestinian population of Muslim Arabs felt that the influx of newcomers was threatening their way of life. Clashes between the Arabic and Jewish populations had been frequent and bloody.
The British rulers of Palestine decided on a repression of the Arabic people to keep the peace. By 1947 this had achieved an unhappy calm between all three groups.
May 15 1948?
The United Nations Partition Plan (1947) had decided that partition was the best way to stop the fighting in Palestine. The Jews were to get c.55% of the land, and the Arabs, 45%. Naturally the Palestinian Arabs rejected it out of hand. The Jewish - leader Ben-Gurion -gave it a cautious welcome. All sides knew, however, that the British rule was coming to an end. Their Mandate (permission) to rule only lasted until May15 1948. Both sides waited for the momentous day- to see who would be able to take what. The whole world watched with baited breath!
Israel was quickly recognised by the USA and Russia. They were powerful, and rich, friends.
From Egypt
Ben Gurion realised immediately that Israel needed to concentrate all her soldiers. All armed units- Zionist, or otherwise -were amalgamated into one force, the IDF. Arab forces were, conversely, dispersed and under separate control. To begin with the Israelis relied on what they had learned in WWII and from helping the British army. Equipment was scarce and usually old. In time, however, more supplies arrived and Israels military technology by 1949 was superior to the Arabs. But before this happened the Israelis relied on sheer enthusiasm and superior military intelligence. Israel won the air war, for example, by better strategy, rather than better technology.
Army sizes.
Israeli Forces 1948 Initial strength29,677 4 June40,825 17 July63,586 7 October88,033 28 October92,275 2 December106,900 23 December107,652 30 December108,300
Arab forces 1948
January 60,000
The Avia S-199 Israels first fighter plane. World War II experts may recognise it- it is, ironically, the old German Messerschmitt BF 109 which was now used by Israel to fight its old enemy the Spitfire- now being flown by the Egyptians. Israel also managed to buy some Spitfires too!
Israeli children today still make models of their nations first plane.
Old military equipment. This gun was pre-World War One vintage.
Motorised weaponry.
Only the Jordanians and the Egyptians made any real gains. The Jordanians grabbed East Jerusalem and the West Bank land. The Egyptians gained a strip of coast-line called the Gaza strip. Elsewhere the Arabic forces were all pushed back. 1949 the United Nations declared a cease-fire on the Green Line. Israel signed armistice agreements with all the Arab states. Israel had expanded by another 25%!
Israel
West Bank-Jordanian
Gaza Strip-Egyptian
Nakba disaster
Up to of a million Arab Palestinians lost their homes in the war and fled South or East. Massive refugee camps sprang up and conditions were horrific. These camps proved ideal places for Arab resistance movements to begin recruiting members.
More refugees..
Meanwhile Jewish people fled in the opposite directions- into Israel or back to Europe, or even to the USA. Israels population doubled as Arabic states all expelled their Jewish population.
Point of principal.
For now, Israel had won her right to exist. The Arab league had to think again before challenging this right. Palestinians who had lost homes were a strong voice of protest against the new state. Ben Gurion was a national hero.