cpphtp4 PPT 18

Chapter 18 - Bits, Characters, Strings and Structures
Outline 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Introduction Structure Definitions Initializing Structures Using Structures with Functions typedef Example: High-Performance Card-Shuffling and Dealing Simulation Bitwise Operators Bit Fields Character-Handling Library String-Conversion Functions Search Functions of the String-Handling Library Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library
18.7 18.8 18.9 18.10 18.11 18.12
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
18.1 Introduction Structures, bits, characters, C-style strings

C-like techniques Useful for C++ programmers working with legacy C code
Structures
Hold variables of different data types Similar to classes, but all data members public Examine how to use structures
Make card shuffling simulation
18.2 Structure Definitions Structure definition

struct Card { char *face; char *suit; };
Keyword struct Card is structure name

Used to declare variable of structure type
Data/functions declared within braces

Structure members need unique names Structure cannot contain instance of itself, only a pointer
Definition does not reserve memory Definition ends with semicolon

18.2 Structure Definitions Declaration

Declared like other variables: use structure type
Card oneCard, deck[ 52 ], *cPtr;
Can declare variables when define structure

struct Card { char *face; char *suit; } oneCard, deck[ 52 ], *cPtr;
18.2 Structure Definitions Structure operations

Assignment to a structure of same type Taking address (&) Accessing members (oneCard.face) Using sizeof
Structure may not be in consecutive bytes of memory Byte-alignment (2 or 4 bytes) may cause "holes"
18.2 Structure Definitions Suppose 2-byte boundary for structure members

Use structure with a char and an int
char in first byte int on a 2-byte boundary
Value in 1-byte hole undefined
Byte 0 01100001 1 2 00000000 3 01100001
Since hole undefined, structures may not compare equally

Cannot use ==
18.3 Initializing Structures Initializer lists (like arrays)

Card oneCard = { "Three", "Hearts" };
Comma-separated values, enclosed in braces

If member unspecified, default of 0
Initialize with assignment

Assign one structure to another
Card threeHearts = oneCard;
Assign members individually

Card threeHearts; threeHearts.face = Three; threeHearts.suit = Hearts;
18.4 Using Structures with Functions Two ways to pass structures to functions
Pass entire structure Pass individual members Both pass call-by-value
To pass structures call-by-reference

Pass address Pass reference to structure
To pass arrays call-by-value

Create structure with array as member Pass the structure Pass-by-reference more efficient
18.5 typedef Keyword typedef

Makes synonyms (aliases) for previously defined data types
Does not create new type, only an alias
Creates shorter type names
Example
typedef Card *CardPtr; Defines new type name CardPtr as synonym for type Card *
CardPtr myCardPtr; Card * myCardPtr;
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18.6 Example: High-Performance CardShuffling and Dealing Simulation Pseudocode

Create Card structure Put cards into array deck
Card deck[ 52 ];
Shuffle the deck

Swap random cards
Deal the cards

Go through deck, print face and suit
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// Fig. 18.2: fig18_02.cpp // Card shuffling and dealing program using structures. #include <iostream> using using using using using std::cout; std::cin; std::endl; std::left; std::right;
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Outline
fig18_02.cpp (1 of 4)
#include <iomanip> using std::setw; #include <cstdlib> #include <ctime> // Card structure definition struct Card { char *face; char *suit;
Declare the Card structure. In functions, it is used like any other type.
}; // end structure Card

void fillDeck( Card * const, char *[], char *[] ); void shuffle( Card * const ); void deal( Card * const );
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
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int main() { Card deck[ 52 ]; char *face[] = { "Ace", "Deuce", "Three", "Four", "Five", "Six", "Seven", "Eight", "Nine", "Ten", "Jack", "Queen", "King" }; char *suit[] = { "Hearts", "Diamonds", "Clubs", "Spades" };
Outline
fig18_02.cpp (2 of 4)
srand( time( 0 ) );
// randomize
fillDeck( deck, face, suit ); shuffle( deck ); deal( deck ); return 0; } // end main

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// place strings into Card structures void fillDeck( Card * const wDeck, char *wFace[], char *wSuit[] ) { for ( int i = 0; i < 52; i++ ) { wDeck[ i ].face = wFace[ i % 13 ]; wDeck[ i ].suit = wSuit[ i / 13 ]; } // end for } // end function fillDeck // shuffle cards void shuffle( Card * const wDeck ) { for ( int i = 0; i < 52; i++ ) { int j = rand() % 52; Card temp = wDeck[ i ]; wDeck[ i ] = wDeck[ j ]; wDeck[ j ] = temp; } // end for } // end function shuffle
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Create every face and suit. Note format for accessing a data member in an array of fig18_02.cpp structs. (3 of 4)
Outline
Pick a random card in deck (0-51) and swap with current card. Notice the use of structure assignment.

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// deal cards void deal( Card * const wDeck ) { for ( int i = 0; i < 52; i++ ) cout << right << setw( 5 ) << wDeck[ i ].face << " of " << left << setw( 8 ) << wDeck[ i ].suit << ( ( i + 1 ) % 2 ? '\t' : '\n' ); } // end function deal
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Outline
fig18_02.cpp (4 of 4)

King Five Seven Three Ten Eight Nine Three Six Seven Jack Deuce Three Eight Deuce Ten Ten Queen Seven Deuce Three Deuce Four Nine Ace Four
of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of
Clubs Diamonds Spades Spades Clubs Hearts Diamonds Diamonds Clubs Diamonds Spades Diamonds Clubs Clubs Spades Spades Hearts Diamonds Clubs Clubs Hearts Hearts Hearts Spades Spades Spades
Ten Jack Five King Eight Six Nine Queen Seven Jack King Four Five Ace Ace Eight Six Nine Queen Queen Five Jack Ace Four Six King
of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of
Diamonds Clubs Clubs Hearts Spades Hearts Clubs Hearts Hearts Diamonds Diamonds Clubs Hearts Hearts Clubs Diamonds Spades Hearts Clubs Spades Spades Hearts Diamonds Diamonds Diamonds Spades
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Outline
fig18_02.cpp output (1 of 1)

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18.7 Bitwise Operators Data represented internally as sequences of bits

Each bit can be 0 or 1
8 bits form a byte

char is one byte Other data types larger (int, long, etc.)
Low-level software requires bit and byte manipulation

Operating systems, networking
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18.7 Bitwise Operators Bit operators

Many are overloaded & (bitwise AND)
1 if both bits 1, 0 otherwise
| (bitwise inclusive OR)

1 if either bit 1, 0 otherwise
^ (bitwise exclusive OR)

1 if exactly one bit is 1, 0 otherwise Alternatively: 1 if the bits are different
~ (bitwise one's complement)

Flips 0 bits to 1, and vice versa
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18.7 Bitwise Operators Bit operators

<< (left shift)
Moves all bits left by specified amount Fills from right with 0 1 << SHIFTAMOUNT
>> (right shift with sign extension)

Moves bits right by specified amount Fill from left can vary
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18.7 Bitwise Operators Next program

Print values in their binary representation Example: unsigned integer 3
00000000 00000000 00000000 00000011 (For a machine with 4-byte integers) Computer stores number in this form
Using masks
Integer value with specific bits set to 1 Used to hide some bits while selecting others
Use with AND
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18.7 Bitwise Operators Mask example

Suppose we want to see leftmost bit of a number AND with mask
10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 (mask) 10010101 10110000 10101100 00011000 (number)
If leftmost bit of number 1

Bitwise AND will be nonzero (true) Leftmost bit of result will be 1 All other bits are "masked off" (ANDed with 0)
If leftmost bit of number 0

Bitwise AND will be 0 (false)
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18.7 Bitwise Operators To print every bit

Print leftmost digit Shift number left Repeat
To create mask
Want mask of 1000000 0000 How many bits in unsigned?
sizeof(unsigned) * 8
Start with mask of 1

Shift one less time (mask is already on first bit) 1 << sizeof(unsigned) * 8 - 1 10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
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// Fig. 18.5: fig18_05.cpp // Printing an unsigned integer in bits. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; #include <iomanip> using std::setw; void displayBits( unsigned ); int main() { unsigned inputValue; cout << "Enter an unsigned integer: "; cin >> inputValue; displayBits( inputValue ); // prototype
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Outline
fig18_05.cpp (1 of 2)
return 0;
} // end main

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// display bits of an unsigned integer value void displayBits( unsigned value ) { const int SHIFT = 8 * sizeof( unsigned ) - 1; const unsigned MASK = 1 << SHIFT; cout << setw( 10 ) << value << " = ";
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Outline
for ( unsigned i = cout << ( value value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 if ( i % 8 == 0 ) cout << ' '; } // end for cout << endl; } // end function displayBits
SHIFT = 32 - 1 = 31 MASK = 10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 fig18_05.cpp 1; i <= SHIFT + 1; i++ ) { & MASK ? '1' : '0' ); output (1 of 1)
// output a space after 8 bits
fig18_05.cpp (2 of 2)
Shift value left by 1 to examine next bit. Note use of <<= (same as value = value << 1).
Bitwise AND value and mask. If it is nonzero (true), then the leftmost digit is a 1.
Enter an unsigned integer: 65000 65000 = 00000000 00000000 11111101 11101000

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18.7 Bitwise Operators Upcoming examples

Demo operators & (AND)
x & y
| (OR)
x | y
^ (Exclusive OR)
x ^ y
~ (Complement)
~x
<< and >> (Left shift and right shift)
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// Fig. 18.7: fig18_07.cpp // Using the bitwise AND, bitwise inclusive OR, bitwise // exclusive OR and bitwise complement operators. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; #include <iomanip> using std::endl; using std::setw; void displayBits( unsigned ); int main() { unsigned unsigned unsigned unsigned // prototype
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Outline
fig18_07.cpp (1 of 4)
number1; number2; mask; setBits;

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// demonstrate bitwise & number1 = 2179876355; mask = 1; cout << "The result of combining the following\n"; displayBits( number1 ); displayBits( mask ); cout << "using the bitwise AND operator & is\n"; displayBits( number1 & mask );
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Outline
fig18_07.cpp (2 of 4)
// demonstrate bitwise | number1 = 15; setBits = 241; cout << "\nThe result of combining the following\n"; displayBits( number1 ); displayBits( setBits ); cout << "using the bitwise inclusive OR operator | is\n"; displayBits( number1 | setBits );
// demonstrate bitwise exclusive OR number1 = 139; number2 = 199; cout << "\nThe result of combining the following\n"; displayBits( number1 ); displayBits( number2 ); cout << "using the bitwise exclusive OR operator ^ is\n"; displayBits( number1 ^ number2 );

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// demonstrate bitwise complement number1 = 21845; cout << "\nThe one's complement of\n"; displayBits( number1 ); cout << "is" << endl; displayBits( ~number1 ); return 0; } // end main // display bits of an unsigned integer value void displayBits( unsigned value ) { const int SHIFT = 8 * sizeof( unsigned ) - 1; const unsigned MASK = 1 << SHIFT; cout << setw( 10 ) << value << " = "; for ( unsigned i = 1; i <= SHIFT + 1; i++ ) { cout << ( value & MASK ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 if ( i % 8 == 0 ) cout << ' '; } // end for // output a space after 8 bits
Outline
fig18_07.cpp (3 of 4)

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cout << endl; } // end function displayBits
Outline
fig18_07.cpp (4 of 4) fig18_07.cpp output (1 of 1)
The result of combining the following 2179876355 = 10000001 11101110 01000110 00000011 1 = 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 using the bitwise AND operator & is 1 = 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 The result of combining the following 15 = 00000000 00000000 00000000 241 = 00000000 00000000 00000000 using the bitwise inclusive OR operator 255 = 00000000 00000000 00000000 The result of combining the following 139 = 00000000 00000000 00000000 199 = 00000000 00000000 00000000 using the bitwise exclusive OR operator 76 = 00000000 00000000 00000000
00001111 11110001 | is 11111111
10001011 11000111 ^ is 01001100
The one's complement of 21845 = 00000000 00000000 01010101 01010101 is 4294945450 = 11111111 11111111 10101010 10101010

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// Fig. 18.11: fig18_11.cpp // Using the bitwise shift operators. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl; #include <iomanip> using std::setw; void displayBits( unsigned ); int main() { unsigned number1 = 960; // demonstrate bitwise left shift cout << "The result of left shifting\n"; displayBits( number1 ); cout << "8 bit positions using the left " << "shift operator is\n"; displayBits( number1 << 8 ); // prototype
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Outline
fig18_07.cpp (1 of 3)

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// demonstrate bitwise right shift cout << "\nThe result of right shifting\n"; displayBits( number1 ); cout << "8 bit positions using the right " << "shift operator is\n"; displayBits( number1 >> 8 ); return 0;
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Outline
fig18_07.cpp (2 of 3)
} // end main
// display bits of an unsigned integer value void displayBits( unsigned value ) { const int SHIFT = 8 * sizeof( unsigned ) - 1; const unsigned MASK = 1 << SHIFT; cout << setw( 10 ) << value << " = "; for ( unsigned i = 1; i <= SHIFT + 1; i++ ) { cout << ( value & MASK ? '1' : '0' ); value <<= 1; // shift value left by 1 if ( i % 8 == 0 ) cout << ' '; } // end for // output a space after 8 bits

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cout << endl; } // end function displayBits
Outline
The result of left shifting 960 = 00000000 00000000 00000011 11000000 8 bit positions using the left shift operator is 245760 = 00000000 00000011 11000000 00000000 The result of right shifting 960 = 00000000 00000000 00000011 11000000 8 bit positions using the right shift operator is 3 = 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000011

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18.8 Bit Fields Bit field

Member of structure whose size (in bits) has been specified Enables better memory utilization Must be declared int or unsigned Example
Struct BitCard { unsigned face : 4; unsigned suit : 2; unsigned color : 1; };
Declare with name : width

Bit width must be an integer
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18.8 Bit Fields Accessing bit fields

Access like any other structure member
Struct BitCard { unsigned face : 4; unsigned suit : 2; unsigned color : 1; };
myCard.face = 10;
face has 4 bits, can store values 0 - 15 suit can store 0 - 3 color can store 0 or 1
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// Fig. 18.14: fig18_14.cpp // Representing cards with bit fields in a struct. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <iomanip>
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Outline
fig18_14.cpp (1 of 3)
using std::setw;
Declare bit fields inside a structure to store card data.
// BitCard structure definition with bit fields struct BitCard { unsigned face : 4; // 4 bits; 0-15 unsigned suit : 2; // 2 bits; 0-3 unsigned color : 1; // 1 bit; 0-1 }; // end struct BitBard void fillDeck( BitCard * const ); void deal( const BitCard * const ); // prototype // prototype
int main() { BitCard deck[ 52 ];

fillDeck( deck ); deal( deck );

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return 0; } // end main // initialize BitCards void fillDeck( BitCard * const wDeck ) { for ( int i = 0; i <= 51; i++ ) { wDeck[ i ].face = i % 13; wDeck[ i ].suit = i / 13; wDeck[ i ].color = i / 26; } // end for } // end function fillDeck
Outline
fig18_14.cpp (2 of 3) Assign to bit fields as normal, but be careful of each field's range.

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// output cards in two column format; cards 0-25 subscripted // with k1 (column 1); cards 26-51 subscripted k2 (column 2) void deal( const BitCard * const wDeck ) { for ( int k1 = 0, k2 = k1 + 26; k1 <= 25; k1++, k2++ ) { cout << "Card:" << setw( 3 ) << wDeck[ k1 ].face << " Suit:" << setw( 2 ) << wDeck[ k1 ].suit << " Color:" << setw( 2 ) << wDeck[ k1 ].color << " " << "Card:" << setw( 3 ) << wDeck[ k2 ].face << " Suit:" << setw( 2 ) << wDeck[ k2 ].suit << " Color:" << setw( 2 ) << wDeck[ k2 ].color << endl; } // end for } // end function deal
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Outline
fig18_14.cpp (3 of 3)

Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card: Card:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit: Suit:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color: Color:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Outline

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18.8 Bit Fields Other notes

Bit fields are not arrays of bits (cannot use [])
Cannot take address of bit fields Use unnamed bit fields to pad structure
Struct Example unsigned a : unsigned : unsigned b : }; Struct Example unsigned a : unsigned : unsigned b : }; { 13; 3; 4;
Use unnamed, zero-width fields to align to boundary

{ 13; 0; 4;
Automatically aligns b to next boundary

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18.9 Character-Handling Library Character Handling Library

<cctype>
Functions to perform tests and manipulations on characters Pass character as argument

Character represented by an int char does not allow negative values Characters often manipulated as ints EOF usually has value -1
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18.9 Character-Handling Library Upcoming example

isalpha( int c )
(All character functions take int argument) Returns true if c is a letter (A-Z, a-z) Returns false otherwise
isdigit
Returns true if digit (0-9)
isalnum
Returns true if letter or digit (A-Z, a-z, 0-9)
isxdigit
Returns true if hexadecimal digit (A-F, a-f, 0-9)
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// Fig. 18.17: fig18_17.cpp // Using functions isdigit, isalpha, isalnum and isxdigit. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cctype> // character-handling function prototypes
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Outline
fig18_17.cpp (1 of 2)
Note use of conditional operator:
int main() { cout << << << << <<

cout << << << << << << << << <<
condition ? value if true : value if false

"According to isdigit:\n" ( isdigit( '8' ) ? "8 is a" : "8 is not a" ) " digit\n" ( isdigit( '#' ) ? "# is a" : "# is not a" ) " digit\n"; "\nAccording to isalpha:\n" ( isalpha( 'A' ) ? "A is a" " letter\n" ( isalpha( 'b' ) ? "b is a" " letter\n" ( isalpha( '&' ) ? "& is a" " letter\n" ( isalpha( '4' ) ? "4 is a" " letter\n";
: "A is not a" ) : "b is not a" )
: "& is not a" )

: "4 is not a" )

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cout << << << << << << << cout << << << << << << << << << << <<
"\nAccording to isalnum:\n" ( isalnum( 'A' ) ? "A is a" : "A is not a" ) " digit or a letter\n" ( isalnum( '8' ) ? "8 is a" : "8 is not a" ) " digit or a letter\n" ( isalnum( '#' ) ? "# is a" : "# is not a" ) " digit or a letter\n"; "\nAccording to isxdigit:\n" ( isxdigit( 'F' ) ? "F is a" : " hexadecimal digit\n" ( isxdigit( 'J' ) ? "J is a" : " hexadecimal digit\n" ( isxdigit( '7' ) ? "7 is a" : " hexadecimal digit\n" ( isxdigit( '$' ) ? "$ is a" : " hexadecimal digit\n" ( isxdigit( 'f' ) ? "f is a" : " hexadecimal digit" << endl;
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Outline
fig18_17.cpp (2 of 2)
"F is not a" )

"J is not a" ) "7 is not a" ) "$ is not a" ) "f is not a" )
return 0;
} // end main

According to isdigit: 8 is a digit # is not a digit According to isalpha: A is a letter b is a letter & is not a letter 4 is not a letter According to isalnum: A is a digit or a letter 8 is a digit or a letter # is not a digit or a letter According to isxdigit: F is a hexadecimal digit J is not a hexadecimal digit 7 is a hexadecimal digit $ is not a hexadecimal digit f is a hexadecimal digit
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Outline

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islower
Returns true if lowercase letter (a-z)
isupper
Returns true if uppercase letter (A-Z)
tolower
If passed uppercase letter, returns lowercase letter A to a Otherwise, returns original argument
toupper
As above, but turns lowercase letter to uppercase a to A
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// Fig. 18.18: fig18_18.cpp // Using functions islower, isupper, tolower and toupper. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cctype> // character-handling function prototypes
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Outline
fig18_18.cpp (1 of 2)
int main() { cout << << << << << << << << <<
cout << << << << << << <<
"According to islower:\n" ( islower( 'p' ) ? "p is a" " lowercase letter\n" ( islower( 'P' ) ? "P is a" " lowercase letter\n" ( islower( '5' ) ? "5 is a" " lowercase letter\n" ( islower( '!' ) ? "! is a" " lowercase letter\n";
: "p is not a" ) : "P is not a" ) : "5 is not a" ) : "! is not a" )
"\nAccording to isupper:\n" ( isupper( 'D' ) ? "D is an" : "D is not an" ) " uppercase letter\n" ( isupper( 'd' ) ? "d is an" : "d is not an" ) " uppercase letter\n" ( isupper( '8' ) ? "8 is an" : "8 is not an" ) " uppercase letter\n"

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<< ( isupper( '$' ) ? "$ is an" : "$ is not an" ) << " uppercase letter\n"; cout << << << << << << << << "\nu converted to static_cast< char "\n7 converted to static_cast< char "\n$ converted to static_cast< char "\nL converted to static_cast< char uppercase is " >( toupper( 'u' uppercase is " >( toupper( '7' uppercase is " >( toupper( '$' lowercase is " >( tolower( 'L'
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Outline
fig18_18.cpp (2 of 2)
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) << endl;
return 0; } // end main

According to islower: p is a lowercase letter P is not a lowercase letter 5 is not a lowercase letter ! is not a lowercase letter According to isupper: D is an uppercase letter d is not an uppercase letter 8 is not an uppercase letter $ is not an uppercase letter u 7 $ L converted converted converted converted to to to to uppercase uppercase uppercase lowercase is is is is U 7 $ l
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isspace
Returns true if space ' ', form feed '\f', newline '\n', carriage return '\r', horizontal tab '\t', vertical tab '\v'
iscntrl
Returns true if control character, such as tabs, form feed, alert ('\a'), backspace('\b'), carriage return, newline
ispunct
Returns true if printing character other than space, digit, or letter $ # ( ) [ ] { } ; : %, etc.
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isprint
Returns true if character can be displayed (including space)
isgraph
Returns true if character can be displayed, not including space
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// Fig. 18.19: fig18_19.cpp // Using functions isspace, iscntrl, ispunct, isprint, isgraph. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cctype> // character-handling function prototypes
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Outline
fig18_19.cpp (1 of 2)
int main() { cout << << << << << << <<
cout << << << << <<
"According to isspace:\nNewline " ( isspace( '\n' ) ? "is a" : "is not a" ) " whitespace character\nHorizontal tab " ( isspace( '\t' ) ? "is a" : "is not a" ) " whitespace character\n" ( isspace( '%' ) ? "% is a" : "% is not a" ) " whitespace character\n"; "\nAccording to iscntrl:\nNewline " ( iscntrl( '\n' ) ? "is a" : "is not a" ) " control character\n" ( iscntrl( '$' ) ? "$ is a" : "$ is not a" ) " control character\n";

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cout << << << << << << << cout << << << << << cout << << << << <<
"\nAccording to ispunct:\n" ( ispunct( ';' ) ? "; is a" : "; is not a" ) " punctuation character\n" ( ispunct( 'Y' ) ? "Y is a" : "Y is not a" ) " punctuation character\n" ( ispunct( '#' ) ? "# is a" : "# is not a" ) " punctuation character\n"; "\nAccording to isprint:\n" ( isprint( '$' ) ? "$ is a" : "$ is not a" ) " printing character\nAlert " ( isprint( '\a' ) ? "is a" : "is not a" ) " printing character\n"; "\nAccording to isgraph:\n" ( isgraph( 'Q' ) ? "Q is a" : "Q is not a" ) " printing character other than a space\nSpace " ( isgraph( ' ' ) ? "is a" : "is not a" ) " printing character other than a space" << endl;
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Outline
fig18_19.cpp (2 of 2)
return 0;
} // end main

According to isspace: Newline is a whitespace character Horizontal tab is a whitespace character % is not a whitespace character According to iscntrl: Newline is a control character $ is not a control character
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Outline
According to ispunct: ; is a punctuation character Y is not a punctuation character # is a punctuation character

According to isprint: $ is a printing character Alert is not a printing character According to isgraph: Q is a printing character other than a space Space is not a printing character other than a space

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18.10 String-Conversion Functions String conversion functions

Convert to numeric values, searching, comparison <cstdlib> Most functions take const char *
Do not modify string
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18.10 String-Conversion Functions Functions

double atof( const char *nPtr )
Converts string to floating point number (double) Returns 0 if cannot be converted
int atoi( const char *nPtr )

Converts string to integer Returns 0 if cannot be converted
long atol( const char *nPtr )

Converts string to long integer If int and long both 4-bytes, then atoi and atol identical
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// Fig. 18.21: fig18_21.cpp // Using atof. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstdlib> // atof prototype
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Outline
int main() { double d = atof( "99.0" );

cout << "The string \"99.0\" converted to double is " << d << "\nThe converted value divided by 2 is " << d / 2.0 << endl; return 0; } // end main
The string "99.0" converted to double is 99 The converted value divided by 2 is 49.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
// Fig. 18.22: fig18_22.cpp // Using atoi. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstdlib> // atoi prototype
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int main() { int i = atoi( "2593" );

cout << "The string \"2593\" converted to int is " << i << "\nThe converted value minus 593 is " << i - 593 << endl; return 0; } // end main
The string "2593" converted to int is 2593 The converted value minus 593 is 2000

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// Fig. 18.23: fig18_23.cpp // Using atol. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstdlib> // atol prototype
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int main() { long x = atol( "1000000" );

cout << "The string \"1000000\" converted to long is " << x << "\nThe converted value divided by 2 is " << x / 2 << endl; return 0; } // end main
The string "1000000" converted to long int is 1000000 The converted value divided by 2 is 500000

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double strtod( const char *nPtr, char **endPtr )
Converts first argument to double, returns that value Sets second argument to location of first character after converted portion of string strtod("123.4this is a test", &stringPtr); Returns 123.4 stringPtr points to "this is a test"
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// Fig. 18.24: fig18_24.cpp // Using strtod. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstdlib> // strtod prototype
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Outline
int main() { double d; const char *string1 = "51.2% are admitted"; char *stringPtr;
d = strtod( string1, &stringPtr ); cout << "The string \"" << string1 << "\" is converted to the\ndouble value " << d << " and the string \"" << stringPtr << "\"" << endl; return 0; } // end main
The string "51.2% are admitted" is converted to the double value 51.2 and the string "% are admitted"

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long strtol( const char *nPtr, char **endPtr, int base )
Converts first argument to long, returns that value Sets second argument to location of first character after converted portion of string If NULL, remainder of string ignored Third argument is base of value being converted Any number 2 - 36 0 specifies octal, decimal, or hexadecimal
long strtoul
As above, with unsigned long
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// Fig. 18.25: fig18_25.cpp // Using strtol. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstdlib> // strtol prototype
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fig18_25.cpp (1 of 1)
int main() { long x; const char *string1 = "-1234567abc"; char *remainderPtr;

x = strtol( string1, &remainderPtr, 0 ); cout << << << << << << "The original string is \"" << string1 "\"\nThe converted value is " << x "\nThe remainder of the original string is \"" remainderPtr "\"\nThe converted value plus 567 is " x + 567 << endl;

The The The The
original string is "-1234567abc" converted value is -1234567 remainder of the original string is "abc" converted value plus 567 is -1234000
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
// Fig. 18.26: fig18_26.cpp // Using strtoul. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstdlib> // strtoul prototype
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Outline
fig18_26.cpp (1 of 1)
int main() { unsigned long x; const char *string1 = "1234567abc"; char *remainderPtr;
x = strtoul( string1, &remainderPtr, 0 ); cout << << << << << << "The original string is \"" << string1 "\"\nThe converted value is " << x "\nThe remainder of the original string is \"" remainderPtr "\"\nThe converted value minus 567 is " x - 567 << endl;

The The The The
original string is "1234567abc" converted value is 1234567 remainder of the original string is "abc" converted value minus 567 is 1234000
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65
18.11 Search Functions of the StringHandling Library String handling library

Search strings for characters, other strings Type size_t
Defined as integer of type returned by sizeof
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18.11 Search Functions of the StringHandling Library Functions

char *strchr( const char *s, int c )
Returns pointer to first occurrence of c in s Returns NULL if not found
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
// Fig. 18.28: fig18_28.cpp // Using strchr. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstring> // strchr prototype
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fig18_28.cpp (1 of 2)
int main() { const char *string1 = "This is a test"; char character1 = 'a'; char character2 = 'z';
if ( strchr( string1, character1 ) != NULL ) cout << '\'' << character1 << "' was found in \"" << string1 << "\".\n"; else cout << '\'' << character1 << "' was not found in \"" << string1 << "\".\n";
if ( strchr( string1, character2 ) != NULL ) cout << '\'' << character2 << "' was found in \"" << string1 << "\".\n"; else cout << '\'' << character2 << "' was not found in \"" << string1 << "\"." << endl;

29 30 31 32
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Outline
'a' was found in "This is a test". 'z' was not found in "This is a test".

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size_t strcspn( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
Returns length of s1 that does not contain characters in s2 Starts from beginning of s1
char *strpbrk( const char *s1, const char *s2 )

Finds first occurrence of any character in s2 in s1 Returns NULL if not found
char *strrchr( const char *s, int c )

Returns pointer to last occurrence of c in s Returns NULL if not found
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// Fig. 18.29: fig18_29.cpp // Using strcspn. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstring> // strcspn prototype
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int main() { const char *string1 = "The value is 3.14159"; const char *string2 = "1234567890";
cout << << << << "string1 = " << string1 << "\nstring2 = " << string2 "\n\nThe length of the initial segment of string1" "\ncontaining no characters from string2 = " strcspn( string1, string2 ) << endl;
string1 = The value is 3.14159 string2 = 1234567890 The length of the initial segment of string1 containing no characters from string2 = 13

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// Fig. 18.30: fig18_30.cpp // Using strpbrk. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstring> // strpbrk prototype
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int main() { const char *string1 = "This is a test"; const char *string2 = "beware";
cout << << << << "Of the characters in \"" << string2 << "\"\n'" *strpbrk( string1, string2 ) << '\'' " is the first character to appear in\n\"" string1 << '\"' << endl;
Of the characters in "beware" 'a' is the first character to appear in "This is a test"

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
// Fig. 18.31: fig18_31.cpp // Using strrchr. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstring> // strrchr prototype
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int main() { const char *string1 = "A zoo has many animals including zebras"; int c = 'z';
cout << << << << "The remainder of string1 beginning with the\n" "last occurrence of character '" static_cast< char >( c ) // print as char not int "' is: \"" << strrchr( string1, c ) << '\"' << endl;
return 0;
} // end main
The remainder of string1 beginning with the last occurrence of character 'z' is: "zebras"

73

size_t strspn( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
Returns length of s1 that contains only characters in s2 Starts from beginning of s1
char *strstr( const char *s1, const char *s2 )

Finds first occurrence of s2 in s1 Returns NULL if not found
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
// Fig. 18.32: fig18_32.cpp // Using strspn. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstring> // strspn prototype
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Outline
fig18_32.cpp (1 of 1)
int main() { const char *string1 = "The value is 3.14159"; const char *string2 = "aehils Tuv";
cout << << << << << "string1 = " << string1 "\nstring2 = " << string2 "\n\nThe length of the initial segment of string1\n" "containing only characters from string2 = " strspn( string1, string2 ) << endl;
return 0;
} // end main

string1 = The value is 3.14159 string2 = aehils Tuv The length of the initial segment of string1 containing only characters from string2 = 13
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// Fig. 18.33: fig18_33.cpp // Using strstr. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstring> // strstr prototype
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fig18_33.cpp (1 of 1)
int main() { const char *string1 = "abcdefabcdef"; const char *string2 = "def";
cout << << << << "string1 = " << string1 << "\nstring2 = " << string2 "\n\nThe remainder of string1 beginning with the\n" "first occurrence of string2 is: " strstr( string1, string2 ) << endl;

string1 = abcdefabcdef string2 = def The remainder of string1 beginning with the first occurrence of string2 is: defabcdef
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18.12 Memory Functions of the StringHandling Library Memory functions

Treat memory as array of characters Manipulate any block of data Treat pointers as void * Specify size (number of bytes)
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18.12 Memory Functions of the StringHandling Library Functions

void *memcpy( void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )
Copies n characters from s2 to s1 Do not use if s2 and s1 overlap Returns pointer to result
void *memmove( void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )

Copies n characters from s2 to s1 Ok if objects overlap Returns pointer to result
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
// Fig. 18.35: fig18_35.cpp // Using memcpy. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstring> // memcpy prototype
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int main() { char s1[ 17 ]; char s2[] = "Copy this string";

memcpy( s1, s2, 17 ); cout << "After s2 is copied into s1 with memcpy,\n" << "s1 contains \"" << s1 << '\"' << endl; return 0; } // end main
After s2 is copied into s1 with memcpy, s1 contains "Copy this string"

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
// Fig. 18.36: fig18_36.cpp // Using memmove. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstring> // memmove prototype
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int main() { char x[] = "Home Sweet Home";

cout << "The string in array x before memmove is: " << x; cout << "\nThe string in array x after memmove is: " << static_cast< char * >( memmove( x, &x[ 5 ], 10 ) ) << endl; return 0; } // end main
The string in array x before memmove is: Home Sweet Home The string in array x after memmove is: Sweet Home Home

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int memcmp( const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )
Compares first n characters of s1 and s2 Returns 0 (equal) Greater than 0 (s1 > s2) Less than 0 (s1 < s2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
// Fig. 18.37: fig18_37.cpp // Using memcmp. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <iomanip>
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fig18_37.cpp (1 of 1)
using std::setw;
#include <cstring> // memcmp prototype
int main() { char s1[] = "ABCDEFG"; char s2[] = "ABCDXYZ"; cout << << << << << << "s1 = " << s1 << "\ns2 = " << s2 << endl "\nmemcmp(s1, s2, 4) = " << setw( 3 ) memcmp( s1, s2, 4 ) << "\nmemcmp(s1, s2, 7) = " setw( 3 ) << memcmp( s1, s2, 7 ) "\nmemcmp(s2, s1, 7) = " << setw( 3 ) memcmp( s2, s1, 7 ) << endl;

s1 = ABCDEFG s2 = ABCDXYZ memcmp(s1, s2, 4) = 0 memcmp(s1, s2, 7) = -1 memcmp(s2, s1, 7) = 1
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void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n )
Finds first occurrence of c in first n characters of s Returns pointer to c or NULL
void *memset( void *s, int c, size_t n )

Copies c into first n characters of s Returns pointer to result
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
// Fig. 18.38: fig18_38.cpp // Using memchr. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstring> // memchr prototype
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int main() { char s[] = "This is a string";

cout << << << << "The remainder of s after character 'r' " "is found is \"" static_cast< char * >( memchr( s, 'r', 16 ) ) '\"' << endl;
The remainder of s after character 'r' is found is "ring"

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
// Fig. 18.39: fig18_39.cpp // Using memset. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::endl; #include <cstring> // memset prototype
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int main() { char string1[ 15 ] = "BBBBBBBBBBBBBB";

cout << "string1 = " << string1 << endl; cout << "string1 after memset = " << static_cast< char * >( memset( string1, 'b', 7 ) ) << endl; return 0; } // end main
string1 = BBBBBBBBBBBBBB string1 after memset = bbbbbbbBBBBBBB


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Chapter 18 - Bits, Characters, Strings and Structures

18.7 18.8 18.9 18.10 18.11 18.12

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

18.1 Introduction Structures, bits, characters, C-style strings

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18.2 Structure Definitions Structure definition

Keyword struct Card is structure name

Data/functions declared within braces

Definition does not reserve memory Definition ends with semicolon

18.2 Structure Definitions Declaration

Can declare variables when define structure

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

18.2 Structure Definitions Structure operations

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18.2 Structure Definitions Suppose 2-byte boundary for structure members

Since hole undefined, structures may not compare equally

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18.3 Initializing Structures Initializer lists (like arrays)

Comma-separated values, enclosed in braces

Initialize with assignment

Assign members individually

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To pass structures call-by-reference

To pass arrays call-by-value

18.5 typedef Keyword typedef

Creates shorter type names

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18.6 Example: High-Performance CardShuffling and Dealing Simulation Pseudocode

Shuffle the deck

Deal the cards

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}; // end structure Card

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18.7 Bitwise Operators Data represented internally as sequences of bits

8 bits form a byte

Low-level software requires bit and byte manipulation

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18.7 Bitwise Operators Bit operators

| (bitwise inclusive OR)

^ (bitwise exclusive OR)

~ (bitwise one's complement)

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18.7 Bitwise Operators Bit operators

>> (right shift with sign extension)

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18.7 Bitwise Operators Next program

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18.7 Bitwise Operators Mask example

If leftmost bit of number 1

If leftmost bit of number 0

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18.7 Bitwise Operators To print every bit

Start with mask of 1

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Enter an unsigned integer: 65000 65000 = 00000000 00000000 11111101 11101000

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18.7 Bitwise Operators Upcoming examples

<< and >> (Left shift and right shift)

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int main() { long x; const char string1 = "-1234567abc"; char remainderPtr;