Prerequisite

Bit is binary representation 0 or 1. One byte contains 8 bits. Baud rate is used to express total capacity of communication channel. Bandwidth is the frequency range of channel.

Modulation
The process of superimposing low frequency signal on a high frequency carrier is called modulation. Demodulation Extraction of base band signal from high frequency carrier.

Transmission

Synchronous & Asynchronous

Synchronous transmission The transmission is started with start bit and continuous the transmission ends with a stop bit. Asynchronous transmission deals in form of frame including start and stop bit total 10 bits.

Communication Channel

Half Duplex Full Duplex

Half duplex channel can send and receive but not at the same time. Full duplex channel can send and receive at the same time.

Switching techniques

Circuit Switching Dedicated communications path established for the duration of the conversation e.g. telephone network

Packet Switching

Data sent out of sequence Small chunks (packets) of data at a time Packets passed from node to node between source and destination Used for terminal to computer and computer to computer communications.

SCADA

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition.

Communication Media

Satellite Communication Equipment

RFT Modem

Remote Terminal Unit

Communication with control centre. Acquisition of status signal. Sequential event recording. Remote diagnostic facilities. Connection of subordinate terminals. Print out of events. Review

Collector 400

Remote Terminal Unit. Local data acquisition and data processing. Reporting and control.

Control Commands
Two types of commands Item Control commands are normally carried out using two step procedure. Examples are circuit breaker and disconnectors. Regulation command are carried out single step procedure. Example of regulated equipment and tap changers on transformers.

Function in collector 400

It uses local input output system with analog input board, digital output boards, energy pulse counter, command board, digital and analog output boards.

Standard Additional Functions.

Permanent Connection. Reconnectible. Radio link equipment. Local alarm with communication failure. Both half and full duplex communication.

Modular system assembly

Contains back plane for 19 racks. Plug in units for 19 racks. Base boards, processor boards and expansion boards. Extension boards. Connection units.

Process Interface System

The DS100l0 system includes units for interfacing between computer and the process i.e. Digital input and output boards. Analog input and output boards. The signals are converted in interface board for transmission as A/D, D/A conversion. Filtering, rectification amplification.

Single board computer

It is provided with V24 channels for console communication. DSPC 155 is designed around 32 bit internal structure 4 MB of internal memory and 4 MB virtual memory. E prom of 320 KB. Internal memory of 512 KB.

Memory board DSMB 110

The board contains high capacity 128 KB dynamic read / write memory. The board functions as asynchronous static memory.

Communication board with line selector DSCA 140

Three communication ports with V24. Port is selected on board logic. Synchronous communication can be used. Programmable baud rate.

What is multiplexing.

Different kind of data transmitted over single line. Example is voice, data, fax, etc.

Floppy disk unit DSMC 110

It can control two floppy units of BASF 6108 type or similar with 5.2 Voltage required by floppy disk units are provided by the DSMC 110.The unit is equipped with a 256 bytes sector buffer for reading and writing.

Pulse counter Board

Board is galvanically isolated by other parts by mean of opt couplers. There are other digital and analog input output boards with different specifications.

CTU

Collector test unit is a test unit for RTU. CTU is software loaded in Personal Computer. Almost all controlling is made with 8 dynamic function keys(F1-F8).

Multiplexer

30 user channels of 64K bandwidth can be combined into an E-1 circuit.

E1- Mux

Cards used in mux

V.35 is used for data. LGS is used for voice. Dsp is application card for voice compression. E1 is basic channel communication card.

Where Mux is needed ?

Mux is not generally used in applications where a client simply has a leased line and wants to send only data traffic. In this case they would simply use two DTUs (Data Termination Unit) at their two premises to extend the digital connection. Also mux can be used when the wan connectivity is not through leased line but radio modems or satellite modems.

Modulation using FSK modem.

Values represented by different values. Less susceptible to errors. Up to 1200bps on voice grade lines. High frequency radio. (3 to 30 MHZ)