WIND TURBINES

Presented By: Aditya Chaudhary

Introduction
A Modern Wind Turbine is an energy-converting machine

to convert the kinetic energy of wind mechanical energy and in turn into electrical energy. Wind turbines can be classified according to the
Turbine Generator Configuration

Airflow Path Relative to the Turbine Rotor

Turbine Capacity The Generator-Driving Pattern The Power supply mode The Location of Turbine Installation

The Modern Wind Turbine is Horizontal-axis Upwind Wind

Turbines operating inland or in near-shore with generation capacity in megawatts.

Main Parts of HAWT

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Foundation Connection to the electric grid Tower Access Ladder Wind Orientation Control Nacelle Generator Anemometer Brake Gearbox Rotor Blade Blade pitch control Rotor hub

Towers
Monopole (Nearly all

large turbines)
Tubular Steel or

Concrete
Lattice (many Medium

turbines)
20 ft. sections

Guyed Lattice or monopole

3 guys minimum

Tilt-up 4 guys

Tilt-up monopole

Nacelle

Rotor

Blades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaft Rotational speed will depend on blade geometry, number of blades, and wind speed (40 to 400 revolutions per minute typical speed range) Gear box needed to increase speed to 1200-1800 RPM for generator

Active vs. Passive Yaw

Active Yaw (all medium &

large turbines produced today, & some small turbines from Europe)
Anemometer on nacelle tells

controller which way to point rotor into the wind Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into wind

Passive Yaw (Most small

turbines)
Wind forces alone direct rotor
Tail vanes Downwind turbines

Propeller Anemometer

Pitch Control vs. Stall Control

Pitch Control Blades rotate out of the wind when wind speed becomes too great Stall Control Blades are at a fixed pitch that starts to stall when wind speed is too great Pitch can be adjusted for particular locations wind regime Active Stall Control Many larger turbines today have active pitch control that turns the blades towards stall when wind speeds are too great

Lift & Drag Forces

The Lift Force is

perpendicular to the direction of motion. We want to make this force BIG.

= low

= medium <10 degrees

The Drag Force is parallel

to the direction of motion. We want to make this force small.

= High Stall!!

Number of Blades One

Rotor must move more
Gearbox ratio reduced Added weight of

rapidly to capture same amount of wind

counterbalance negates some benefits of lighter design Higher speed means more noise, visual, and wildlife impacts

Blades easier to install

because entire rotor can be assembled on ground Captures 10% less energy than two blade design Ultimately provide no cost savings

Number of Blades - Two

Advantages &

disadvantages similar to one blade Need teetering hub and or shock absorbers because of gyroscopic imbalances Capture 5% less energy than three blade designs

Number of Blades - Three

Balance of gyroscopic

forces Slower rotation

increases gearbox &

transmission costs More aesthetic, less noise, fewer bird strikes

Brakes
Electrical Braking Braking of a small wind turbine can also be done by dumping energy from the generator into a resistor bank, converting the kinetic energy of the turbine rotation into heat. This method is useful if the kinetic load on the generator is suddenly reduced or is too small to keep the turbine speed within its allowed limit. Mechanical braking A mechanical drum brake or disk brake is used to stop turbine in emergency situation such as extreme gust events or over speed. This brake is also used to hold the turbine at rest for maintenance as a secondary mean, primarily mean being the rotor lock system. Such brakes are usually applied only after blade furling and electromagnetic braking have reduced the turbine speed generally 1 or 2 rotor RPM, as the mechanical brakes can create a fire inside the nacelle if used to stop the turbine from full speed. Also the load on turbine increases if brake is applied on rated RPM. These kind of mechanical brake are driven by hydraulic systems and connected to main control box.

Gearbox

Hubs
The hub holds the rotor together and transmits motion to nacelle Three important aspects How blades are attached
Nearly all have

cantilevered hubs (supported only at hub) Struts & Stays havent proved worthwhile
Fixed or Variable Pitch? Flexible or Rigid

Attachment
Most are rigid Some two bladed designs

use teetering hubs

Thank You