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Uche Onyewuenyi
Lam Nguyen
Background
Developed by Ernest Solvay in the 1860s Worldwide production in 2005 was 42 billion kilograms
Raw materials are salt brine and limestone from mines In 1884 the Solvay Brothers (Ernest and Alfred) created a joint venture to in the United States called the Solvay Process Company There are no more solvay processing plants in North America
Soap and Detergent Cheaper alternative to lye (NaOH) Common alkali in many chemical factories
CaCO3 BRINE
AMMONIA BRINE
KILN
NH3
AMMONIA ABSORBER
SOLVAY TOWER
CO2
CaO
NH4Cl
NaHCO3 Ca(OH)2
WATER BED
HEATER
Na2CO3
Kiln
CaCO3
3 2 +
Temperature = 950 1100C
CO2
CaO
CaCO3 BRINE
AMMONIA BRINE
KILN
NH3
AMMONIA ABSORBER
SOLVAY TOWER
CO2
CaO
NH4Cl
NaHCO3 Ca(OH)2
WATER BED
HEATER
Na2CO3
Ammonia Absorber
Brine
No reaction takes place Ammonia mixes with brine Mushroom shape baffles Controls flow of brine for proper mixing and saturation
CaCO3 BRINE
AMMONIA BRINE
KILN
NH3
AMMONIA ABSORBER
SOLVAY TOWER
CO2
CaO
NH4Cl
NaHCO3 Ca(OH)2
WATER BED
HEATER
Na2CO3
Solvay Tower
+ 2 + 3 + 2 3 + 4
Temperature is 0C
Mushroom baffle plates
Lower part of tower is cooled because reaction is exothermic Vacuum filter at tower bottom
NH4Cl NaHCO3
CaCO3 BRINE
AMMONIA BRINE
KILN
NH3
AMMONIA ABSORBER
SOLVAY TOWER
CO2
CaO
NH4Cl
NaHCO3 Ca(OH)2
WATER BED
HEATER
Na2CO3
Water Bed
+ 2
Calcium oxide comes from kiln Calcium hydroxide is sent to ammonia recovery tower
CaCO3 BRINE
AMMONIA BRINE
KILN
NH3
AMMONIA ABSORBER
SOLVAY TOWER
CO2
CaO
NH4Cl
NaHCO3 Ca(OH)2
WATER BED
HEATER
Na2CO3
24 + 23 + 2 + 2
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3 BRINE
AMMONIA BRINE
KILN
NH3
AMMONIA ABSORBER
SOLVAY TOWER
CO2
CaO
NH4Cl
NaHCO3 Ca(OH)2
WATER BED
HEATER
Na2CO3
Heater (Calcifier)
23 2 3 + 2 + 2 Rotary heater at 300C Carbon dioxide is recirculated with kiln product and sent to solvay tower Final product is recovered as a solid
CO2
NaHCO3 Na2CO3
CaCO3 BRINE
AMMONIA BRINE
KILN
NH3
AMMONIA ABSORBER
SOLVAY TOWER
CO2
CaO
NH4Cl
NaHCO3 Ca(OH)2
WATER BED
HEATER
Na2CO3
+ 2 + 3 + 2 3 + 4 3 2 + 24 + 23 + 2 + 2 23 2 3 + 2 + 2
5.
+ +
Thermodynamics
Overall Process
. + (. ) . . = .
Reaction 1
948 + 315
= 176
Reaction 2
Reaction 3
315 + 635.1
= 261
Reaction 4
Questions?
References